ConjunctionConjunctionNotesNotes

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Table of content 1. Definition of conjunction

2. Types of conjunction

3. Aspects of conjunction- Forms- Functions- Positions

1. Definition of conjunction

connect words or groups of words.

It is a linking word.

2.Types of conjunctionThere are 3 kinds of conjunctions.

1. Coordinating2. Correlative 3. Subordinating

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:

is a single connecting word.

Example: and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so

Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another: words to words,

phrases to phrases,

clauses to clauses.

ExampleWORD TO WORD

Most children like cookies AND milk.

PHRASES TO PHRASESThe gold is hidden at the beach OR at the

lakeside.

CLAUSES TO CLAUSESWhat you say AND what you do are two

different things.

Coordinating conjunctions usually form

looser connections than

other conjunctions do.

EXAMPLES

Marge was late for work , AND she received cut in pay.

( VERY LOOSE )

Marge was late for work. SO she received a cut in pay.( LOOSE )

BECAUSE Marge was late for work. She received a cut in pay.

( the subordinate conjunction BECAUSE creates a tighten link between two ideas. )

Coordinating conjunctions go in between items

joined, not at the beginning or end.

[between]

[beginning]

Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions:

When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or

subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the

conjunction.

EXAMPLES :WORDS : COOKIES AND MILK

PHRASES : AT THE BEACH OR BY THE LAKESIDE

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES : WHAT YOU SAY AND WHAT

YOU DO

A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and

requires commas between the elements.

EXAMPLES :

Words : peanut, cookies AND milk

Phrases : in the mountains, at the beach, OR by the lakeside

Subordinate clauses : what you say, AND what you do

A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound

sentence and requires a comma before the

coordinating conjunction

EXAMPLES :Tom ate all the peanuts, SO Phil ate the cookies

I don’t care for the beach, BUT I enjoy good vacation

in the mountains

Example of Words:• Pete and Terry are good friends. (Nouns)• Did you speak with him or her? (Pronouns)• The dog growled and barked at me. (Verbs)• The box was long and narrow. (Adjectives)• She spoke softly yet urgently. (Adverbs)

Group of Words:

• He looked on the chair and under the chair. (Prepositional phrases)

• Katy began the job but did not finish. (Complete predicates)

• You should remove the bread from the oven, or it will burn. (Sentences)

2. Correlative Conjunctions:are pairs of conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions also connect words or

groups of words.

• Example : both/and either/or neither/nor not only/but also whether/or

These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBSThese conjunctions join independent clauses together.

Example of Words:

• Both the temperature and the humidity were high yesterday. (Nouns)

• That coat is neither warm nor comfortable. (Adjectives)

Group of Words:•Either Eva will come to

our house, or we will see her at my cousin’s house. (Sentences)

3. Subordinating Conjunctions: cannot stand alone as a sentence. They begin a clause that cannot stand alone and joins it to a clause that can stand alone. A clause is a group of words with a subject and verb.

• Example: The fans were quiet while the golfer putted.

• Although I prefer peaches, I also like strawberries.

Common Subordinate Conjunctions

• After as soon as in order that until• Although as though since when• As because so that whenever• As far as before than where• As if even though wherever• As long as if unless while

Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.

EXAMPLES :Subordinate conjunction of time The patient had died before the doctor arrived.

Subordinate conjunction of reason Since you insist, I will come to your home.

Subordinate conjunction of purpose – We eat so that we may live.

Subordinate conjunction of condition I wonder why you left the company.

Subordinate conjunction of consequence – The baby was so tired that it slept immediately.

Subordinate conjunction of concession Though you insist, I will not talk to her.

Subordinate conjunction of comparison You are taller than I.

SinceAs a conjunction since means ‘from the past time when’.

Where have you been since I last saw you?

It is one week since we arrived here.

I have never seen him since I left that city.

NotesWhen used as a conjunction in this sense, since is usually preceded by a verb in the present perfect tense, and followed by a verb in the past tense.

The conjunction since can also mean ‘as’.

Since we have no money, we can’t buy anything. (= As we have no money, we can’t buy anything.)

OrThe conjunction or is used to introduce an alternative.

Is it blue or green?

Hurry up, or else we will be late.

You can study hard or you can fail.

NorThe conjunction nor is still used, though it is not very common. Its most common use is in the correlative pair neither-nor.

She is neither beautiful nor intelligent.

He is neither rich nor wise.

Nor can also be used with other negative expressions.

Peter didn’t turn up, and nor did Harry.

IfThe conjunction if means ‘on the condition that’, ‘supposing that’ and similar ideas.

If you want to go, I will you take you.If it rains, we shall not go.

If can also mean ‘when’ or ‘whenever’.

If I do not wear my spectacles, I get a headache.

If can mean whether.Do you know if Mr John is at home?

ThatThe conjunction that can be used to express a reason or cause. It is equivalent to because.

He was annoyed that he was contradicted. (= He was annoyed because he was contradicted.)

That may also express a purpose. It is equivalent to ‘in order that’.

We sow that we may reap.

InterjectionsDefinition:

A short utterance that usually expresses emotion and is capable of standing alone. Interjections are generally considered one of the traditional parts of speech.

In writing, an interjection is typically followed by an exclamation point.

interjection meaning example

ah

expressing pleasure

"Ah, that feels good."

expressing realization

"Ah, now I understand."

expressing resignation

"Ah well, it can't be heped."

expressing surprise "Ah! I've won!"

alas expressing grief or pity

"Alas, she's dead now."

dear

expressing pity

"Oh dear! Does it hurt?"

expressing surprise

"Dear me! That's a surprise!"

eh asking for repetition

"It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."

eh

expressing enquiry

"What do you think of that, eh?"

expressing surprise "Eh! Really?"

inviting agreement "Let's go, eh?"

er expressing hesitation

"Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."

hello, hullo

expressing greeting

"Hello John. How are you today?"

expressing surprise

"Hello! My car's gone!"

heycalling attention "Hey! look at that!"

expressing surprise, joy etc

"Hey! What a good idea!"

hi expressing greeting "Hi! What's new?"

hmmexpressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement

"Hmm. I'm not so sure."

oh, o

expressing surprise

"Oh! You're here!"

expressing pain "Oh! I've got a toothache."

expressing pleading

"Oh, please say 'yes'!"

ouch expressing pain

"Ouch! That hurts!"

uh expressing hesitation

"Uh...I don't know the answer to that."

uh-huh expressing agreement

"Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."

um, umm expressing hesitation

"85 divided by 5 is...um...17."

well

expressing surprise "Well I never!"

introducing a remark

"Well, what did he say?"

HTTP://ESL.FIS.EDU/VOCAB/Q12M/CONJ_R.HTM

Exercises for conjunction

HTTP://WWW.LEARNENGLISHFEELGOOD.COM/ENGLISH-SUBORDINATING-CONJUNCTIONS2.HTML

More conjunction exercises

1. " that feels good"2. " , she's dead now"3. " Oh  ! Does it hurt ?"4. "What do you think of that,  ?"5. "Lima is the capital of.... ....Peru"6. "  John, How are you today ?"7. " , I'm not so sure"8. "  , please say 'yes' !"9. " , what did he say "10. " 85 divided by 5 is... ...17"11. "Shall we go ? " " "12. "  ! That hurts !"

 

ah  er hello hmm oh alas well um dear eh uh-huh ouch

 

1. " Ah that feels good"2. " Alas, she's dead now"3. " Oh Dear ! Does it hurt ?"4. "What do you think of that, eh ?"5. "Lima is the capital of.... er....Peru"6. " Hello John, How are you today ?"7. " hmm, I'm not so sure"8. " Oh , please say 'yes' !"9. " Well, what did he say "10. " 85 divided by 5 is... um...17"11. "Shall we go ? " "Uh-huh "12. " ouch ! That hurts !"

Answers

THE END AND THANK YOU. Have a

nice day.