INTRODUCTION TO NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING

Submitted To:Mr. Nand KumarMr. Sunil SharmaLecturers,Deptt. Of Architecture,M.N.I.T., Jaipur

Submitted By:Prashant Singh HadaRicha KhandelwalIX Semester,B. ARCH.M.N.I.T., Jaipur

NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT

Geographically localized community within a larger city,

town or suburban area.

Termed by Clarence A. Perry in 1923 “ A Scheme of

Arrangement for the Family Life Community ”

NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT

Population 7000 – 10000.

Primary school.

Recreational spaces

Retail shopping facility.

Community facilities at 10 to 15 minutes.

Tree-shaded, pedestrian & bicycle-friendly streets.

Safe from major traffic areas.

Local employment opportunities.

GROUP OF NEIGHBOURHOODS:

Location of schools, both Primary and Secondary.

District Shopping Center.

Neighbourhood Shopping Centers.

Libraries and other community hubs.

Major Regional Parks.

Sporting groups and recreation facilities.

NEIGHBOURHOOD THEORY

CLARENCE A. PERRY

UNIT OF URBAN PLANNING

Population as a criteria to decide the size of a neighbourhood unit.

STREET SYSTEM

Major traffic routes should not pass through residential

neighbourhood.

Minor streets to connect the dwelling unit.

Interior street pattern: cul-de-sacs, curved layout and light duty

surfacing .

An independent system of footway linking together school sites,

play areas and shopping centers.

FACILITIES

Primary school, shopping centre, spaces for outdoor recreation,

community centre, sports centre.

CLARENCE A. PERRY

POPULATION

optimal to support its elementary school.

SECTOR

Combination of two or more neighbourhood units.

Facilities like secondary school, entertainment centers, big

markets, major parks and large site recreation spaces.

Population 12000 – 15000.

SIZE AND DENSITY

Maximum walking distance ¼ mile.

Density should be 10 families per acre.

CLARENCE STEIN

Elementary school -center

of the unit and within a

1/2 mile radius.

Small shopping center

located near the school.

Cul-de-sac or "dead-end“

roads to eliminate through

traffic.

Grouping of 3 neighborhood units served by a high school and 1 or 2 major

Commercial centers - radius for walking distance to these facilities being 1

mile.

Arrangement in linear fashion.

Industries at one side.

Schools, commercial centers - middle of two rows of neighborhood units.

Module could be repeated (in mirror image) to increase the length of the

neighborhood unit.

JOSE SERT

THE RADBURN CITY, NEW JERSEY

“The town of the

motor age."

The cul-de-sac (dead-

end) residential streets

are service roads

rather than traffic

ways

House being reversed,

living rooms face on

the rear gardens with

pedestrian paths

leading to the

continuous park

space.

„A separated dual

system of circulation‟.

RADBURN, NEW JERSEY, BIRD EYE VIEW

HIERARCHY OF NEIGHBORHOOD-

VILLAGE-TOWN

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING : CASE

STUDY – CHANDIGARH

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING :

CASE STUDY – CHANDIGARH

MASTER PLAN OF CHANDIGARH

The master plan for the new town was

prepared by Architect Le-Corbusier

assisted by Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew

of England. The master plan aimed to

accommodate about 1,50,000 persons

with future expansion upto about

5,00,000 persons.

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING :

CASE STUDY – CHANDIGARH PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING :-

Chandigarh is planned on the principle of precincts or superblock and they

are termed as sectors.

Each sector measures about 1.21km in Length and 0.81 km in width.

The rectangular Sectors are framed with the layout of Grid of the main

roads.

Each sector accommodates population ranging from 15,000 to 25,000

depending upon the exact area of the block and the density of development

adopted.

There are usually three to four neighbourhood units in each block.

Le - corbusier conceptualized the idea of the design of chandigarh from the

human body. The government building forms the head; the business area or

commercial centre is the heart; the university area and the museum are the

brain; the industrial areas are the hands, the leisure valley and parks are the

lungs, the roads are the arteries.

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING :

CASE STUDY – CHANDIGARH URBAN ORGNAISATION :-

He gave the differentiation between means of locomotion and the hierarchy

within the road grid.

His previous theories led him to distinguish four functions of planning i.e.

living, working, care of the body and spirit and circulation.

The location of capital consists of four main government buildings, situated at

the northern end of the town; the buildings are the Assembly hall, the

Secretariat, the High court and the Governor's palace.

The Southern sector is reserved for the industrial development and is

segregated by a wide green belt from the residential zone.

The central sector contains the city's civic and commercial buildings which

serves to all the residential sectors.

The cultural centre with the university in a park is situated in the north-west

side.

Thus the city plan contains clear and well defined "URBAN

ORGANISATION CENTRES".

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING : CASE

STUDY – CHANDIGARH NEIGHBOURHOOD AS AN URBAN SPACE

Each sector is bisected on its long axis by a strip

of continuous open space or green strip for

recreation and on its shorter axis, by a street

called the bazaar street containing local shops,

market, and recreation buildings.

The cycle tracks and footpaths are

accommodated in green strip and thus they are

segregated from the main thoroughfares.

Schools, health centers etc. are located in the

interior of each sector so that children and others

need not cross the main roads for their normal

daily requirements.

The sector contains the schools, shops, clinics,

clubs, social centers, places of worship etc. and

is virtually a self contained unit, as an urban

space, for city planning.

The larger public buildings are well distributed in

the town in suitable locations and some of them

are placed in the town centre.

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING : CASE

STUDY – CHANDIGARH

PART TO WHOLE CONCEPT

All the while the neighbourhood unit is itself self sufficient of

having variety of urban spaces but at higher level the urban

spaces are distributed for the whole population of the city.

city level the urban spaces has consideration of highly ranked

activities like civic centre, town park, auditoriums, theatres,

commercial complexes, universities, stadiums, play ground

etc.

These are partly served by neighbourhood itself and the

combination of urban spaces from neighbourhood unit to

town level fulfills the part to whole concept of urban spaces.

Hence the neighbourhood concept gives the effect of an urban

spaces which are required for various basic needs to perform

in it.

It is a self sufficient unit for the urban planning.

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING

Neighbourhood plans speak to the specific needs and desires of the communities

within the city in the context of the city-wide plan.

Provide guidance for the development of large and complex areas of the

community

Provide planning for small areas of vacant, redeveloping lands within the built up

area of the community.

Provide additional detailed direction for new growth and development in a given

area

Neighbourhood planning in particular, brings together the broader needs of the

community with the local knowledge of the neighbourhood.

Neighborhood planning is a process that results in a plan. The planning process is

usually described as developing a consensus or a shared vision and as a way to have

residents involved in identifying and solving neighborhood problems. The plan

itself is often described as a blueprint, an agenda, a framework, or a guide for

investments and revitalization efforts in the neighborhood.

Neighborhood planning is a process whereby residents and other stakeholders

learn about their neighborhood, envision a shared future, and develop strategies to

shape it for the better and sustain it for the long term. The process results in a plan

that encourages and directs future social and economic investments toward the

development of a healthy neighborhood.

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN

Neighbourhood plans incorporate land use strategies that

respond to the broader issues of the community in a way that

contributes to creating more livable neighbourhoods.

A Neighbourhood Plan is a set of guidelines, which outlines

how an area will change and grow over time. A Neighbourhood

Plan typically deals with such issues as land use, traffic and

services (e.g., storm water, sewer and water).

A Neighbourhood Plan deals primarily with land use decisions

with an increase in population over the next 10 to 25 years, in

terms of housing, recreation needs, increased traffic, public

transit, impacts on the environment, commercial needs etc.

As the form, character and issues of neighbourhoods are

significantly different, specific policies are required for each

neighbourhood planning area

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN

All Neighbourhood Plans in the City must address the goals of

the Official Community Plan, and coordinate applications of

these goals in a manner that is acceptable to area residents.

The Official Community Plan is composed of some basic

principles or goals:

Manage Urban Growth.

Build a More Sustainable Community.

Encourage Social Enrichment.

Promote a Successful Economy.

Protect and Enhance Environment.

Improve Mobility and Servicing.

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN :

CONSIDERATIONS

District Shopping Centres

Neighbourhood Shopping Centres

Libraries and other community hubs

Accessibility across major roads

Transport hubs for example railway stations and major bus

routes.

Location of government and non-government schools, both

Primary and Secondary

Major Regional Parks.

Sporting groups and recreation facilities

NEIGHBORHOOD

STRATEGIC PLANNING

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN :

PROCESS Identifying Neighbourhood issues and

opinions.

Developing options for addressing

Neighbourhood issues.

Choosing preferred options.

Drafting the Plan.

Checking back with the Neighbourhood

about the contents of the Plan.

Adoption of the Plan by Council.

Plan Monitoring.

Neighbourhood Plans are generally

completed within a one-to-two year time

frame. Participants in the Neighbourhood

Planning process should be willing to spend,

on average, two to three evenings a month

working on their plan.

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN : PROCESS

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN : PRINCIPLES

Thoughtful, deliberate preparation needs to go into the neighborhood

planning process.

The plan must identify and build on neighborhood assets.

Neighborhood planning should be an inclusive process for the specific,

agreed upon area.

Neighborhood planning should build the capacity of the neighborhood

for community development.

All participants should have defined and appropriate roles.

There must be transparency in the planning process.

Democratic decision-making should be there

The process must generate a vision for what the neighborhood can

become.

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN : PRINCIPLES

The plan must recognize market dynamics.

Neighborhood residents and other stakeholders must be included in the

development and approval of the plan.

Protect and preserve green spaces and sensitive areas

Ensure housing meets the needs of the whole community

Create a culture of sustainability

Protect agricultural land

Create strong, compact and complete neighbourhoods

Provide alternative transportation

Ensure development pays for itself

Create a youth friendly city

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN : ADVANTAGE

Help residents identify a common vision for their neighbourhood

Help residents identify options for achieving neighbourhood goals

Help residents convey clearly to developers what types of projects they

will support

Help government to know how residents want their neighbourhood to

grow

Enhance public places in terms of use, diversity and safety

Develop a „sense of place‟ and identity that reflects our local culture,

heritage and character

Incorporate and coordinate other opportunities into a neighbourhoods

Build on the assets and strengths in local communities

Implementation is generally more successful

Provide a focus of investment

Provide a road map for future development

NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN : CHALLENGES

neighborhood planning is done on a small scale, it presents economic,

political, and logistical difficulties. For example, the creation of many small

programs to fulfill individual neighborhood needs may sacrifice the

economies of scale achieved by citywide or regional programs, or even

conflict with those programs.

neighborhoods have little power over contextual factors such as the regional

economy or a private developer‟s interests.

neighborhood planning is the danger of encouraging segregation.

Neighborhood planning can undermine efforts to benefit the city or region as

a whole, and enhancing neighborhood power has the potential to lead to

racial and income exclusionism

poor representation and unclear expectations and responsibilities. Although

many planning efforts earnestly try to have broad representation, especially

from the poor income group, there is often disappointing levels of

involvement by low-income, renter, and minority stakeholders due to

inadequate outreach efforts, lack of translation capacity, or a lack of previous

involvement of those stakeholders in the organizations‟ activities.

Unclear expectations and responsibilities