Cells & Systems Review

2009 Exam Review

Cells & Systems

• CELL THEORY• Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow• ALL living things are made from CELLS• CELLS come from preexisting cells (you

can’t make them)• CELLS are the basic unit of structure and

function• The activity of an organism depends on

the total activity of all of its CELLS!

Cells & Systems

• Living Organisms Must:• Grow• Repair themselves• Obtain energy (and nutrients)• Remove wastes• Respond to the environment• Reproduce• DIE - Finite lifespan

Cells & Systems• Important People and

Contributions• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - invented a

microscope• Robert Hook - created the term “cell”• Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow – Cell

theory• Invention of more powerful tools: compound light microscopes – electron microscopes –

computers & MRIs – dissections etc.

Cells & Systems PLANTS & ANIMAL CELLS

• Both have:• Nucleii• Cell membrane• Vacuoles• Endoplasmic

reticulum• Cytoplasm• Mitochondria

• only PLANTS have:

• Chloroplasts• Cell wall

Cells & Systems Transport of nutrients and wastes

• PASSIVE TRANSPORT

• Requires NO energy• “downhill” (H → L)• OSMOSIS – diffusion

across a selectively permeable membrane

• SMALL molecules

• ACTIVE TRANSPORT• Requires energy input• Can go “uphill”• Often uses CARRIER

PROTEINS” – special gate like structures

• SMALL or LARGE molecules

The Main PointsDIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS

• UNICELLULAR• Single cells -

microscopic• No specialization –

must do all life functions

• Live in water, soils, air• Include:• BACTERIA - Monera• PROTISTS – Euglena,

Amoeba, Paramecium, etc.

• MULTICELLULAR• 2 or more cells

working together• Can specialize –

perform certain functions well

• Organisms can be larger

• Live in all environments

• Plants, animals, fungi

Cells & Systems Specialization

• Cellular organization• Cells →Tissues → Organs →

Systems → Organisms

• Example:• Cell – epithelial tissue – skin –

integumentary system - human

Cells & Systems Specialization

• Multicellular Organisims• Specialization must occur as most cells do not

have access to external environment • No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS

• HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE:• CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to

and from ALL cells• RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out)

Cells & Systems Specialization

• Multicellular Organisims• Specialization must occur as most cells do not

have access to external environment • No access to OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS

• HUMAN SYSTEMS INCLUDE:• CIRCULATORY – movement of nutrients, wastes to

ALL cells• RESPIRATORY – gas exchage (O2 in; CO2 out)

Cells & Systems

• HEART CIRCULATION• 4 chambers: 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles• Major Blood vessels:• VENA CAVA (superior & inferior) – bring

deoxygenated blood back to heart from body• AORTA – largest & thickest artery – sends

oxygenated blood to body• PULMONARY ARTERY – only “blue” artery) –

sends from heart to lungs• PULMONARY VEIN – only “red” vein) – sends

from lungs to heart

The Main PointsLabel the parts of the heart:

The Main Points

AortaPulmonary Artery

L. Atrium

R. Atrium

Valve

Valve

Valve

P. Vein

R. Ventricle

Vena Cava

Valve

L. Ventricle

Septum

The Main PointsA figure 8 circulation pattern:

R. ATRIUM

R. VENTRICLE

L. ATRIUM

L. VENTRICLE

body lungs

Vena Cava

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Vein

Aorta

Cells & Systems Blood vessels

• ARTERIES – move blood AWAY from Heart

• ROUND & THICK• UNDER LOTS OF

PRESSURE• No valves• MOST ARE

OXYGENATED

• VEINS – move blood INTO Heart

• Flatter & thinner• UNDER some OF

PRESSURE• MOST ARE

DEOXYGENATED• Have VALVES to

keep blood moving toward heart

Cells & Systems Blood vessels

• Capillaries• Smallest of the blood vessels• Connect arteries & veins

• Bring nutrients and O2 to EVERY Cell in the body

• REMOVE wastes (CO2, urea) from all cells

The Main Points:Blood Components

• Plasma – mostly water – largest amount, carries sugar, CO2 carries the blood cells

• RBCs – carry oxygen• WBCs – fight infection• Platelets – clot blood (form scabs

etc.)

The Main Points:EXERCISE AND the BODY’S RESPONSE

• Cells undergo RESPIRATION to produce energy

• This reaction requires O2 which makes breathing and heart rate increase when you exercise

• This also speeds up the removal of wastes produced!

• RESTING HEART RATE ~ 70 – 75 bpm

Cells & Systems:THE DEFENCE SYSTEM

• PRIMARY• Blocks germs from

entering the body• Saliva - mouth• Earwax - ears• Mucous - respiratory

• Cilia - respiratory

• Tears – eyes• Skin - body

• SECONDARY• Inside the body• Kill germs that get

by the primary• WBC – kill bacteria• Lymphatic system• Antibodies

The Main Points:Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM

• Eat Healthy• Exercise• Don’t Smoke• Get Adequate Amounts of Sleep• Drink lots of water

The Main Points:Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM

• Heart Disease – low fat diet, weight maintenance, exercise

• Hardened Arteries – low cholesterol, eat well, exercise

• Stroke – lower stress, low salt, exercise• Leukemia – may be genetic, may be

caused by exposure to chemicals

Cells & Systems:Helping THE DEFENCE SYSTEM

• Science has helped us:• Vaccines – dead, weakened forms

of germs help us produce antibodies.

• Antibiotics – help us defeat infections