Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 42 Earths Diverse EcosystemsEarths Diverse Ecosystems Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Factors Influencing Earths Climate Both Climate and Weather Are Driven by the SunBoth Climate and Weather Are Driven by the Sun Satellite image of the Antarctic ozone hole (FE42.1 p. 865) Many Physical Factors Also Influence ClimateMany Physical Factors Also Influence Climate Latitude Influences the Angle at Which Sunlight Strikes Earth Earths curvature and tilt produce seasons and climate (F42.1 p. 864)Earths curvature and tilt produce seasons and climate (F42.1 p. 864) sunlight equator (0) North Pole (90 N) South Pole (90 S) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Factors Influencing Earths Climate Air Currents Produce Broad Climatic Regions Distribution of air currents and climatic regions (F42.2 p. 866)Distribution of air currents and climatic regions (F42.2 p. 866) (a)cold, dry air falls 90 N polar cap cool, moist air rises (rain) warm, dry air falls desert rain forest hot, moist air rises (rain) warm, dry air falls desert cool, moist air rises (rain) cold, dry air falls 60 S polar cap 90 S 30 S 0 30 N 60 N Polar Easterlies Westerlies N.E. Tradewinds S.E. Tradewinds (b) rain forest South African Desert Sahara Desert Arabian Desert Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. What Factors Influence Earths Climate? Ocean Currents Moderate Near-Shore Climates Ocean circulation patterns are called gyres (F42.3 p. 867)Ocean circulation patterns are called gyres (F42.3 p. 867) Eurasia North America Greenland Australia Antarctica Eurasia Africa South America Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Factors Influencing Earths Climate Continents and Mountains Complicate Weather and Climate Effects of elevation on temperature (F42.4 p. 867)Effects of elevation on temperature (F42.4 p. 867) The rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada (F42.5 p. 868)The rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada (F42.5 p. 868) Altitude high low tropical forest rock, snow, and ice tundra coniferous forest deciduous forest equatorial regions Latitude polar regions average annual precipitation (cm) altitude (m) winds westeast Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Factors Influencing Earths Climate El Nio Periodically Disrupts the Usual Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Conditions That Life Requires Environmental demands mold physical characteristics (F42.6 p. 868)Environmental demands mold physical characteristics (F42.6 p. 868) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Terrestrial Biomes Support Characteristic Plant CommunitiesTerrestrial Biomes Support Characteristic Plant Communities The distribution of biomes (F42.7 p. 869) Rainfall and temperature influence biome distribution (F42.8 p. 870) 60 N 30 N 0 (equator) 30 S 60 S tropical forest desert savanna and tropical shrub forest chaparral temperate deciduous forest temperate rain forest grassland coniferous forest tundra and alpine vegetation ice Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Rainfall and Temperature Determine the Vegetation a Biome Can SupportRainfall and Temperature Determine the Vegetation a Biome Can Support low Temperature high tundra coniferous forest (taiga) cool desert warm desert cool grassland temperate deciduous forest temperate rain forest warm grassland savanna tropical rain forest tropical deciduous forest low high Rainfall Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Tropical Rain Forests The tropical rain forest biome (F42.9 p. 871)The tropical rain forest biome (F42.9 p. 871) Amazonian rain forest cleared by burning (F42.10 p. 872)Amazonian rain forest cleared by burning (F42.10 p. 872) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Tropical Deciduous Forests Savanna The African savanna (F42.11 p. 873)The African savanna (F42.11 p. 873) Poaching threatens African wildlife (F42.12 p. 874)Poaching threatens African wildlife (F42.12 p. 874) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Deserts The desert biome (F42.13 p. 874)The desert biome (F42.13 p. 874) The Sonoran Desert (F42.14 p. 875)The Sonoran Desert (F42.14 p. 875) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Chaparral The chaparral biome (F42.15 p. 875)The chaparral biome (F42.15 p. 875) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Grasslands Tallgrass prairie in Missouri (F42.16 p. 876)Tallgrass prairie in Missouri (F42.16 p. 876) Shortgrass prairie (F42.17 p. 876)Shortgrass prairie (F42.17 p. 876) Sagebrush desert or shortgrass prairie? (F42.18 p. 877)Sagebrush desert or shortgrass prairie? (F42.18 p. 877) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Temperate Deciduous Forests The temperate deciduous forest biome (F42.19 p. 878)The temperate deciduous forest biome (F42.19 p. 878) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Temperate Rain Forests The temperate rainforest biome (F42.20 p. 879)The temperate rainforest biome (F42.20 p. 879) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Taiga The taiga (or northern coniferous forest) biome (F42.21 p. 880)The taiga (or northern coniferous forest) biome (F42.21 p. 880) Clear-cutting (F42.22 p. 880)Clear-cutting (F42.22 p. 880) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life on Land Tundra The tundra biome (F42.23 p. 881)The tundra biome (F42.23 p. 881) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water Freshwater Lakes Have Distinct Regions of LifeFreshwater Lakes Have Distinct Regions of Life Life Zones Are Determined by Access to Light and Nutrients Lake life zones (F42.24 p. 882)Lake life zones (F42.24 p. 882) littoral zone limnetic zone profundal zone Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water Freshwater Lakes Are Classified According to Their Nutrient ContentFreshwater Lakes Are Classified According to Their Nutrient Content Marine Ecosystems Cover Much of EarthMarine Ecosystems Cover Much of Earth Ocean life zones (F42.25 p. 884) dry land intertidal zone near-shore zone open ocean 200 m photic zone aphotic zone Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water Coastal Waters Support the Most Abundant Marine LifeCoastal Waters Support the Most Abundant Marine Life Nearshore ecosystems (F42.26 p. 885) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water Coral Reefs Coral reefs (F42.27 p. 886)Coral reefs (F42.27 p. 886) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water The Open Ocean The open ocean (F42.28 p. 888)The open ocean (F42.28 p. 888) Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Distribution of Life in Water Hydrothermal Vent Communities Hydrothermal vent communities (F42.29 p. 889)Hydrothermal vent communities (F42.29 p. 889) Habitat destruction (FE42.2 p. 890)Habitat destruction (FE42.2 p. 890)