confidentiality
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Confidentiality. Information Assurance Policy (95-803) Danny Lungstrom Senthil Somasundaram 03/27/2006. Overview of Security. Goals of IT Security – CIA Triad Confidentiality Integrity Availability. Confidentiality. Secure. Integrity. Availability. CIA Triad. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Confidentiality
Information Assurance Policy(95-803)
Danny LungstromSenthil Somasundaram
03/27/2006
Overview of Security
Goals of IT Security – CIA Triad
Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
CIA Triad
Confidentiality
AvailabilityIntegrity
Secure
Ref: Security In Computing - Charles Pfleeger
Confidentiality Defined
Confidentiality ensures that computer-related assets are accessed only by authorized parties. That is, only those who should have access to something will actually get that access. Access means not only reading but includes viewing, printing (or) simply knowing that a particular asset exists. Also known sometime as secrecy (or) privacy.
Ref: Security In Computing - Charles Pfleeger
Risks
Types Of Risk Legal Risks
Fines, liability lawsuits, criminal prosecution
Financial Risks Numerous costs involved including losing customer's
trust, legal fees, fines
Reputational Risks Loss of trust
Operational Risks Failed internal processes – insider trading, unethical
practices, etc.
Strategic Risks Financial institutions future, mergers, etc.
Threats to Confidentiality
Access to confidential information by any unauthorized person Intercepted data transfers Physical loss of data Privileged access of confidential information by employees Social engineered methods to gain confidential information Unauthorized access to physical records Transfer of confidential information to unauthorized third parties Compromised machine where attacker is able to access data thought to be
secure
Threats in the Case Study
Scheduling information regarding national level speakers/sensitive private meetings highly restricted
• Concerns over unauthorized access as a result of leaks – includes leaks to press as well as opposition/protest groups
• Concerns over “leaks” via IT from opposition groups within the national organization
• Loss of trust in decisions made at event– Can include public exposure of sensitive data
• Loss of privacy, yielding decreased impact on event, decreased participation with organization
– Individuals of prominence can lose privacy – can include a physical security risk (schedules, timetables, etc.)
– Such a loss may not directly impact event – impact delayed– Can result in loss of Sponsorship, financial support, public perception of competence
Threats from Case Study
Common theme: leaking private data Strict access controls are crucial to protecting
the confidential information Those who should have access to the
confidential information should be clearly defined These people must sign a very clear confidentiality
agreement Should understand importance of keeping the
information private
Financial Importance
Financial losses due to loss of trade secrets According to Computer Security Institute's 6th
“Computer Crime and Security Survey” “the most serious financial losses occurred through theft
of proprietary information” 34 respondents reported losses
of $151,230,100 That's $4.5 million per company in 1 year!!!
Trade Secrets
As name implies, must be kept secret No registration/approval or standard procedure Somewhat protected if company takes measures to
ensure its privacy Quick and easy
No formal process, just ensure only those that should know about it do
Limited protection Not protected against reverse engineering or
obtaining the secret by “honest” means
Trade Secrets (2)
Why trade secrets? Filing for a patent makes the information public Quick
How to protect Enforce confidentiality agreements Label all information as “Confidential” for the courts
How long do trade secrets remain secret? Average is 4 to 5 years Expected to decrease in the future with
advancements in reverse engineering processes
Best Kept Trade Secrets
Coca-cola Coca-Cola decided to keep its formula secret, decades ago! Only known to a few people within the company Stored in the vault of a bank in Atlanta The few that know the formula have signed very explicit
confidentiality agreements Rumor has it, those that know the formula are not allowed to
travel together If Coca-cola instead patented the syrup formula, everyone could
be making it today
KFC's 11 secret herbs and spices
Phishing Scams
Tricking people into providing malicious users with their private/financial information
Financial losses to consumers: $500 million to $2.4 billion per year
depending on source 15 percent of people that have visited a
spoofed website have parted with private/personal data, much of the time including credit card, checking account, and social security numbers
Phising Example
Help Protect Yourself
Don't use links from emails for sites where personal/financial information is to be disclosed Browse to the website yourself
Use spam filtering to avoid much of the mess Check for HTTPS and a padlock on bottom bar
Don't solely rely on Educate yourself about the risks! Check your credit report periodically
Legal Requirements
HIPAA Gramm-Leach Bliley FERPA Confidentiality/Non-disclosure Agreements ISP/Google subpoenaed examples
HIPAA
Numerous regulations on access to a person's health information Ensure patient access to records
Allow them to modify inaccuracies Written consent required to disclose
records Ensure not used for non-medical
purposes (job screening, loans, insurance)
Proper employee training on respecting confidentiality of patients
What HIPAA Doesn't Do
Does not restrict what info can be collected, person just has to be informed
Doesn't require extremely high levels of privacy during medical visits, just reasonable Some sort of barrier (curtains) No public conversations Secure documents No post-it note passwords
Gramm-Leach Bliley Act
Protection for consumer's personal financial information All financial institutions must have a policy in place
that identifies how information will be protected Must also identify foreseeable threats in security
and data integrity
Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (2)
Financial Privacy rule Institution must inform individuals as to any
information collected, the purpose of the collection, and what is going to be done with it
The individual may refuse Safeguards rule
Security policy portion of act, as described earlier Pretexting Protection (social-engineering)
Institutions must take measures to protect against social-engineering, phishing, etc.
FERPA
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Instructor regulations
Cannot provide a child's grade to anyone other than child/parent (no websites)
Cannot share info on child's behavior at school except to parents
Cannot share info on child's homelife Child's instructor must do the grading, not a volunteer or
someone else
ISPs Subpoenaed
What rights do ISP subscribers have to confidentiality?
ISPs being forced to turn over names Verizon vs. RIAA
Verizon won the appeal User vs. Comcast
Comcast gets sued from both ends RIAA vs. Grandma
83 year old Gertrude – shared overover 700 rock/rap songs, but...
RIAA decides to drop case... Blames time it takes to get user info
DoJ vs. User Privacy
COPA (Children's Online Protection Act) DoJ subpeonaed nearly all major
ISPs and search engines Search engines required to turn
over searches Google says this could link back to
specific users demanded production of "[a]ll
queries that have been entered on [Google's] search engine between June 1, 2005 and July 31, 2005"
Google vs. DoJ
Is Google only pretending to care? Only fighting the subpoenas in order to better
reputation with the public? “Google's on our side” But, they mine an enormous amount of data on
anyone that uses any of their services Protecting their own trade secrets
Bigger Problem
These enormous databases exist If anyone gets ahold of any portion of these databases,
they have an unimaginable wealth of private information on an endless amount of people
ChoicePoint forced to pay $15 million by FTC 163,000 consumer's information stolen from their
database Names, SSNs, credit history, employment history, etc.
Led to at least 800 cases of identity theft http://www.privacyrights.org/ar/ChronDataBreaches.htm
Giant Eagle Example
Giant Eagle's Loyalty Program Nearly 4 million active users in 2005 User's purchases at both the grocery store and gas
station are knowingly monitored, but still 4 million think the invasion of privacy is worth the savings
Can even link the card to fuel perks, enable check cashing and video rental service!
Also use card at 4,000 hotels, Avis, Hertz, Alamo, numerous local retailers, sporting events, museums, zoos, ballets, operas, etc.
Basically as much info as you're willing to give them they'll take... and use for what else?
Giant Eagle (2)
From the privacy policy: Giant Eagle does not share your personal
information or purchase information with anyone except:
As necessary to enable us to offer you savings on products or services; or
As necessary to complete a transaction initiated by you through the use of your card;
Writing Policies
Ask numerous questions before beginning What information is confidential?
The broader the definition the better (for the discloser) Who should be allowed to access this information?
Create a list and have them sign confidentiality agreements
How long is it to remain confidential? Longer the time frame, the harder to keep confidential
What type of security policy is needed? What sort of organization is it for?
What level of confidentiality is necessary for the given organization?
Further Risk Assessment
Basic questions: Who, what, when, where, why, how?
Who? Who should have access, who shouldn't Ensure they must properly authenticate in order to
access information, so that “who” is ensured non-repudiation
Further Risk Assessment (2)
What? What needs to be kept confidential?
When? How long must it remain secure?
Where? Where is this confidential data going to be safely
stored? File server, workstation, removable media, laptop, etc.
Further Risk Assessment (3)
Why? Law
FERPA, HIPAA, etc. Specified in end-user agreement User trust
How? What means are to be used to ensure it's
protection? Access controls, encryption, physical barriers, etc.
Types of Security Policies
Military Security (governmental) Policy Commercial Security Policies
Clark-Wilson Commercial Security Policy (Integrity) Separation of Duty (Integrity) Chinese Wall Security Policy (Confidentiality)
Military/Government Security Policies
Goal: Protect private information Uses ranking system on levels of confidentiality Need-to-know rule Compartmentalized Combination of (rank; compartment) is its classification Clearances are required for different levels of classification Access based on dominance
Combination of sensitivity and need-to-know requirements
Information Sensitivity Ranking
Unclassified
Restricted
Confidential
Secret
Top SecretMost Sensitive
Least SensitiveUnclassified
Restricted
Confidential
Secret
Top Secret
Compartment 1 Compartment 2
Compartment 3
Ref: Security In Computing - Charles Pfleeger
Commercial Security Policies
Less rigid and hierarchical No universal hierarchy Varying degree of sensitivity
E.g. Public, Proprietary and Internal No formal concept of clearance
Access not based on dominance, as there are no clearances
Chinese Wall Policy
Conflicts of interest Effects those in legal, medical, investment,
accounting firms Person in one company having access to confidential
information in a competing company
Based on three levels for abstract groups Objects
Files Company Groups
Collection of files Conflict Classes
Company groups with competing interests
Chinese Wall Policy (2)
Access control policy Individual may access any information, given that
(s)he has never accessed any information from another company in the same conflict class
So, once individual has accessed any object in a given conflict group, they are from then on restricted to only that company group within the conflict group, the rest are off-limits
Chinese Wall Illustrated
Company ACompany B
Company F
Company ACompany B
Company F
Company CCompany DCompany E
Company C
Company D
Company E
Ref: Security In Computing - Charles Pfleeger
Initially
After choosing B and D
Writing the CA
After considering these various questions, it is time to actually write the policy
Contents should include: Obligation of confidentiality Restrictions on the use of confidential information Limitations on access to the confidential information Explicit notification as to what is confidential
These things should all be considered when writing the policy for the case study
Access controls
Locking down an OS Principle of Least Privilege Password Management User policies
what if someone calls and needs password anti-social engineering
OS Lockdown
Step 1 Identify protection needed for various files/objs
Separate information/data into categories and decide who needs what type of access to it
Distinguish between local and remote access
Step 2 Create associated user groups
Groups derived from first step above Simply create these groups and assign appropriate
members
OS Lockdown (2)
Step 3 Setup access controls
General practices Deny as much as possible Disable write/modify access to any executables Restrict access to OS source/configuration files to admin Only allow appends to log files Analyze access control inheritance
UNIX/Linux specific No world-writable files Mount file system as read-only Disable suid Make kernel files immutable
OS Lockdown (3)
Step 4 Install/configure encryption capabilities
Depending on how confidential information is, either use OS encryption or add 3rd party software to do the job
Necessary if OS access controls are not overly configurable
Step 5 Continue to monitor!
Make sure things are as expected
Source: CERT.org
Database Access
Databases often house an enormous amount of desired data about people (CC#s, SSNs, etc.)
Must pay special attention to access Defense in depth
Only allow specific users access Limit these users as much as possible
Encrypt information in database Encrypt information in transfer
IPSec, SSL, TLS Patch!
Password Policies
Confidential information is protected by some means of authentication, often passwords How confidential the password protected
information is depends on the strength of the password used
Tips: Not dictionary based More than 8 characters (the more the merrier) Combination of letters, numbers, and special chars Not related to user Not related to login name Don't reuse the same password for all accounts!
Encryption for Confidentiality
When to use Anytime you wouldn't want anyone/everyone
to see what you're doing Financial transactions Personal e-mails Anything confidential
Various solutions PGP, S/MIME, PKI, OpenVPN, SSH, SFTP, etc.
Drawbacks/difficulties May not be allowed Not always user friendly Not what used to
Regulated Encryption
Should their be more stringent guidelines for using various encryption techniques? Many in gov't said yes after 9/11 and pushed for
reform Senator Judd Gregg pushed to require that the gov't be
given the keys to decrypt everyone's messages if necessary
Much debate, as terrorist may encrypt messages, and not even NSA can decrypt (so they say)
Would this help? Would the terrorists use encryption methods that the gov't could decrypt and would they provide them with keys? Or is this just a privacy invasion for all non-terrorists?
Email Policy
Popular encryption methods PGP Entrust Hushmail S/MIME
Should employees be allowed to encrypt messages at work? May want to secure confidential business trade
secrets or other work-related data Would you want work related info sent out on a postcard?
May just want to email friends and not be monitored
Email Policy
Clearly define proper use of e-mail at work What is allowed and what is not
State any monitoring activity in confidentiality notice – ensure users know they are being monitored if they are
Specify authorized software that can be used for e-mail Disallow running executable files received as attachments
Could allow for further breaches Define e-mail retention policy
Network policies
Separate servers based on services and levels of confidentiality required
A public file server or database should not also house confidential information
Case study: Various services needed Separate confidential from public Separate by which groups are to be allowed access
Event Network
Internet
Media
Operations (8-9 Servers, ~200
PCs)Organization (10+
Servers, ~400 PCs)
PodiumSchedulingVotingCommunicationsSponsor AccessParticipant Access
FinancialHuman ResourcesContractingCommunicationsPublic RelationsNetwork Operations
Venue
Source: 95-803 course slides
Break Time!
Josh was supposed to bake cookies, but he misplaced his apron - sorry
Confidentiality
• Device and Media Control
• Backups
• Physical Security
• Personnel Security
• Outsourcing/Service Providers
• Incident Response
Device & Media Control
• Device and Media Control
Ref: www.securewave.com
Device & Media – Issues
• What are the issues?
– Growing Pain!!!– Number of devices on the raise– Increased security risk– Technology race for faster, smaller, cheaper and higher
capacity devices • Less than 5 minutes to copy 60GB data• 2GB memory can hold up to 400,000 pages
– Devices are cheap but the information may be expensive
Risks
Privacy Vs Security
Smart Phones
Policy – Device & Media
• Define a device and media control policy
• What to consider?
– Ban the use of all mobile media?– Governing may be more practical then prohibiting the mobile
devices– Identify and list authorized devices/media – Define their acceptable method of usage– Keep track of devices connected to your network– Associate devices to valid users
• What to consider?
– Password protection on all mobile devices– Disallow storing of sensitive information on mobile devices– Encryption– Govern the use of personal devices on corporate
environment– Take into account the convergence of data and telecom– Train and educate your employees on protection of devices
and media
Policy – Device & Media(2)
Device & Media Disposal
• Define a policy for device & media disposal
– Ensure complete sanitization before the equipment/media is re-used (or) disposed
– Provide guidelines on standard for media sanitization– Monitor media disposal by third party– NIST guidelines for media sanitization
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/DRAFT-sp800-88-Feb3_2006.pdf
Case Study Options (1)
• Device & Media Control Policy Options
– Classify the information to be protected– Prohibit copying classified confidential information to mobile
devices including laptops/PDA/USB storage etc– Provide printing/e-mailing/download options only for non-
confidential data – Enforce encryption of data on all storage media– Identify and specify authorized type of devices that can be
connected to network
• Device & Media Control Policy Options
– Require wireless devices be registered before getting connected to the network
– Disable any direct external mobile device attachments to network with highly confidential information
– Provide only dump terminals for public/media access so that no external devices can be attached to network
– Ban use of cell phones during private sessions
Case Study Options (2)
Backups
• Backups security often overlooked
• Why are they important?
– Due to concentration of data the degree of confidentiality is as high as original data
– Confidentiality requirements for information apply to backed up data
– HIPAA requires compliance methodologies for backups also.
– Archives/Business History
• Security factors
– Storage of backup data– Transfer of backup data– Security of networks used to backup data– Software & Media
Backups (2)
Backups – Policy (1)
• What to consider?
– Procedure for backups– Allowable software and storage media– Encryption of confidential data– Guidelines for storage– Guidelines to protect the documents with information about
backups – encryption keys, location etc…– Patches for backup software
• What to consider?
– Inventory – Testing– Security of networks used for backups– Garbage collection of obsolete backups– Sanitization of backup media before disposal– Transportation methods
• Procedures
http://csrc.nist.gov/fasp/FASPDocs/contingency-plan/Backup-And-Recovery.pdf
Backups – Policy (2)
Physical Security
• Why is it required?
– First line of defense preventing loss of confidentiality– Physical attacks requires minimal effort– Protects information assets from unauthorized access– All security policy enforcements will be a non-factor without
physical security– Security lapses increases risk of both insider and outsider
attacks– Protects confidential information assets from natural and
environmental hazards
• Privacy Vs Security• Appropriate levels• What can we do?
– Consider multilayer security approach – Environment of authorized personnel only– Physical barriers like fence, guards, alarms and surveillance
video etc..– Maintain an inventory of computer hardware and label them
for identification– Limit access to your hardware
Physical Security (2)
• What can we do?– Deploy your servers with confidential information only in
physically secure locations– Restrict physical access to your information assets by third
parties. – Document visit procedures and method of access for third
parties– Conduct periodical physical security audits for compliance– Enforce security practices to prevent dumpster diving– National Industry Security Program Operating Manual –
NISPOM http://www.fas.org/sgp/library/nispom/nispom2006.pdf
Physical Security (3)
Insider Threat
Personnel Security
• Importance?– Insider threats are real – Employee security practices play a vital role in protecting confidential information
• What to consider?– Employment terms needs to include role and responsibility of employee in
protecting confidential information– Employment terms must state penalties for violation– Carry out background checks – Training on security– Training on protection of trade secrets and intellectual property rights– Employees are also part of corporate assets– Protect and safeguard employees
Outsourcing
• Confidentiality Issues
– Reduction in cost but increases risk– Dependence on service providers– Can the vendors be trusted with handling confidential data?– Vendors may be handling data and dealing with information
systems of competing companies– Offshore – Can US regulations be enforced on third world
countries? – Non-disclosure agreements in offshore projects– Can all institutions outsource?
• Mitigation of Risks
– Define goals, scope and risks– Assess information risk Vs benefits– Evaluate service provider’s capability to handle confidential
information– Determine contractors ability to comply with security
requirements– BITS – IT Service Provider Service Expectations Matrix
http://www.bitsinfo.org/downloads/Publications%20Page/bitsxmatrix2004.xls
Outsourcing (2)
• Evaluate Service Providers (BITS Method)
– Security Policy– Organizational Security– Asset Classification & Control– Personnel Security– Physical & Environment Security– Communications and Ops Management– Systems Development and Maintenance– Business Continuity– Regulatory Compliance
Ref: www.bitsinfo.org
Outsourcing (3)
• Privacy and Confidentiality Considerations
– Review privacy policy of the service provider for adequacy– Understand how the policy is implemented and
communicated– Review privacy policy employee training and tracking– Review service providers employee confidentiality
agreements– Review service provider policy for employee privacy policy
violations
Ref: www.bitsinfo.org
Outsourcing (4)
• Privacy and Confidentiality Considerations
– Review adequacy of privacy for service providers contract staff
– Review procedures to retain, protect and destroy non-public information
– Access service providers diligence in legal, regulatory and compliance areas
– Comparing the company’s privacy policy with service providers policy and identifying gaps
– More http://www.bitsinfo.org/downloads/Publications%20Page/bits2003framework.pdf
Ref: www.bitsinfo.org
Outsourcing (5)
Options For Case Study
• Service Provider Policy Considerations– Evaluate the vendors privacy policy including the venue of
the event for adequacy– Require vendors to prove compliance before the finalization
of contract– Have all third parties/vendors sign NDA – Ensure through background checks before hiring contract
staff for the event
– Include all confidentiality agreements in contract and severe penalty clause for lapses
Incident Response (1)
• Purpose?
– Effective and quick response necessary to limit the damage– Regulations calls for corporate incident policies and
procedures– Policy and plan required to assess the damage and respond
appropriately– Plan for recovery from the damage and business continuity– Improves your chances of survival after breach
Incident Response (2)
• Policy Considerations
– Define incident reporting and handling work flow– Identify incident handlers and their responsibilities– Educate and train your employees on incident reporting– Legal Compliance– Procedures to contact law enforcement– Evidence collection– CERT Handbook
http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/03.reports/03hb002.html
Trust
• Reason?– Confidentiality relies highly on trust – Employer trusts employee– Employer trusts service providers– Trust hardware– Trust software
• Is it sufficient? – Trust but deploy controls/procedures to validate trust
Conclusion
• Confidentiality – Not optional!!• Legal and regulatory compliance• Secure all the doors to confidential information• Policy and controls will provide relative security • Policy and controls will improve chances of survival
No Guarantee!!!
Questions