Life Science Review

Cells

1. What structure/organelle:

A. directs the cells activities? nucleus

B. releases energy in the form of ATP mitochondria

C. makes proteins ribosomes

D. supports and protects a plant cell cell wall

E. traps light energy for a plant ( performs photosynthesis) chloroplast

F. gel-like substance inside the cell membrane cytoplasm

G. packages substances in cell Golgi body

H. stores food, water or wastes( is larger in plant cells) vacuole

I. these are found only in animal cells and have digestive enzymes lysosomes

J. is used to transport materials throughout the cell endoplasmic reticulum

K. controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell cell membrane

L. keeps the cell membrane from collapsing cytoskeleton

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2. What is the smallest unit of all living things? cells

3. What are the three parts of the cell theory?

1. All living things are made up of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit and structure of living things

3. New cells come from existing cells

4. Name each scientist and his contribution to the cell theorySchleidan—part 1 and 2—said all plants made of cells

Schwann—part 1 and 2—said all animals made of cells

Virchow—part 3 proved cells come from existing cells

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5. Name 3 structures found in plant cells which are not found in animal cell? Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole

6. What organelle would muscle cells have more of to supply needed energy? mitochondria

7. Which organelle performs photosynthesis? Chloroplasts—convert light, carbon dioxide, and water into oxygen and sugars(glucose)

8. Who is responsible for giving the cell its name? Robert Hooke

9. Which scientist discovered living cells by observing the gunk on his teeth and called those cells animalcules? Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

10. Why is mitochondria called "powerhouses" of the cell? They release energy for the cell from sugars(ATP), giving the cell organelles the power to perform all the functions

******************************************************************************11. Why are most cells very small? Must maintain a large surface area to volume ratio—so the volume

of the cell is controlled and can’t grow too large for the amount of surface area available

12. What are the 4 things all cells have in common? DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane

13. How are Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells different?Prokaryotes are single celled, simple cells with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles(only bacteria), but Eukaryotes can be single or multicellular, have membrane bound organelles and are complex in nature with a nucleus(all plants and animals.)

14. Bacteria is a Prokaryotic type of cell.

15. Plant and animal cells are a Eukaryotic type of cell.

16. What does multicellular mean? More than one cell, can be seen with the naked eye

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17. Draw & label all of the parts of the nucleus.

Identify the cell parts by number!Vacuole_7_Cell Wall _9_Cell Membrane__1Chloroplasts_3Endoplasmic Reticulum_4_Cytoplasm_6_Golgi Body or complex__8_Mitochondria__5_Ribosomes_10_Nucleus__2_

1. Vacuole2. Cell Membrane3. Lysosomes

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

Label the animal cell

2

3

11

13

7

5

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4. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum5. Rough Endoplasmic6. Nuclear membrane7. Cytoplasm8. Golgi Body or complex9. Mitochondria10. Ribosomes11. Nucleus12. Nucleolus13. Centriole

Vacuoles are more rounded and Lysosomes are more oval shaped

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Cell Structure and Processes

1. What are the products of photosynthesis? GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN2. Osmosis is the diffusion of _water___ through a cell membrane?

3. How would sugar entering a cell that already contains a high concentration of sugar get thorough a cell membrane and into the cell? Active Transport

4. The equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --------› C6H1206 + 6O2 is the equation for __photosynthesis___

5. The equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --------›6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) is the equation for__cellular respiration._

6. Cellular respiration takes place in a cell’s _Mitochondria_.

7. The process of photosynthesis takes place in the _Cholorplast_of the plant cell.

8. What gas do plants take out of the atmosphere and use in the process of photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide

9. What gas do animals take out of the atmosphere and use in the process of cellular respiration Oxygen

10. What waste gas is produced by the process of photosynthesis?___Oxygen___

11. What waste gas is produced by the process of cellular respiration? __Carbon Dioxide_

12. What happens when a cell reaches equilibrium?_Particles enter and leave the cell at the same rate

13. What happens to the cells of your body as you grow? Cells divide to make more cells. These cells will grow to become the same size as the original cell.

Label the animal cell

6

1

9

10

8

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14. Why is oxygen important for plants and animals? It is required for cellular respiration

Vocabulary Words: Match the following words up to their definitions. Write the letter of the word in the space provided.

15. __H___ The movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without using cellular energy.

16. __C___ The movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy.

17. __A___ Cells have _________ membranes so some substances can pass through the membrane while others can’t.

18. __F___ The process in which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell.

19. _B__ The process used to remove large particles from a cell.

20. _D_ The natural processes by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration.

21. _E___ The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

22. _G__ The process where a single cell splits into 2 genetically identical cells

Using the following terms, correctly sequence the levels of organization for structure and function in an animal:

Tissue, cell, organ system, organ, organelle

23. organelle cell tissue organ organ system

Match the following words up to their definitions. Write the letter of the word in the space provided. (2 words will be used twice)

24. __C___ Most cell organelles are contained here

25. __A__ Where most DNA is stored in Eukaryotic cells

26 . _B____ Provides support and structure to a cell

A.selectively permeable

B.exocytosisC.active transportD.diffusionE. osmosisF. endocytosisG.MitosisH. passive transport

A. NucleusB. Cell wallC. CytoplasmD. Mitochondria

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27. __A___ The “brain” of the cell

28. __D___The organelle that uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy

29. __D____ Site of cellular respiration

30. How do organisms get energy during cellular respiration? _from food____________

31. List three types of passive transport

1.____Osmosis____________

` 2.____Diffusion________

3._____Facilitated__diffusion_

32. Identify and explain the stages of the cell cycle.

*Interphase – Before mitosis begins, chromosomes are copied each chromosomes becomes 2 chromatids

*Prophase – Mitosis begins chromosomes condense from long strands into rod like structures

*Metaphase – Nuclear membrane is dissolved; paired chromosomes align at cell equator

*Anaphase – Chromatids separate and move to the opposite sides of the cell.

*Telophase – Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, chromosomes unwind

*Cytokinesis – Cell pinches in two (lack cell wall) a plate forms between the two (with cell wall)

Human Body Systems

1. State the two organs that would be working if someone was running a marathon and their breathing and pulse changed. The heart and lung.

2. The function of the kidney cleans the blood.

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3. The two important parts of the immune system are Immune system cells which are B-cells and T-cells.

4. Cellular respiration is a chemical process that occurs in cells by which cells uses oxygen to break down food to get energy.

5. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are gases that travel through the lung.

6. The brain allows our sense organs to work together.

7. The main function of muscle cells are to allow movement.

8. The largest role of the brain is its role in the Central Nervous System which processes and responds to all messages coming from the peripheral nervous system.

9. The sense organs are the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose

10. The two systems of the body are most responsible for providing cells their nutrients are the circulatory system and digestive system.

11. The stomach have muscular contraction because it continues the mechanical digestion of your meal by squeezing the food with muscular contractions.

12. What is the function of the nervous system? The CNS processes and responds to all messages coming from the peripheral nervous system. The PNS connects all parts of the body to the CNS. The PNS uses specialized structures, called nerves, to carry information between your body and your CNS.

13. List the 3 systems that are involved with playing a sport. Muscular system, Central nervous system, skeletal system.

14. List the function of the circulatory and digestive systems. In the circulatory system the heart pumps blood through all of your blood vessels. This system helps maintain your body by carrying nutrients to your cells and by removing wastes from your cells. This system also helps in regulation by carrying chemical signals called hormones throughout the body. The digestive system breaks down the food you eat into nutrients the body can absorb.

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15. What is the function of the heart for the circulatory system? In the circulatory system the heart pumps blood through all of your blood vessels.

16. Describe the process of absorption. The stomach mixes food with acid and enzymes that break down nutrients. The mixture is called chime. In the small intestine, pancreatic fluid and bile are mixed with chime. From the small intestine, nutrients enter the bloodstream and are circulated to the body’s cells.

17. What organ does the excretory system work with to remove dissolved waster from the blood?The Kidneys

18. List the correct order of how an organism is organized.Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

19. The respiratory and circulatory systems send this throughout the body. Oxygen

20. Make sure you understand the function of each of the organ systems.

Lymphatic system- Returns leaked fluids to the blood vessels and helps get rid of bacteria and viruses

Circulatory System – The heart pumps blood through all the blood vessels.

Respiratory system – The lungs absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

Digestive system – Breaks down the food you eat into nutrients the body can absorb.

Excretory system – Removes waste from the body and regulates the body fluids.

Integumentary system – Your skin hair and nails protect the tissue that lies beneath them.

Skeletal system – Your bones provide a frame to support and protect your body parts.

Nervous system – The nervous system receives and send electrical messages throughout the body.

Muscular system – Works with the skeletal system to help your body move.

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Male reproductive system – Produces and delivers sperm.

Female reproductive system – Produces eggs and nourishes and protect the fetus.

Endocrine system – Your gland sends out chemical messages. Ovaries and testes are part of the system.

4. A cell is the smallest functional and structural unit of all living things.

5. An organ is made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform a similar function.

6. How do the digestive and circulatory systems work together in the human body to carry out life processes?

A. Digestive breaks food down into nutrients, and circulatory transports the nutrients to cells in the body

B. Circulatory breaks food down into nutrients, and digestive transports the nutrients to cells in the body

C. Digestive takes in oxygen from the atmosphere, and circulatory transports the oxygen to cells in the body

D. Circulatory takes in oxygen from the atmosphere, and digestive transports the oxygen to cells in the body

15. The body’s skeletal and muscular systems work together to produce movement. Which of the following is another important function of the skeletal system?

A. It fights off infections.

B. It protects the inner organs.

C. It rids the body of waste products.

D. It produces testosterone and estrogen

21. The illustration below shows four organ systems of the human body.

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Which of these systems controls the functions of the other three systems?

A. system 1

B. system 2

C. system 3

D. system 4

22. Which of the following best explains an interaction between the digestive system and the respiratory

system?

A. To use the energy, in food broken down by the digestive system, the body needs oxygen obtained

by the respiratory system

B. The main function of the respiratory system is to control, coordinate, and regulate most of the

functions of the digestive system.

C. Coordination between the respiratory and digestive systems is necessary because the digestive

system obtains oxygen needed by the respiratory system.

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D. The digestive system obtains nutrients from the food that is eaten, and the respiratory system

transports the nutrients to the brain where they are needed.

Genetics and Heredity Study guide Answer Key

1. Sex cells are created during meiosis . They have 23 pairs of chromosomes.2. Phenotype: An organism’s appearance (what you see: hair color, height, eye color ) Genotype:

The genetic make-up of an organism– the alleles that are present for a trait. (Hh or AA)3. Traits come from both parents4. Alleles affect traits based on whether they are dominant or recessive. Two alleles are inherited

for a trait, one from each parent.5. Homologous chromosomes are when alleles from both parents are the same.6. Physical changes do not affect an organism’s genes because it does not affect the DNA and how

the genes are expressed.7. Genes are located on one the 23 chromosomes8. Recessive traits can only be seen in the organisms if both alleles are recessive. One set of

instructions for an inherited trait. Recessive trait comes back in 2nd generation 9. Sex chromosomes carries the genes that determines sex10. Mitosis is the way cells divide during asexual reproduction11. Sexual reproduction is reproduction by which offspring’s that are different from their parents a

re produced.12. Alleles are different forms of a gene and a re represented by letters.13. Genes are one set of instructions for an inherited trait.14. Heredity is the passing of genetic material from parent to offspring15. The different forms of characteristics are called traits.16. Homozygous: When alleles from both parents are the same. HH or hh. Heterozygous: When

alleles from parents are different. HhIf a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white guinea pig (bb) what is the probability that an off spring will have black fur? This Punnett square show the probability.

B B17.

b

b

All of the off rings will have black fur 100%

18. Uracil is the nitrogenous base in RNA and is not part of DNA.19. Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Bb Bb

Bb Bb

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20. Codominance occurs when alleles are expressed simultaneously in the trait.21. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein.22. Nucleotides are the subunits that makes up DNA.23. The elements that nucleotide consists of are Phosphate sugar and base.24. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is homozygous25. A heterozygous organism has two different alleles for a trait26. If a white –furred rabbit breeds, a black furred rabbit and all of their offspring have a phenotype

of gray fur, this is an example of Incomplete dominance.27. B. These bases always pair together: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine28. Adenine ---------Thymine Guanine ---------Cytosine 29. Genetic mutations are the causes of sex linked disorders30. Features that that has different forms in a population is referred to as characteristic

The allele for brown hair, B is dominant to blond hair b among humans, if a woman with brown hair (BB) and a man with blond hair (bb) have children the Punnett square shows the genotype of the children.

B B31.

b

b

32. Copies of DNA are made when DNA strand unwind and complementary nucleotide bases are added.

33. The first generation offspring are called the F1 generation. The second generation offspring are called the F2 generation.

Evolution

1. Variation is Natural occurring differences within a specie.

2. A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is Adaptation.

3. Evolution

Bb Bb

Bb Bb

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4. Giraffes with longer necks survive a dry season by eating leaves from the tops of trees. Those giraffes breed more successfully that year. This is an example of Natural selection

5. What did Charles Darwin observe about the finches on Galapagos Island?

He discovered several species of finches that varied from island to island, which helped him to develop his theory of natural selection.

6. List the four essential parts of Darwin’s theory of natural selection

Variation, inherited traits, Offspring compete, survival of the fittest

7. Explain the process of relative dating Relative dating is when geologists determine the age of a rock or a layer of rocks in relation to the rocks around it.

8. A student read about the peppered moth, a species whose population changed over a period of time. Before the Industrial Revolution, dark-colored moths were rare. During the Industrial Revolution, however, the population of dark-colored moths greatly increased. The student thought that the reason for the increase in dark-colored moths was soot covering the wings of the light-colored moths. She thought this coloring was then passed on to the offspring of the light-colored moths.

Which statement should be used to explain to the student the correct reason for how this population changed over time? As the trees darkened with soot, the light-colored moths were easier to see. They were eaten by birds more and more, while the rare dark colored moths blended in better on the darker trees. This made the dark colored moths have a higher survival rate. They lived longer and passed their dark colored genes onto their offspring or young.

9. How can natural selection lead to evolution? Natural selection leads to evolutionary change when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than other individuals in a population and pass on these inheritable genetic characteristics to their offspring.

10. What is the difference between natural selection and evolution? Evolution is The process by which population changes over time whereas natural selection is the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do

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11. Define temporal Isolation is a situation in which two or more species reproduce in different seasons or different time of day

12. Define Behavioral Isolation - Capable of breeding but has differences in courtship.

13. The creation of a new specie is called speciation.

14. The creation of two different species from original population is divergent evolution

15. The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring is known as reproductive isolation

16. William discovered that two modern day species have very similar DNA. He concludes that the two species are closely related. What type of evidence did William most likely use to reach his conclusion? Genetic evidence

17. Define extinction - Extinction is the death of a species

18. A group of individuals of the same species that interbreed is called a population.

19. A common group of all genes present in a population gene pool

20. Geographic isolation is where species occur in different areas which are often separated by physical barriers such as mountain ranges, rivers etc.

21. Define convergent evolution and give two examples Independent evolution of different species with similar traits due to their environment

22. Fossils most commonly found in sedimentary rock.

23. Natural Selection vs. Selective Breeding

State whether the following are examples of natural selection or selective breeding.

1. Elephants passing the tusk less trait to their offspring. natural selection

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2. Insects developing pesticide resistance. natural selection3. Dog owners breeding their pets to produce a friendlier offspring. Selective breeding4. Populations of lizards with a certain trait becoming more numerous after a change in

climate. natural selection5. Farmers only allowing sheep that produce the best wool to breed. Selective breeding

Interdependence of lifeSymbiosis

Two organisms that live togetherAt least one of the organisms benefit from the relationship

Kinds of Symbiosis

Mutualism- both organism benefitCommensalism- one organism benefits other unaffectedParasitism- one benefits other is harmed

Predator- an organism that kills and eats another for food

Prey- an organism that is kills and eats by another organism.

Competition - occurs when two or more organisms or populations try to use the same resource (i.e. food, water, space, etc.)

The difference between a community and a population is that acommunity consists of all the population of species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other whereas a population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area. Examples of a community is all the animals that in in the pond. An example of a population is the alligators that live in the pond.

1. Where does life exist on Earth? Life on earth exists in the Biosphere. The Biosphere extends from the deepest part of the ocean to the high in the air where plant spores drift.

2. Give an example of a biotic factor? Plants

3. What does an abiotic environment include? water, soil, light, and temperature.

4. Where does the primary source of all energy in an ecosystem come from? The sun

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5. What do temperature, light, and sound have in common? They are stimuli which all living things react to.

6. What is a stimulus? A change that affects the activity of the organism

7. Make sure you can list the 5 levels of organization in an environment from the smallest level to the largest level. List them here:

Organism- A living thing.

Population - A group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical location.

Community - All the populations of species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other.

Ecosystem - A community of organisms and their abiotic environment.

Biome - A major regional community of organisms, defined by climatic conditions and plant communities living there; they contain many ecosystems.

Biosphere - The part of the Earth where life exists.

8. The six (6) Characteristics of Life that all organisms possess1. Living things are made up of cells2. Living things grow and develop3. Living things respond to stimuli4. Living things reproduce5. Living things display organization6. living things require energy

9. The four necessities of life are water, air, shelter, food

Classification

Classification: putting things into orderly groups based on similar characteristics

Taxonomy: the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

Levels of classification from largest to smallest:

Kingdom

Phylum

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Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Early classification

Aristotle grouped everything into simple groups such as animals or plants

He then grouped animals according to if they had blood or didn’t have blood, and if they had live young or laid eggs, and so on

Binomial Nomenclature

Developed by Carolus Linnaeus

Swedish Biologist 1700’s

Two-name system

Genus and species named using Latin or Greek words

Homo sapiens

An organism’s genus is always written first; the organism’s species is always written second

The genus is Capitalized; the species is written in lower case

Scientific names of organisms are always italicized or underlined

8 Levels of classification

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

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Family

Genus

Species