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John LohmanMichael Mattocks

Aubrey Urwick

Chapter : 12Analysis of Variance: ANOVA

Key Terms: Don’t Forget Notecards

Factors (p. 388) Levels (p. 388) Testwise Alpha Level (p. 391) Experimentwise Alpha Level (p. 391) Error Term (p. 394) Post Hoc Tests or Post Tests (p. 416)

ANOVA Notation k is used to identify the number of treatment conditions n is used to identify the number of scores in each treatment

condition N is used to identify the total number scores in the entire study

N = kn, when samples are the same size T stands for treatment total and is calculated by ∑X, which equals

the sum of the scores for each treatment condition G stands for the sum of all scores in a study (Grand Total)

Calculate by adding up all N scores or by adding treatment total (G=∑T) You will also need SS and M for each sample, and ∑X2 for the entire

set of all scores.

Formulas F-ratio: SStotal: SSwithin: SSbetween: SSbetween: dftotal: dfwithin: or dfbetween:

More Formulas MSwithin: MSbetween: Tukey’s HSD: Scheffe Test: Effect Size:

Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA Question 1: A psychologist studied three computer

keyboard designs. Three samples of individuals were given material to type on a particular keyboard, and the number of errors committed by each participant was recorded. The data are as follows:

Keyboard A Keyboard B Keyboard C0 6 64 8 50 5 91 4 40 2 6

T =SS =

T =SS =

T =SS =

N =G =ΣX2 =

Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA Question 1: Are these data sufficient to conclude that

there are significant differences in typing performance among the three keyboard designs? Set alpha at α = 0.05

Keyboard A Keyboard B Keyboard C0 6 64 8 50 5 91 4 40 2 6

N = 15G = 60ΣX2 = 356

T = 5SS = 12

T = 25SS = 20

T = 30SS = 14

Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA Question 1 Answer:

Step 1: State the hypothesis. H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 (Type of keyboard has no effect) H1: At least one of the treatment means is different.

Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA Question 1 Answer:

Step 2: Locate the critical region

For this problem df = 2,12 and the critical value for α = 0.05 is F = 3.88.

If F-ratio ≤ Fcritical (3.88), then fail to reject H0.If F-ratio > Fcritical (3.88), then reject H0.

Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA Question 1 Answer:

Step 3: Perform the analysis.

or

Hypothesis Testing with ANOVASources SS df MSBetween 70 2 35Within 46 12 3.83Total 116 14

F = 9.14

Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA Question 1 Answer:

Step 4: Make a decision

F-ratio (9.14) > Fcritical (3.88). Therefore, we reject H0. The type of keyboard used has a significant effect on the number of errors committed.

If F-ratio ≤ Fcritical (3.88), then fail to reject H0.If F-ratio > Fcritical (3.88), then reject H0.

Computing Effect Size for ANOVA

Question 2: Compute effect size (η2), the percentage of variance explained, for the data that were analyzed in Question 1.

Computing Effect Size for ANOVA

Question 2 Answer:

Post Hoc Tests Question 3: For the data used in Question 1, perform a

post hoc test to determine which mean differences are significant and which are not. Use both Tukey’s HSD and the Scheffe Test.

Post Hoc Tests: Tukey’s HSD Question 3 Answer:

1. Find q. q = 3.77 (Table B.5, p.708)

2. Thus, the mean difference between any two samples must be at least 3.23 to be significant.

3. Find the means for each treatment.

Post Hoc Tests: Tukey’s HSD Question 3 Answer:

6. , Treatment A is significantly different than Treatment B. 7. , Treatment A is significantly different than Treatment C.8. , Treatment B is not significantly different than Treatment C.

HSD = 3.23

Post Hoc Tests: Scheffe Test Question 3 Answer:

First, compute SSbetween for Treatments A and B.

Now, find MSbetween.

For df (2,12) and α = 0.05, the critical region for F is 3.88. Therefore our obtained F-ratio is in the critical region, and we must conclude that these data show a significant difference between treatment A and treatment B.

Notice: G is equal to the total of Treatments A and B, not A, B, and C. Similarly, N is equal to nA + nB.

For dfbetween, use k-1.

Post Hoc Tests: Scheffe Test Question 3 Answer:

First, compute SSbetween for Treatments A and C.

Now, find MSbetween.

For df (2,12) and α = 0.05, the critical region for F is 3.88. Therefore our obtained F-ratio is in the critical region, and we must conclude that these data show a significant difference between treatment A and treatment C.

Notice: G is equal to the total of Treatments A and C, not A, B, and C. Similarly, N is equal to nA + nC.

For dfbetween, use k-1.

Post Hoc Tests: Scheffe Test Question 3 Answer:

First, compute SSbetween for Treatments B and C.

Now, find MSbetween.

For df (2,12) and α = 0.05, the critical region for F is 3.88. Therefore our obtained F-ratio is not in the critical region, and we must conclude that these data show no significant difference between treatment B and treatment C.

Notice: G is equal to the total of Treatments B and C, not A, B, and C. Similarly, N is equal to nB + nC.

For dfbetween, use k-1.

Assumptions for ANOVA Question 4: What three assumptions are required for

ANOVA?

Assumptions for ANOVA Question 4 Answer:

The observations within each sample must be independent. The populations from which the samples are selected must be

normal. The populations from which the samples are selected must have

equal variances (homogeneity of variance).