crimanal justice admin

8/3/2019 Crimanal Justice Admin

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Criminal Justice is the system of practices and institutions ofgovernmentsdirected at

upholdingsocial control,deterringand mitigatingcrime, or sanctioning those who violatelawswith criminal penalties andrehabilitationefforts. Those accused of crime haveprotections

against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers.

Contents

[hide]

1 Goals

2 Law

3 Criminal justice system

o 3.1 Policing

o 3.2 Courts

o 3.3 Corrections

4 Academic discipline

5 Historyo 5.1 Modern police

6 See also

7 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

[edit] Goals

In the United States, criminal justice policy has been guided by the 1967 President's Commissionon Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, which issued a ground-breaking report "The

Challenge of Crime in a Free Society". This report made more than 200 recommendations as part

of a comprehensive approach toward the prevention and fighting of crime. Some of thoserecommendations found their way into theOmnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968.

The Commission advocated a "systems" approach to criminal justice, with improved

coordination among law enforcement, courts, and correctional agencies.[1]

The President's

Commission defined the criminal justice system as the means for society to "enforce thestandards of conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community."[2]

The criminal justice system in England andWalesaims to "reduce crime by bringing more

offences to justice, and to raise public confidence that the system is fair and will deliver for thelaw-abiding citizen."

[3]InCanada, the criminal justice system aims to balance the goals of crime

control and prevention, and justice (equity, fairness, protection of individual rights) .[4]

InSweden, the overarching goal for the criminal justice system is to reduce crime and increase the

security of the people.[3]Overall, criminal justice plays a huge role throughout society as a whole

in any place.

[edit] Law
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iminal_justice#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Modern_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Academic_disciplinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Correctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Courtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Criminal_justice_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#Goalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_the_accusedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_(legal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government


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Main article:Law

Law[5]is a system of rules usually enforced through a set of institutions. The purpose of law is to

provide an objective set of rules for governing conduct and maintaining order in a society.

The oldest known codified law is theCode of Ur-Nammu, written in the Sumerian languagecirca 2100 BC-2050 BC. The preface directly credits the laws to king Ur-Nammu ofUr. Indifferent parts of the world, law could be established byphilosophersorreligion. In the modern

world, laws are typically created and enforced by governments. These codified laws may coexist

with or contradict other forms of social control, such as religious proscriptions, professional rules

and ethics, or the cultural mores and customs of a society.

Within the realm of codified law, there are generally two forms of law that the courts are

concerned with.Civil lawsare rules and regulations which govern transactions and grievancesbetween individual citizens.Criminal lawis concerned with actions which are dangerous or

harmful to society as a whole, in which prosecution is pursued not by an individual but rather by

the state. The purpose of criminal law is to provide the specific definition of what constitutes acrime and to prescribe punishments for committing such a crime. No criminal law can be valid

unless it includes both of these factors. The subject of criminal justice is, of course, primarily

concerned with the enforcement of criminal law.

[edit] Criminal justice system

The criminal justice system consists of three main parts: (1)Legislative(create laws); (2)adjudication (courts); and (3)corrections(jails, prisons, probation and parole). In a criminal

justice system, these distinct agencies operate together both under therule of lawand as the

principal means of maintaining therule of lawwithinsociety.

[edit] Policing

Main article:Police

The first contact anoffenderhas with the criminal justice system is usually with thepolice(or

law enforcement) who investigate a suspected wrong-doing and make anarrest, but if the suspect

is dangerous to the whole nation, a national levellaw enforcement agencyis called in . When

warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other

forms of legal coercion and means to effect public and social order. The term is most commonlyassociated with police departments of astatethat are authorized to exercise thepolice powerof

that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. The word comes from theLatinpolitia ("civil administration"), which itself derives from theAncient Greek, forpolis

("city").[6]

The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in 1667under KingLouis XIVin France, although modern police usually trace their origins to the 1800

establishment of theMarine PoliceinLondon, theGlasgow Police, and theNapoleonicpolice of

Paris.[7][8][9]
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Police are primarily concerned with keeping the peace and enforcingcriminal lawbased on their

particular mission and jurisdiction. Formed in 1908 theFederal Bureau of Investigationbegan asan entity which could investigate and enforce specific federal laws as an investigative and "law

enforcement agency" in the United States;[10]

this, however, has constituted only a small portion

of overall policing activity.[11]

Policing has included an array of activities in different contexts,

but the predominant ones are concerned withorder maintenanceand the provision of services.

[12]

[edit] Courts

Main article:Courts of Law

The courts serve as the venue where disputes are then settled and justice is administered. Withregard to criminal justice, there are a number of critical people in any court setting. These critical

people are referred to as the courtroom work group and include both professional and non

professional individuals. These include thejudge,prosecutor, and thedefense attorney. Thejudge, or magistrate, is a person, elected or appointed, who is knowledgeable in the law, and

whose function is to objectively administer the legal proceedings and offer a final decision todispose of a case.

In the U.S. and in a growing number of nations,guiltor innocence (although in the U.S. a jury

can never find a defendant "innocent" but rather "not guilty") is decided through theadversarialsystem. In this system, two parties will both offer their version of events and arguetheir case

before the court (sometimes before a judge or panel of judges, sometimes before a jury). The

case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compellingarguments based on the law as applied to the facts of the case.

The prosecutor, or district attorney, is alawyerwho brings charges against a person, persons or

corporate entity. It is the prosecutor's duty to explain to the court what crime was committed andto detail whatevidencehas been found which incriminates the accused. The prosecutor should

not be confused with aplaintiffor plaintiff's counsel. Although both serve the function of

bringing a complaint before the court, the prosecutor is a servant of the state who makesaccusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings, while the plaintiff is the complaining

party in civil proceedings.

A defense attorney counsels the accused on the legal process, likely outcomes for the accused

and suggests strategies. The accused, not the lawyer, has the right to make final decisions

regarding a number of fundamental points, including whether to testify, and to accept a plea offer

or demand a jury trial in appropriate cases. It is the defense attorney's duty to represent the

interests of the client, raise procedural and evidentiary issues, and hold the prosecution to itsburden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense counsel may challenge evidence

presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client.At trial, the defense attorney may attempt to offer arebuttalto the prosecutor's accusations.

In the U.S., an accused person is entitled to a government-paid defense attorney if he or she is in

jeopardy of losing his or her life and/or liberty. Those who cannot afford a private attorney may

be provided one by the state. Historically, however, the right to a defense attorney has not always
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been universal. For example, inTudorEngland criminals accused oftreasonwere not permitted

to offer arguments in their defense. In many jurisdictions, there is no right to an appointedattorney, if the accused is not in jeopardy of losing his or her liberty.

The final determination of guilt or innocence is typically made by a third party, who is supposed

to be disinterested. This function may be performed by a judge, a panel of judges, or ajurypanelcomposed of unbiased citizens. This process varies depending on the laws of the specific

jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimousdecision, while in others only a majorityvoteis required. In America, this process depends on

the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties.

Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issueverdicts.

Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the

accused confesses his or her guilt, a shorter process may be employed and a judgment may berendered more quickly. Some nations, such as America, allowplea bargainingin which the

accused pleads guilty, nolo contendere or not guilty, and may accept a diversion program orreduced punishment, where the prosecution's case is weak or in exchange for the cooperation ofthe accused against other people. This reduced sentence is sometimes a reward for sparing the

state the expense of a formal trial. Many nations do not permit the use of plea bargaining,

believing that it coerces innocent people to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid a harshpunishment.

The entire trial process, whatever the country, is fraught with problems and subject to criticism.Biasanddiscriminationform an ever-present threat to an objective decision. Anyprejudiceon

the part of the lawyers, the judge, or jury members threatens to destroy the court's credibility.

Some people argue that the often Byzantine rules governing courtroom conduct and processes

restrict a layman's ability to participate, essentially reducing the legal process to a battle betweenthe lawyers. In this case, the criticism is that the decision is based less on sound justice and more

on the lawyer's eloquence andcharisma. This is a particular problem when the lawyer performs

in a substandard manner. The jury process is another area of frequent criticism, as there are fewmechanisms to guard against poor judgment or incompetence on the part of the layman jurors.

Judges themselves are very subject to bias subject to things as ordinary as the length of time

since their last break[13]

.

Manipulations of the court system by defense and prosecution attorneys, law enforcement as well

as the defendants have occurred and there have been cases where justice was denied.[14]

[15]

[edit] Corrections
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TheHuntsville Unitof theTexas Department of Criminal JusticeinHuntsville, Texasis aprison,a component of a corrections system

Main article:Corrections

Offenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after theaccused has been found guilty. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the administration of

punishmenthas taken many different forms throughout history. Early on, when civilizations

lacked the resources necessary to construct and maintain prisons,exileandexecutionwere theprimary forms of punishment. Historicallyshamepunishments andexilehave also been used asforms of censure.

The most publicly visible form of punishment in the modern era is theprison. Prisons may serve

as detention centers for prisoners after trial. For containment of the accused, jails are used. Early

prisons were used primarily to sequester criminals and little thought was given to livingconditions within their walls. In America, theQuakermovement is commonly credited with

establishing the idea that prisons should be used to reform criminals. This can also be seen as a

critical moment in the debate regarding the purpose of punishment.

Qur'aniceducation for offenders at theCentral Jail FaisalabadinFaisalabad,Pakistan

Punishment (in the form of prison time) may serve a variety of purposes. First, and mostobviously, the incarceration of criminals removes them from the general population and inhibitstheir ability to perpetrate further crimes. Many societies also view prison terms as a form of

revengeor retribution, and any harm or discomfort the prisoner suffers is "payback" for the harm

they caused their victims. A new goal of prison punishments is to offer criminals a chance to be

rehabilitated. Many modern prisons offer schooling or job training to prisoners as a chance tolearn a vocation and thereby earn a legitimate living when they are returned to society. Religious

institutions also have a presence in many prisons, with the goal of teaching ethics and instilling a

sense of morality in the prisoners. If a prisoner is released before his time is served, he isreleased as a parole. This means that they are released, but the restrictions are greater than that ofsomeone on probation.

There are numerous other forms of punishment which are commonly used in conjunction with or

in place of prison terms. Monetaryfinesare one of the oldest forms of punishment still used

today. These fines may be paid to the state or to the victims as a form of reparation.Probationandhouse arrestare also sanctions which seek to limit a person's mobility and his or her
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opportunities to commit crimes without actually placing them in a prison setting. Furthermore,

many jurisdictions may require some form of public or community service as a form ofreparations for lesser offenses. In Corrections, the Department ensures court-ordered, pre-

sentence chemical dependency assessments, related Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative

specific examinations and treatment will occur for offenders sentenced to Drug Offender

Sentencing Alternative in compliance with RCW 9.94A.660.

Execution orcapital punishmentis still used around the world. Its use is one of the most heavilydebated aspects of the criminal justice system. Some societies are willing to use executions as a

form of political control, or for relatively minor misdeeds. Other societies reserve execution for

only the most sinister and brutal offenses. Others still have outlawed the practice entirely,believing the use of execution to be excessively cruel or hypocritical.

[edit] Academic discipline

The functional study of criminal justice is distinct fromcriminology, which involves the study of

crime as a social phenomenon, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime. Itemerged as an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning withBerkeleypolice chiefAugust

Vollmerwho established a criminal justice program at theUniversity of California, Berkeleyin1916.[16]Vollmer's work was carried on by his student,O.W. Wilson, who led efforts to

professionalize policing and reducecorruption. Other programs were established in the United

States atIndiana University,Michigan State University,San Jose State University, and theUniversity of Washington.[17]As of 1950, criminal justice students were estimated to number

less than 1,000.[citation needed] Until the 1960s, the primary focus of criminal justice in the United

States was on policing and police science.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, crime rates soared and social issues took center stage in the

public eye. A number of new laws and studies focused federal resources on researching newapproaches to crime control. TheWarren Court(theSupreme CourtunderChief JusticeEarl

Warren), issued a series of rulings which redefined citizen's rights and substantially altered the

powers and responsibilities of police and the courts. The Civil Rights Era offered significantlegal and ethical challenges to the status quo.

In the late 1960s, with the establishment of theLaw Enforcement Assistance Administration(LEAA) and associated policy changes that resulted with theOmnibus Crime Control and Safe

Streets Act of 1968. The LEAA providedgrantsfor criminology research, focusing on social

aspects of crime. By the 1970s, there were 729 academic programs in criminology and criminal

justice in the United States.[17]

Largely thanks to theLaw Enforcement Education Program,

criminal justice students numbered over 100,000 by 1975. Over time, scholars of criminal justicebegan to includecriminology,sociology, andpsychology, among others, to provide a more

comprehensive view of the criminal justice system and the root causes of crime. Criminal justice

studies now combine the practical and technical policing skills with a study of social deviance asa whole.

Criminal justice degree programs at four-year institutions typically include coursework in

statistics, methods of research, criminal justice, policing, U.S court systems, criminal courts,
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corrections, community corrections, criminal procedure, criminal law, victimology, juvenile

justice, and a variety of special topics. A number of universities offer aBachelor of CriminalJustice.

[edit] History

Main article:History of criminal justice

The modern criminal justice system has evolved sinceancienttimes, with new forms ofpunishment, addedrightsforoffendersand victims, andpolicingreforms. These developments

have reflected changingcustoms, political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient timesthrough the Middle Ages,exilewas a common form of punishment. During theMiddle Ages,

payment to the victim (or the victim's family), known aswergild, was another common

punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of

punishment, harsh penalties included various forms ofcorporal punishment. These includedmutilation,branding, andflogging, as well asexecution.

Though a prison,Le Stinche, existed as early as the 14th century inFlorence, Italy,[18]

incarcerationwas not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United

States was first initiated byWilliam Penn, towards the end of the 17th century. For a time,

Pennsylvania's criminal code was revised to forbidtortureand other forms of cruel punishment,withjailsandprisonsreplacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's

death in 1718. Under pressure from a group ofQuakers, these reforms were revived in

Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's

crime rate.Patrick Colquhoun,Henry Fieldingand others led significant reforms during the lateeighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.[19]

[edit] Modern police

The firstmodernpolice force is commonly said to be theLondonMetropolitan Police,

established in 1829 by SirRobert Peel, which promoted thepreventiverole of police as adeterrent to urbancrimeand disorder.[20]In the United States, police departments were first

established inBostonin 1838, andNew York Cityin 1844. Early on, police were not respected

by the community, ascorruptionwas rampant.

In the 1920s, led byBerkeley, Californiapolice chief,August VollmerandO.W. Wilson, police

began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and

professional qualifications of new hires. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by

highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and thecommunity. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community

relations, enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring, and many police agenciesadoptedcommunity policingstrategies.

In the 1990s,CompStatwas developed by theNew York Police Departmentas an information-based system for tracking andmappingcrime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable

for dealing with crime problems. CompStat has since been replicated in police departments
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wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Vollmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Vollmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Vollmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.W._Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.W._Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.W._Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_Departmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.W._Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Vollmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_justice&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fieldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Colquhounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pennhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarcerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Stinche&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brandinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_criminal_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_justice&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Criminal_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Criminal_Justice


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across the United States and around the world, withproblem-oriented policing,intelligence-led

policing, and other information-led policing strategies also adopted.

[edit] See also

Outline of criminal justicestructured list of topics related to criminal justice, organized bysubject area

[edit] References

1. ^Walker, Samuel (1992). "Origins of the Contemporary Criminal Justice Paradigm: TheAmerican Bar Foundation Survey, 1953-1969".Justice Quarterly9 (1).

2. ^President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967). TheChallenge of Crime in a Free Society. U.S. Government Printing Office.ISBN0306701243.

3. ^ab"Criminal Justice - Aims and Objectives". Scottish Executive Consultations.http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk/the_cjs/aims_and_objectives/index.html.

4. ^Schmolka, Vicki."Principles to Guide Criminal Law Reform". Department of Justice,Government of Canada.http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/cons/roundtable/nov102/appendixb.html.

5. ^FromOld Englishlagu "something laid down or fixed" (Harper, Douglas."law".OnlineEtymology Dictionary.http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=law.); legal comes from

Latinlegalis, fromlex"law," "statute" (Harper, Douglas."legal".Online Etymology Dictionary.

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=legal.)6. ^Harper, Douglas."police".Online Etymology Dictionary.

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=police. Retrieved 2007-02-08.

7. ^Dinsmor, Alastair (Winter 2003)."Glasgow Police Pioneers". The Scotia News.http://www.scotia-news.com/issue5/ISSUE05a.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-10.

8. ^"History".Marine Support Unit. Metropolitan Police. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-07-16.http://web.archive.org/web/20070716200107/http://www.met.police.uk/msu/history.htm.

Retrieved 2007-02-10.9. ^"La Lieutenance Gnrale de Police".La Prfecture de Police fte ses 200 ans Juillet 1800 -

Juillet 2000. La Prfecture de Police au service des Parisiens.http://www.prefecture-police-

paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo1.htm.

10.^FBI (2009). THE FBI: A Centennial History, 1908-2008. Washington,D.C.: FBI. pp. 138.ISBN978-0-16-080954-5.

11.^Walker, Samuel (1977).A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence ofProfessionalism. Lexington, MT: Lexington Books. pp. 143.ISBN0669012920. ISBN.

12.^Neocleous, Mark (2004). Fabricating Social Order: A Critical History of Police Power.London: Pluto Press. pp. 9394. ISBN.

13.^"We find that the percentage of favorable rulings drops gradually from 65% to nearly zerowithin each decision session and returns abruptly to 65% after a break." Shai Danzigera;

Jonathan Levav; Liora Avnaim-Pessoa (11 April 2011)."Extraneous factors in judicialdecisions".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

http://www.pnas.org/content/108/17/6889. Retrieved 15 November 2011.

14.^Perri, Frank S. and Lichtenwald, Terrance G. (2009). When Worlds Collide: CriminalInvestigative Analysis, Forensic Psychology And the Timothy Masters Case, ForensicExaminer, 18:2 NCJ # 226972

15.^Perri, Frank S. and Lichtenwald, Terrance G. (2010). The Last Frontier: Myths & The FemalePsychopathic Killer, Forensic Examiner, 19:2, 50-67.
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16.^"Finest of the Finest". TIME Magazine. February 18, 1966.http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899019,00.html.

17.^abSavelsberg, Joachim J., Lara L. Cleveland, Ryan D. King (June 2004). "InstitutionalEnvironments and Scholarly Work: American Criminology, 1951-1993". Social Forces82 (4):

12751302.doi:10.1353/sof.2004.0093.18.^Wolfgang, Marvin (1990). "Crime and Punishment in Renaissance Florence".Journal of

Criminal Law and Criminology (Northwestern University) 81 (3): 56784.doi:10.2307/1143848.JSTOR1143848.

19.^Garland, David (2002). "Of Crimes and Criminals". In Maguire, Mike, Rod Morgan, RobertReiner. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. pp. 20.

20.^Brodeur, Jean-Paul; Eds., Kevin R. E. McCormick and Livy A. Visano (1992). "High Policingand Low Policing: Remarks about the Policing of Political Activities," Understanding Policing.

Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 284285, 295. ISBN.

[edit] Further reading

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents. John Randolph Fuller. 2005. Prentice Hall.

Upper Saddle River, NJ. Crime and Punishment in America. Volume 1. Richard C. Hanes and Sharon M. Hanes.

2005. Thomas Gale. Farmington Hills, MI

Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice. Samuel Walker. 1980. OxfordUniversity Press, Inc. New York, NY.

Crime and Punishment in American History. Lawrence M. Friedman. 1993. Basic Books.

New York, NY.

The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and

Implementation, Lyal S. Sunga. 1997. Kluwer Law International. The Hague, The

Netherlands.

Criminal procedural law in France,Serge Guinchardand Jacques Buisson, Lexinexis editor, ,

7th edition, september 2011, 1584 pages. Power, Politics, and Crime. William J. Chambliss. 2001. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press.

ISBN 081333487X
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Criminal Justice Administration

A degree in the field of Criminal Justice Administration provides an

ideal opportunity for individuals wishing to embark upon a career in

law enforcement, public safety or other related areas within the

criminal justice system. This highly specialized profession is suitable

for anyone with a particular interest in crime and justice.

In recent years, the demand for highly- talented and well-trained

individuals in the fields of criminal justice and public safety has risendramatically. Taking this into consideration, there is an ever increasing

need of highly qualified criminal justice administrators in the public

and private sector organizations. Criminal JusticeAdministrators main

job is to provide oversight and supervision in matters related to crime

and justice.


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CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

ByBilal Sarwarion Dec 10, 2010 withComments 0

By:

AFTAB AHMED LONE(Additional District & Sessions Judge Balochistan)

Presently:Director (Instructions)Federal Judicial Academy Islamabad

The term Criminal Justice refers to an area of knowledge

devoted to controlling crime through the scientificadministration of Police, Court andRehabilitation/Correctional agencies. It is aninterdisciplinary field making use of the knowledge basis ofsociology, psychology, law, public policy and other relatedfields.

Criminal Justice is essentially an

agency of social control, society considers some behaviors sodangerous and destructive that it choose to either strictlycontrol their occurrance or outlaw them outright. It is the jobof the agencies of justice to prevent these behaviors byapprehending and punishing transgressors or deterring theirfuture occurrence. While society maintains other forms of
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social control, such as parental and school-based discipline,they are designed to deal with moral and not legalmisbehavior. Only the Criminal Justice System maintains thepower to control crime and punish criminals.

A number of academic disciplines have been drawn upon todevelop insights into the causes and prevention of criminalbehavior. After taking information from various disciplinesand consolidated as the knowledge base for a new era ofstudy. Understanding what knowledge is represented in thisfield helps us to reach a working definition of Criminal

Justice study.The study of criminal Justice may be defined as the use ofthe scientific method to understand the AdministrationProcedures and policies of those agencies of Governmentcharged with enforcing the law adjudicating crime andcorrecting criminal conduct. The study of Criminal Justiceinvolves analyzing how there institutions influence human

behavior and how they are in turn influenced by law andsociety.

The basic frame work of thePakistanCriminal JusticeSystem is found in the Legislature, Judicial and ExecutivesBranches of the Government. The legislature defines the lawby determining what conduct is prohibited and establishescriminal penalties for those who violate the law, the Courts

interpret the law and determine whether it meetsconstitutional requirements, the executive branch plansprograms, appoints personal and exercise administrativeresponsibility for Criminal Justice Agencies. This can be seenherein under:
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Legislative Branch

National Assembly SenateAppeal

JudiciaryLaw of the landthe publicValidateInvalidated

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

The state constitution grants authority to pass laws. Theprimary responsibility of legislatures in the Justice System isto define criminal behavior and establish criminal penalties.The law making function involves not only passing bills butalso modifying and rejecting them. In addition toestablishing definition of crimes, legislatures also pass lawsgoverning Criminal Justice Procedures. These include rulesand regulations involving the laws of arrest, search warrants,bail, trial Court proceedings and sentencing. Although thelegislature enacts laws, most criminal procedures areestablished by the Higher Courts. The initiative to pass a lawmay come from a legislator, a criminal justice agency, apublic official, or a group of citizens. The issue is firststudied by a legislative committee. Lobbyists and interestgroup add their influence and knowledge to the discussion

and contents of the proposed bill. The respective legislativehouses are subsequently given the bill for a vote. In Congressand bicameral state legislatures, if the legislation is notpassed in its initial form by both the House ofRepresentatives and Senate, it is given to a joint legislative


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committee of both houses to work out a compromise. Acompromise bill is eventually voted on by both bodies. Whenthe bill has been passed, it is given to the chief executive forhis or her signatures. If signed, the bill becomes a law. Ifvetoed, the bill may be dropped or referred back to thelegislature for reconsideration.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Executive Power is vested in such public officials as thePresident, Governors, Prime Minister and Chief Ministers.They are often actively involved in criminal Justice issues.They have extensive power of appointments; they appointjudges and heads of the administration agencies such asPolice Officials, Commissioners and the Chief of otherseveral law enforcing agencies. They have also the authorityto remove administrative Personnel. Another importantexecutive function involves the power to grant pardons forcrimes. The President can pardon the criminal, even if appeal

of a particular criminal is dismissed from the higher appellateCourt.

The control and prevention of criminal activity and thetreatment and reform of criminal offenders are carried out bythe agencies of Government. These public agencies createdto maintain order, enforce thecriminal law, provideemergency services keep traffic on streets and highways

moving freely and create a sense of community safety. First isthe Police Department, the system and process of criminaljustice depends on effective and efficient police works,particularly when it comes to preventing and detecting crime
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and apprehending and arresting criminal offenders. FormerChief Justice of USA Warren Burger Stressed that:

The Policemen (or women) on the beat, or in the Petrol car,

makes more decisions and exercise broader discretionaffecting the daily lives of people everyday and to a greaterextent, in many respects, than a judge will ordinarily exercisein a week.

THE COURTS

It is the part ofthe system that is most venerable, the most

formally organized and the most elaborately circumstancesby law and tradition. It is the institution around which therest of the system has developed and to which the rest of thesystem is in large measure responsible. It regulates the flowof the criminal process under governance of the law. It isexpected to articulate the communitys most deeply held,most cherished views about the relationship of individual andsociety.

The criminal Courts regulate the process by which thecriminal responsibility of defendants accused of violating thelaw is determined. The Court is expected to convict andsentenced those found guilty of crimes while ensuring thatthe innocent are freed without any consequences and burden.The entire criminal Court process is undertaken with the

recognition that the rights of the individual should beprotected at all times. An accused also has the right to begiven due process, or to be treated with fundamental fairness.This includes the right to be present at trial, to be notified ofthe charge(s), to have an opportunity to examine the witnessand to have favorable witness appear.


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The District Courts variously called, the Civil Court, JudicialMagistrate, Senior Civil Court, Addl. District & SessionsCourt and District & Sessions Courts. They often dispenseroutine and repetitious justice and are burden with a heavyresponsibility. They are not generally equipped to fulfillcharacterized by cramped Courtrooms, limited personnel,limited number of Judicial Officer, large number of pendingcases, different tactic of lawyers and the habitual litigants,remain a critical problem in criminal justice administration.The High Court and Supreme Court are primarily AppellateCourts that do not conduct criminal trial. Question of fact

decided in the original Court are not ordinarily reviewed inthe Appellate Courts. These Courts deal with proceduralerrors arising in the lower Courts that are consideredviolations of rights guaranteed by State or the constitution.The Appellate Court has the authority to affirm, modify orreverse decision of the lower Criminal Court.

THE PROSECUTION AND DEFENSE.

The prosecutor and the defense attorney are the opponents inwhat is known as the adversary system the prosecutor is thepublic official who represents the Government and present itscase against the accused/defendant, who is charged with av

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