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CRS UniversityINTEGRAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT MODULESModule 4: The CRS IHD Framework: Shocks, Vulnerability, and Strategies
Last updated February 2019
Outline
• Overview of the CRS Integral Human Development Conceptual Framework
– IHD as Goal and Process
– IHD Key Features
– IHD Visual Models
• Shocks, Cycles, Trends
• Vulnerabilities
• Strategies & Resilience
• Optional Reflection & Discussion Activities and Further Reading
Note: You will see photos and images from our CRS programs and partners around the world
throughout this slide deck. As you come across them, reflect on how they illustrate concepts
from integral human development, especially the role of structures and systems.
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Integral Human Development: Goal and Process
• GOAL: The people we serve increasingly realize their full
human potential in solidarity with others and in the context
of a just and peaceful society that respects the dignity of
every person and the integrity of creation.
• PROCESS: that enables individuals and communities to
protect and expand the choices they have to improve their
lives, meet their basic human needs, free themselves from
oppression and realize their full human potential.
Integral Human Development: Key Features
• HOLISTIC
• INCLUSIVE & PARTICIPATORY
• GROUNDED IN JUSTICE AND PEACE
• What’s different or unique?
– Focus on human beings, their dignity, and their relationships with
their families and communities
– Appreciative inquiry that seeks to build on strengths, assets, ideas
and strategies that people know and practice already in their
communities
Integral Human Development: Visual Models
• A variety of visual models have been developed over the years to help
explain the CRS IHD Conceptual Framework. Here are two common
examples. The following slide shows the newest approach.
Integral Human Development Framework
Outcomes
Strategies
Shocks,
Cycles &
Trends
Structures▪Institutions & Organizations
▪Public▪Private
▪Collective
Systems▪Social
▪Economic▪Religious
▪Political
▪Values & beliefs
Assets
Feedback = Opportunities or Constraints
Access
& Influence
Social
Spiritual & Human
Political
Financial
Natural
Physical
2018 CRS IHD Conceptual Framework: Visual Model
This newest visual model illustrates the
core IHD feature of human dignity while
also showing that IHD is holistic: human
beings are part of families,
communities, societies, and sustainable
landscapes.
The core components of IHD will be
further explained in this module
(shocks, vulnerability, and strategies)
and in other modules (assets,
structures, and systems). These
components affect the ability of human
beings to live and thrive.
Shocks: What are They?
Shocks are sudden, intense events that can harm people’s lives
or livelihoods (i.e. natural disasters, violence, death of a family
member). Shocks can be political, economic, environmental or
social.
• What are some examples of shocks in your experience?
• How did these affect people?• How did people respond?
Cycles: What Are They?
Cycles are events that occur regularly, often seasonally, and are
more predictable (i.e., seasonal floods, crop prices after the
harvest, diseases associated with rainy seasons). Cycles can also
be political, economic, environmental or social.
• What are some examples of cycles in your experience?
• How did these affect people?• How did people cope and
respond?
Trends: What are They?
Trends are gradual evolutions that can be positive or negative.
Prices can increase or decline, long-term weather patterns can
change, disease rates (such as HIV) can increase or decrease
depending on a number of factors.
• What are some examples of trends in your experience?
• How did these affect people?• How did people cope and
respond?0
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Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
What are the Effects of a Shock?
• Loss of assets
• Structures and systems that no longer function normally
• Potential for new shocks
• Livelihood strategies that are no longer viable
• Choice of strategies and activities that increase vulnerability
• New opportunities (solidarity, social interdependence)
Unequal Vulnerabilities to Shocks, Cycles, and Trends
Individuals, families and communities have very different levels of vulnerability.
Why?
• Women are at greater risk of being injured during a natural disaster.
• Children and the elderly are more vulnerable to many illnesses.
• People who are better off are generally less vulnerable to natural disasters than the poor.
What are the Causes of Vulnerability?
The capacity to manage risks from shocks, cycles and trends is based on:
• Assets that you own and resources you have access to
• Livelihood and coping strategies
• The severity, frequency and duration of risks
• Gender disparities
• Enabling or constraining structures and systems
What are Coping Strategies?
Systems people use to get through hard times (i.e., to cope with Shocks, Cycles & Trends).
• reversible (+) coping mechanisms: eat less, eat something else, temporary migration by one family member, etc.
• irreversible (-) coping mechanisms: use up assets (sell animals and jewelry), move family elsewhere permanently (migration), put children in institutions or sell them, etc.
Coping strategies can also serve as trigger indicators: an early warning to CRS and its partners of threats to integral human development in a community
What is Resilience?
Resilience is the capacity of people and communities to advance integral human development in the face of shocks, cycles and trends.
• What are some examples of resilience from your own experience?
• What are some examples of ways that CRS and its partners can reinforce the resilience of households and communities?
Livelihoods Strategies: What are They?
Households develop Strategies to attain their aspirations based on the Assets to which they have access, and the Risks to which they are exposed, taking into consideration both the enabling and constraining aspects of Structures & Systems.
The Six Livelihoods Strategies
1. Asset Maximization –increasing people’s capabilities and incomes.
2. Asset Diversification –establishing a range of asset types to increase resilience in case of loss of any one set of assets.
3. Engagement – increasing the influence of people and communities in decision-making. It’s critical that this includes both men and women.
The Six Livelihoods Strategies
4. Risk Reduction – reducing peoples’ vulnerability to Shocks, Cycles and Trends.
5. Asset Recovery – rebuilding all categories of Assets lost during a disaster.
6. Coping/Survival Mechanisms – systems that people use to get through difficult periods.
Reflection & Discussion
Activities and Further
Reading (Optional)
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Reflection and Discussion:
Food Security in Burkina Faso Case Study
Read the four-page Food Security in Burkina Faso case study.
Reflect individually, in pairs, or in groups on the following questions.
Option to share in class or with a larger group.
• What strategies were utilized by CRS Burkina Faso staff and why?
• Who were the target populations of these strategies? How did they take into
account the most vulnerable?
• How did these strategies increase long-term resilience in the community?
Exercise: Coping with Multiple Shocks
If doing the exercise in small groups:
• Decide ahead of time which small group(s) will discuss Situation 1: Cambodia and
which will discuss Situation 2: Syria. [note: Situations are on the following slides.]
• If possible, prepare by cutting each situation into 3 separate slips of paper for
each subsequent “shock.”
• Distribute “Shock 1” only for group reading and discussion. Then, distribute, read
and discuss “Shock 2” and “Shock 3” to the appropriate groups.
• Prepare to discuss in plenary the evolution of the family’s strategies and the
differences in how CRS and its partners might respond to successive shocks of
increasing magnitude. Discuss any differences between the two Situations.
If doing the exercise alone, choose one of the Situations on the following slides and
reflect on each successive shock along with the questions provided.
Shock 1: Drought is a regular occurrence in the village of Svay Rieng. However, this past drought has been severe
and crops have failed. There is little rice left to eat. Fish ponds are drying up, and other aquatic plants and
animals are hard to find. You are a farmer and head of household in Svay Rieng with seven household members
both old and young.
• How will the family cope with this situation?
• What could others in the community, including CRS and its partners, do to help?
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Shock 2: Now, bird flu has broken out and is spreading among chickens and ducks. The authorities are forced to
kill all the poultry in Svay Rieng as part of a larger culling operation to prevent bird flu from spreading. You lost all
your chickens and ducks.
• How will the family cope with this situation?
• What could others in the community, including CRS and its partners, do to help?
Shock 3: In Svay Rieng, children have recently become ill. Health authorities took the sick children to a regional
hospital and found it was bird flue. Several of these children have died and there is great fear that it will spread
further. One of your neighbor’s children is sick with avian flue. She is your daughter’s best friend and they play
together often.
• How will the family cope with this situation?
• What could others in the community, including CRS and its partners, do to help?
Exercise: Coping with Multiple Shocks - Continued
Situation 1: Cambodia
Shock 1: Adnan and his family live in Syria near the Euphrates river in a semi-arid region. He is the father of three sons. He and his sons farm the
family’s land, which he inherited from his father and grandfather. For the past ten years, rainfall has been much lower than normal due to climate
change, and their wheat production has steadily decreased. Irrigation is also less reliable than in the past because of fuel shortages and equipment
breakdowns. To make matters worse, the government has encouraged herders to graze their cattle in the region because there is more pastureland
near the river. However, the animals are destroying the crops in the fields.
• How will the family cope with this situation?
• What could others in the community, including CRS’s local partners, do to help?
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Shock 2: The war, which had seemed far away in Damascus, is now starting to affect the region around Adnan’s village. Roads to nearby market towns
where they sold their agricultural production and bought other goods have been destroyed. There are also checkpoints where both government
soldiers and rebels threaten travelers and force them to pay bribes. Several bombings have occurred close to their house. Some relatives who lived in
Damascus have come to take refuge with them. They have also just learned that their oldest son’s wife (Hanan) is pregnant with their first grandchild.
Due to the war, quality medical care has become hard to access since many doctors have left the area.
• How will the family cope with this situation?
• What could others in the community, including CRS’s local partners, do to help?
Shock 3: Hanan has had a difficult pregnancy. The events of the last months have left her traumatized, and the family did not have access to adequate
food or medical care. Suddenly she goes into premature labor. There are complications, and she needs immediate medical attention. The baby girl
survives, but there are significant medical expenses to pay and further care is needed. The family has had no income for several months due to the
worsening economic and political crisis. Many families have fled to Turkey and elsewhere due to increasing insecurity.
• How will the family cope with this situation?
• What could others in the community, including CRS’s local partners, do to help?
Exercise: Coping with Multiple Shocks - Continued
Situation 2: Syria
Reflection and Discussion: CRS Videos
Watch the following videos:
• Livelihoods Strategies: Building Resilience through Innovation
• CRS Emergency Shelter and Settlement Recovery
• ”Build Back Better” Music Video by CRS Philippines
Reflect individually, in pairs, or in groups on the following questions.
Option to share in class or with a larger group.
• What are some examples of strategies you saw in the videos?
• How did the strategies increase individual and community resilience?
• How did these strategies address past shocks, trends, and cycles and prepare
communities to respond in the future?
Reflection and Discussion Questions
Reflect individually, in pairs, or in groups on the following questions.
Option to share in class or with a larger group.
• Why do shocks, cycles, and trends need to be considered in the CRS Integral
Human Development Framework?
• How might different strategies be effective in different situations? How are
these decisions made?
• How do the photos and images in these slides illustrate the role of shocks and
strategies within integral human development?