All animal species have perfected a system of communication, but humans are the only species capable of spoken language.Effective communication is essential for a variety of reasons.It serves to inform, motivate, establish authority and control, and allows for emotive expression.For humans in particular, communication is also vital for creating a sense of social cohesion.Just as mankind has evolved over the centuries, our means of communication have followed suit.What began as primitive cave paintings and signed language has morphed into an endless variety of ways to express oneself to other humans.Early Communication MethodsCommunication has existed in various forms since man appeared on Earth.The methods, however, consisted of a disorganized set of signs that could have different meanings to each human using them.It wasnt until three million years after mans debut, around the year 30,000 B.C.E, that communication began to take on an intentional, manufactured format.The most well-known form of primitive communication is cave paintings.The artistic endeavors were created by a species of man that appeared around 130,000 B.C.E, the homosapiens.The method involved creating pigments made from the juice of fruits and berries, colored minerals, or animal blood.These pigments were then used to create depictions of primitive life on the cave walls.The purpose of the paintings has been questioned by scholars for years, but the most popular theory states that the depictions were used as a manual for instructing others what animals were safe to eat.Other forms of early communication existed, although they were less popular for a variety of reasons.Story telling was used to pass on important information in the days before the existence of the written word.However, since man still lived in separate tribes, this information could not be applied outside ones own tribal community.Drums and smoke signals were also used by primitive man, but were not the most practical means of communicating.Both methods could attract unwanted attention from enemy tribes and predatory animals.These methods were also difficult to standardize. How Languages Came to Be: A discussion of the advent of human language, and the various ways in which it evolved over the years. Primitive Art: A website describing early forms of cave painting and theories on why they came to exist.Early Handwritten Documents/BooksThose with the proper education to do so were handwriting books and documents for well over 1,000 years before the invention of the printing press.The word manuscript is derived from the Latin term librimanuscripti which translates to book written by hand.Most handwritten manuscripts were written on vellum as paper was not widely available.The majority of books and documents written were of a religious nature.This was due to the fact that writing a religious piece was viewed as a form of worship, and also that most books were written by monks in monasteries.Literacy rates were incredibly low during the time of handwritten books, and few citizens had time for pleasure reading.Only the monks and the very wealthy were given the opportunity to become literate.Two important periods stand out when one is investigating early books.The time between the 7thand 13thcenturies was considered the age of the religious manuscript.The 13thcentury, however, brought about exciting change in the realm of the written word.For the first time, secular books were produced for the sake of spreading knowledge not relating to religion.The catalyst for this change was the rise of universities in Italy, and the return of the crusaders from Byzantium.The Renaissance had begun. Important Periods in the History of Books: A description of the periods in history that had a direct impact on the evolution of books. Handwritten Books: A website with important handwritten book information.Printing PressIn 1448, a man named Johann Gutenberg revolutionized the way books were made forever.An inventor born in Germany, Gutenberg had a vision of a device that would utilized movable type using blocks withpre-printed text.This method, combined with the use of paper, ink and a printing press allowed for books to be mass-produced, and greatly reduced the price.Gutenberg made his first device by adapting a wine press to remove the water from paper after printing.Gutenbergs initial project with his new invention was a reprint of a Latin speech book.When this was a success, he embarked on his most famous printing project- the printing of the Gutenberg bibles.His were the first bibles printed in Europe.Gutenbergs invention took awhile to catch on as the bourgeoisie of the day still wanted to keep the peasants uneducated. Johann Gutenberg: An authority of biographical information about Johann Gutenberg. Early Modern Printing: Technical, engineering information about the first printing press.Letter Writing and the PostmanLetter writing has been a means of communication for centuries.However, it was an inefficient means of communicating as one had to wait until another person was traveling before their letter could be sent. In addition, there was no guarantee when, or if, the letter would ever reach its destination.Given that most people never traveled more than 50 miles from the place of their birth until fairly recently, the need for an organized postal system was not a top priority for any country.As with all things, a project will not be funded if it is not deemed necessary.Enter the United States circa 1775.Ours was a nation with a rapidly expanding population and territory.The first United States Post Office was created in 1775, and Benjamin Franklin was named the first Postmaster General.The system caught on quickly and rapidly expanded.By 1828, the United States had 7,800 post offices which made it the largest postal system in the world.Mail was transported primarily by train, which ran on a schedule and was efficient and reliable.Letter writing also gained popularity as more Americans moved out west and wanted to keep in touch with loved ones back east. Smithsonian Post Bibliography: The Smithsonians history of the United States colonial postal system. Colonial Era Communication: A site with general information on communication during the colonial period, including the heated Stamp Act which contributed to the Revolutionary War.TelegraphEvolution of all things, communication included, involves the desire to perform tasks more quickly and efficiently.This desire was realized with the invention of the telegraph.The logistics of telegraphic communication involve the sending ofelectrostatically-generated signals through a wire.The system involves three main components- a battery to supply the electricity, a key used to complete or break the circuit, and an electromagnet at the receiving end which consists of a wire that pulls on a piece of metal when electricity passes through it.Attributing the invention to a specific person is a subject of hot debate.In America, the telegraph is attributed to Samuel F.B. Morse, but his 1837 version was far from original.An Englishman by the name of William Watson had devised a way to send messages via telegraph in 1747.The revolution of the telegraph allowed for instant communication across long distances, something that had previously been unheard of.The technology was particularly useful during wartime to transmit pertinent information, and the first telegraph stations were set up along railroads as the necessary poles were already erected. The telegraph was also popular among the Victorian set.Those of the upper class used the telegraph for personal communications, but those of lower economic status were excluded from the technology due to the cost involved in sending a telegraph. The Victorian Internet: A description of how the telegraph was used for personal communication during the Victorian era. How Telegraphs Work: A technical breakdown of how the telegraph operates.TelephoneToday we take the ability to use a telephone for granted, but in 1876, Alexander Bell was busy realizing a dream that he hoped would once again revolutionize communication.Like all inventors, Bell was perpetually curious and always on the lookout for empirical evidence of the new and interesting.Bell observed that sound vibrations could be transmitted through the air, and received at the same pitch in another room.Bell wanted to transfer sound and pitch across a wire, and ascertained that this would be possible by reproducing sound waves in a continuous, undulating current.Once proving this theory, Bell realized the same concept could be applied to human speech as it is composed of many complex sound vibrations.A few trial and errors later, and the modern telephone was born.Given our reliance on telephones today, it is surprising to know that Bells invention was initially quite unpopular.The telephone did not generate nearly as much excitement as the telegraph had a few decades earlier.This may have been due to the fact that Americans love novelty, and Bells concept was not entirely new.The telegraph had cornered the long-distance contact market.The lack of popularity may also be attributed to the cost of telephone service.Most original telephone service subscribers were corporations as a year of service cost $72.Residential service cost a family approximately $60 per year.In the 1800s, this was a substantial sum of money to be spent on an unnecessary device. Bells Telephone: Biographical information on Alexander Bell and his original concept for the first telephone. How Telephones Work: A technical analysis of how a telephone operates.RadioDuring the early 1900s, a new form of communication and entertainment took the world by storm.What began as short-wave communication used during WWI blossomed into the hottest communication technology of the era once the war had ended.Amateur broadcasting began around 1914, commercial broadcasting didnt hit the air waves until 1920.Radio was unregulated until 1925 when the Federal Communications Commission stepped in.At this point, approximately 2 million homes had radios and there were several hundred stations broadcasting thousands of programs. The technology advanced so fast that new radios were obsolete withing 3-6 months.Radios were incredibly popular during the late 1920s and early 1930s due to the Great Depression and also the flapper movement.The American people loved to dance, and most other forms of entertainment were too expensive. The technology really took off in 1933 when Edwin Armstrong, the father of FM radio, invented frequency-modulated radio.By the 1940s, the number of radios in American homes had doubled, and 800,000 FM receivers were produced in 1947. The Economic History of the Radio Industry: An explanation of the growth of the radio from an economic viewpoint.Its relevancy lies in the radios connection to the Great Depression. History of the American Radio: An informative bibliographic website which details the development of the radio from its inception in 1891 when Edison patented wireless telegraph communication to the popularity of the radio in the early 1900s.PhotographyA picture is worth 1,000 words, or so the saying goes.Unlike other forms of communication photography is a more subjective form of art.A picture can be interpreted a million different ways by a million different individuals, whereas other forms of communication tend to be intent on conveying one message.Most people love to be photographed and mans vain desire to depict himself has been apparent since the discovery of the first cave paintings.Capturing an image of the self guarantees a place a in history for that individual.They are sure to be remembered even after they have passed away.The first attempts at photography began in the early 1800s but had poor results.The discovery of using reverse colors, what we today call a negative, greatly advanced the art of photography.The process of how a photo was taken and developed remained largely unchanged for 150 years until digital technology caught up.These days a piece of equipment that was once used only by professional photographers is accessible to everyone.There are several varieties of cameras to choose from at any electronics stores, and even cell phones have cameras! Regardless of how much the technology of communication continues to advance over the years, the photo will always hold a special place in history as the pioneer of capturing the human image for eternity. Art History Resources on the Web: An exhaustive list of links to all things are on theinternet, including a vast section on prints and photography. The Effect of Computers on Photography: A students opinion on how modern advancements in communication technology have impacted the craft of photography.TelevisionTelevision made its official debut at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair.It was seen as an amusing, but unnecessary, appliance and the radio continued to be the favored form of communication.Radios popularity sky rocketed at the start of WWII as televisions were not yet equipped to provide accurate and timely news.All that began to change in the late1940s.Four million TV sets were produced that year, but a 10-inch screen set cost over $200 making it an unattainable luxury for many families.As the years passed, prices for televisions dropped and now the majority of homes have at least one television.It is safe to theorize that few forms have communication have had as large an impact on society as television.What was once a luxury item, is now an essential.Ours is a global society obsessed with television.Humans are reliant on their televisions for constant entertainment.Even the news, which was once taken very seriously, has been turned into cheap entertainment by many networks.The repercussions of this reliance on television may not be realized for many years, but they will eventually surface. Brief History of the Television History: Information onthe progression of television in America. Television & Health: A scientific look at the effects of watching too much television.Cell PhoneIt may be hard to believe but the first cell phone research began in 1843 when Michael Faraday conducted research to see if space could conduct electricity.Fast forward to1973, and Dr. Martin Cooper is credited with inventing the first portable handset.Four years later, cell phones go public.In the 37 years the cellular phone industry has existed, the market has grown from $3 million annually to an industry that commands $30 billion annually.The customer base has also expanded from an initial trial population of 2000 to more than 60 million cellular phone owners in the United States.Who uses cell phones?Everyone! Cell phones can be found everywhere in modern America.Landlines are slowly becoming obsolete as everyone from senior citizens to elementary school students acquire their own cell phones.The convenience of having a phone at the ready is a concept that is very easy to market, but the fact that higher stress rates have been linked to this phenomenon of constant contact is a commercial you wont be seeing anytime soon. History of Cellular Phones: A timeline of cellular phone usage and a technical explanation of cellular phone technology. Health Risks of Cell Phones: A report from the Idaho government which documents the numerous health risks associated with cell phone usage.InternetThe original Internet was invented in 1967 for military purposes.An Internet in its most basic form is simply a group of computers able to connect to each other and share information.This included electronic mail (email) and the use of sites containing vital information (websites). Once the Internet started to catch on it was used primarily by corporations for collaboration purposes.Today the Internet is available everywhere and to everyone.It is used for a variety of reasons including socializing, conducting research, and advertising.It has even surpassed the television as a source of communication because you can receive any information you want instantaneously.One click of a button and a website will load with whatever information you have requested. Internet Timeline: A website with information about the Internet from its primary conception to what we know and use today. Changing the Way We Communicate: A site with a variety of links on the different ways to communicate and research on the Internet.Social Media and BloggingSocial media defined is a special class of websites designed to meet three specific criteria.These criteria include-the majority of the content on the site is user generated, there is a high level of interaction between social media website users, and the websites are easily integrated with other websites.One of the most popular social media platforms is blogging.A weblog or blog was first developed in 1997.A blog makes it possible for any person with Internet access to create a type of website without having to be familiar with any form of HTML coding that is generally necessary to create a website.Blogs are replacing journals as a form of self expression for many young people today.Social media and blogging have had a significant impact on personal and professional relationships.Reputations have been made and destroyed with a few keystrokes.Yet, having a web presence is vital in todays society and economy.Does your company want to market a product to young adults?You can find them on the Internet.Do you want to increase your popularity, and see and be seen?Create a social media site devoted exclusively to yourself.The social lives of many young people today revolve around social media and blogging, and this isnt necessarily healthy.You lose a sense of reality when all of your communication is conducted electronically. 7 Things You Should Know About Blogs: An informative site about general blogging. Social Networks and Depression: A site which shows a possible link between usage of social networks and incidence of depression.Communication is necessary for the survival of the human race, but have we taken it too far?Love it or hate it, communication technology is here to stay and will only continue to expand in the future.http://www.creativedisplaysnow.com/articles/history-of-communication-from-cave-drawings-to-the-web/

A Short Chronology of Communication

COMMUNICATION HISTORY -- A BRIEF CHRONOLOGY

Early Oral, Visual Communication100,000 BC (Speculated) beginning of oral communication 45,000 Earliest artifacts of visual communication (Neanderthal plaque, mammoth tooth, Hungary) 30,000 Mammoth ivory house--earliest animal carving 35,000- Cave paintings by Cro-Magnun Man (southern France and Spain), later 14,000 simplified and evolved into pictographs 8,000 Earliest token system coincides with beginnings of agricultural economy in Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) Emergence of Written Communication 3,000- Bronze Age begins (hard metal tools using alloys) 2,800BC Advent of pictographs, phonogram systems; decline of token systems Sumerians use clay tablets, later introduce cuneiform Egyptians introduce papyrus, later use parchment, 1,000 Phoenicians developed simplified alphabet 800 Greeks created 23-symbol alphabet, basis for Roman alphabet 400 Golden Age of Greece: introduction of modern ideas of visual design; public debate flourishes with democratic rule; Plato, Aristotle theorize about logic, argumentation, rhetoric and poetics. 200 AD Romans adapt Greek alphabet. 400- Fall of Rome, beginning of Dark Ages. Use of text limited mostly 1200 AD to monks working as copyists in monasteries . Advent of Printing 1000 Movable clay type invented in China 1234 Movable metal type invented in Korea 1200s Scribe guilds, commercial copyist shops sprout up around newly formed European universities 1300s Use of paper in Europe expands (Invented by Chinese in 105 AD, brought by Moors to Spain, spread to Italy, later to Germany) 1446 Gutenberg invents printing with movable type; Gutenberg Bibles 1470s First press in England; William Caxton prints earliest ad flyer.

Political Responses 1529 King Henry VIII outlawed imported publications in England, one of many authoritarian rulers to control press. Stationers Company later established to issue printing licenses. 1598 King James I extolled idea of divine right of kings 1644 John Milton launched libertarian thinking, called for free expression of ideas as means to discover truth in Aeropagitica. 1770s Thomas Paine and others published pamphlets calling for American Independence, value of free expression and free press 1789 U.S. and French constitutions adopted, including provisions guaranteeing freedom of expression.

Early Newspapers 1480 French create first general mail system (1624 Denmark, 1625 England) 1485 First newspaper (claimed by Hungary); various other efforts. 1500s House of Fuggers circulated letters among correspondents 1600-20 First sustained production of newspapers in Europe 1620 First English-language newspaper: The Courant.... (Amsterdam) 1640s Newspapers flourish in England, after century of strict control

Books and Book Publishing 1900BC Earliest known "book," Book of the Living Dead (Egyptian papyrus) 540BC Earliest library established in Athens 868AD Chinese perfect a block printing system for books (Diamond Sutra) Block books precedes printing with movable type (until 1480) 1446 Gutenberg prints 42-line Bible in Mainz, Germany 1457 First book with title page printed in Mainz (Psalmorum codex). Idea attributed to Peter Schoffer 1460 Woodcuts used for book illustration beginning with Albrecht Pfister 1461 First popular books printed in German vernacular in Bamburg by Albrecht Pfister (Ulrich Boner's Edelstein and Johann von Tepl's Ackermann aus Bohmen) 1466 First German language Bible (first Italian in 1471) 1470 Translation begins of Greek, Arab science classics 1500 End of early period in printing history (referred to as incunabula) 1747 Idea of numbering pages began by Foulis Press in Scotland 1935 Modern paperback began (Allan Lane of Penguin Books)

Early American Print Media 1539 First printing press brought to New World (Mexico City) 1640 First U.S. printing press set up at Cambridge (Harvard); first book printed in U.S.: Bay Psalm Book. 1690 Colonial press period begins. First U.S. newspaper: Publick Occurrences, Boston. Followed by Boston News Letter in 1704. 1731 Benjamin Franklin started the first subscription library in U.S. 1741 Benjamin Franklin becomes one of first two American magazine publishers 1765 American publishers oppose British Stamp Tax 1791 Bill of Rights (First Amendment) added to U.S. Constitution of 1789; partisan press period begins 1820 Most major cities had newspaper: 22 dailies, 66 semi-weeklies, 422 weeklies in U.S. 1831 Emergence of penny press; Benjamin Day begins New York Sun 1846 Rotary (cylinder) press invented in the U.S. 1886 Ottmar Mergenthaler perfects linotype automatic typesetting machine 1890s Advent of yellow press (Joseph Pulitzer at New York World, William Randolph Hearst at New York Journal) 1896 Adolph Ochs purchased New York Times, focused on serious news.

Telegraphy ("writing over distance") 1838 Samuel F. B. Morse invented technology, petitioned Congress for appropriation to build experimental line 1844 Morse linked Baltimore and Washington: "What hath God brought?" 1846 Associated Press wire service organized 1848 Trading began on Chicago Commodity Exchange as wire reached city 1855 Telegraph reached California, seven years before railroad. 1883 Four time zones established in U.S., facilitating communications.

Photography ("writing with light") 400 B.C. Early light principles observed by Aristotle 1727 Scientists discovered silver nitrate turns dark if exposed to light 1839 Early tintype photos invented by Louis Daguerre (daguerreotype) Negative system allowing multiple prints invented by William Talbot 1851 Glass plate negatives using wet collodion process method invented 1854 Roger Fenton became first notable news photographer (Crimean War) 1862-65 Matthew Brady chronicled U.S. Civil War, sold prints in galleries 1873 Professor Frederick Ives (Cornell U.) perfects halftone process to print photos in publications, after years of various experiments 1880 New York Daily Graphic published first regular newspaper photos 1888 George Eastman invented roll film, popularized snapshot camera 1898 Photos pivotal in Spanish-American War coverage by yellow press 1928 New York Daily News front cover depicted execution of Ruth Snyder 1936 Life began publication, representing zenith of photojournalism 1937 Crash of Hindenberg dramatized value of news photographs

Advertising 1200 Routine use of modern signs, names on artisans' shops 1476 William Caxton, early English printer, used printed flier to promote book--earliest example of English-language printed ad 1660s Term "advertisement" generally adopted to describe commercial information in newspapers 1704 First U.S. newspaper carried advertising (Boston News-Letter) 1842 Volney Palmer established early media buying service 1869 First U.S. ad agency: N.W. Ayer & Son (Wayland Ayer) 1900 Consumer culture well established, evidenced by exhibits at Paris World's Fair 1905 John E. Kennedy terms "Advertising is salemanship in print," Albert Lasker of Lord & Thomas agency promotes "reason-why" copy 1922 First radio advertising; WEAF in New York (toll broadcasting) 1946 First commercial TV advertising 1952 First use of TV commercials in presidential elections 1957 Jim Vicary coins term subliminal advertising 1990s Trend toward agency consolidation, integrated marketing communication (IMC)

Publicity/PR 1800 BC Sumerian bulletins told farmers how to improve crop yields 1622 AD Pope Gregory XV established College of Propaganda 1748 First news release (Kings College, later Columbia) 1788-89 The Federalist Papers advocated creation of U.S. government. 1820s Amos Kendall served as first presidential press secretary, a member of Andrew Jackson's Kitchen cabinet. 1840s P.T. Barnum pioneered press agentry for the circus 1882 William Vanderbilt responded to media with his famous quote about public reaction to changes by railroad: "The public be damned." 1902 First publicity agency created in U.S. 1906 Ivy Lee set up second publicity agency, issued Declaration of Principles based on helping media and telling the truth 1917-18 U.S. Committee on Public Information pioneered use of PR by government to support war effort, bond sales 1927 'Torches of Freedom' Easter Parade altered public opinion about women smoking in public. 1941-45 U.S. Office of War Information provided PR support for WWII. Telephony ("sound over distance") 1876 Alexander Graham Bell beat out Elisha Gray for first patent 1877 Bell System launched; decided to lease, not sell, equipment 1880 First exchange (switchboard) in New Haven, Connecticut 1893 Telefon Hirondo (Budapest) experimented with telephone programming 1934 Federal Communications Act brought telephony under federal regu- lation to serve "public interest, convenience and necessity" 1949 Rural Electrification Act subsidized loans to extend service 1962 First communication satellite (Telstar) 1984 Breakup of Bell System into seven operating "Baby Bells"

Phonography ("writing with sound") 1877 Thomas Edison credited with first voice recording (phonograph) 1887 Emile Berliner's system allowed duplication (gramophone) 1890s American music popularized by John Phillip Sousa (marches), Scott Joplin (ragtime) via recordings 1906 Lee DeForest's vacuum tube allowed amplifying voices 1920s Joseph Maxwell invented microphone 1940s Battle of the speeds: 78s, 33-l/3 LPs (Columbia), 45 EPs (RCA) 1951 DJ Alan Freed launched rock 'n' roll craze. 1978 Digital recording began 1983 Compact discs introduced

Motion Pictures 1824 Peter Roget recognized importance of persistence of images 1889 Thomas Edison and William Dickson invented first motion picture camera (kinetograph) and viewer (kinetoscope) 1894 Auguste and Louis Lumiere adapted camera built by Robert Paul (from Edison's design) to create cinemagraphe (basis for term cinema) 1895 Lumieres exhibited first motion pictures in Paris, adapted from Emile Reynaud's earlier Theatre Optique; opened first movie theater 1896 Edison acquired projection system from inventors, promotes it as the vitascope; first American theater opened in New York. 1902-3 Early motion picture classics produced by George Melies ("A Trip to the Moon") and by Edwin S. Porter ("The Great Train Robbery") 1915 D.W. Griffith directed "The Birth of a Nation," followed next year by "Intolerance," -- acknowledged as the father of modern movies. 1922 Fox Movietone News experimented with sound (phonofilm: sound on film; perfected later by Lee DeForest) 1927 First sound motion picture ("The Jazz Singer" used vitaphone technology with separate phonograph recording) 1930 Sound pictures became accepted standard; 1935 Kodachrome process popularized color films 1941 Orson Welles' "Citizen Kane" considered best artistic film 1946 Peak of movie attendance -- 90 million Americans attend weekly 1950s Movies responded to advent of television 1954 Movies began second runs on television 1977 Video cassette sales, rentals began

Radio 1864 Sir James Clerk Maxwell hypothesized about electromagnetic waves 1887 Henrich Hertz demonstrated, calibrated waves in laboratory 1888 Guglielmo Marconi created wireless telegraphy 1901 Marconi sent first wireless signal across Atlantic 1906 Reginald Fessenden conducted first experimental voice broadcast 1912 Sinking of Titanic heightened public awareness of "radio" 1919 Following use by military in World War I, consumer radio launched in U.S. with creation of Radio Corporation of America 1920 First station began operation, KDKA in Pittsburgh 1922 First radio advertising, WEAF in New York 1926 Radio consortium dissolved; National Broadcasting Company formed; AT&T focused on distribution of network broadcasts. 1927 CBS formed; William S. Paley took over control in 1928. Radio Act of 1927 created commission to oversee U.S. broadcasting 1934 Federal Communications Commission Act passed 1938 Orson Welles' famous "War of the Worlds" broadcast 1943 ABC formed after divestiture of the NBC Blue network 1950s Gordon McClendon spearheaded station conversions to formats 1981 Deregulation removed many restrictions on broadcasters

Television 1923 Vladmir Zworykin invents iconoscope 1927 Philo T. Farnsworth obtained first television patent 1930 RCA, Westinghouse and GE pooled research efforts to develop commercial TV system under Westinghouse physicist Vladmir Zworykin 1939 Commercial television unveiled to public at New York World's Fair 1941 FCC established commercial TV standards; about 10 experimental stations operated during World War II 1946 Commercial broadcasting began; first network linked New York, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. by coaxial cable. 1948 Four-year freeze in license began (lifted in 1952 when FCC opened up UHF to provide extra capacity) 1949 Community Antenna Television (CATV) began--predecessor to cable 1953 FCC picked RCA system as the standard for color transmission 1962 All TV sets required to have VHF (2-13) and UHF (14-82) channels 1966 Major networks begin all-color programming; FCC adopted standards for cable operations. 1967 Public Broadcasting System established by U.S. Congress 1975 Satellite broadcasts to cable systems began; 1/2-inch betamax and VHS recording systems introduced by Sony, JVC 1981 First home camcorders invented as successors to 8mm home movies 1985 Fox Network began limited operations 1994 Direct broadcast satellite service began to homes in U.S.

Broadcast News 1912 Sinking of Titanic heightened public awareness of "radio" 1916 Lee DeForest pioneered news reports of early presidential elections 1920 KDKA reported results of Harding-Cox election; WWJ in Detroit later began regular news broadcasts 1933 Associated Press began separate radio news service 1932-44 FDR capitalized on power of radio in famous "Fireside Chats" 1938 First network radio broadcasts on CBS, NBC 1947 First newscast: "Camel News Caravan" with John Cameron Swayze 1963 Network news broadcasts expanded to half-hour;JFK's assassination brought drama direct to home TV sets. 1968-72 Vietnam War and protests dramatized power televised news coverage, aided by advent of videotape and satellite transmission 1974 Televised Watergate hearings led to resignation of Richard Nixon 1980 Cable News Network began 24-hour TV operations

Computer-Mediated Communications 1642 Blaise Pascal invented first mechanical calculator 1833 Charles Babbage credited with inventing computer 1868 Christopher Sholes invented first typewriter; patented by Eliphant Remington in 1874 1880s Herman Hollerith invented punch card system used in 1890 census. His firm, founded in 1911, became predecessor to IBM. 1939 John V. Atasnoff and Clifford Berry invented first digital, binary machine demonstrating principles later used in computers 1946 John von Neumann wrote influential paper outlining components of basic computers known today 1951 UNIVAC became first commercial computer (invention of John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert at Remington-Rand); IBM Model 650 introduced two years later 1948 Transistors invented at Bell Labs, later used in amplifiers in 1953, radios in 1954) 1958 Computer circuit boards created by Jack Kirby (Texas Instruments) 1960s Minicomputers introduced 1962 First computerized game (William Higginbotham, Brookhaven Lab) 1969 U.S. Defense Department computer network created--model for Internet (ARAPANET: Advanced Research Project Agency Network) 1975 Personal computers introduced by Edward Roberts (Altair), IBM 1984 Apple Macintosh combined earlier mouse and windows technologies with graphic capability, simplified operations for consumers. 1990s Multimedia capabilities provided sound, video in PCs. 1992 National Research and Education Network (NREN) approved by Congress to upgrade Internet.

Return toHallahan Course ResourcesUpdated July 1996http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hallahan/hchron.htm

Timelineofcommunicationtechnology Prior to 3500BC - Communication was carried out through paintings of indigenous tribes. 3500s BC- TheSumeriansdevelopcuneiformwriting and theEgyptiansdevelophieroglyphicwriting. 16th century BC - ThePhoeniciansdevelop analphabet. AD 26-37 - Roman EmperorTiberiusrules the empire from island ofCapriby signaling messages with metal mirrors to reflect the sun. 105 -Tsai Luninventspaper. 7th century -Hindu-Malayan empireswrite legal documents oncopperplatescrolls, and write other documents on more perishable media. 751 - Paper is introduced to theMuslim worldafter theBattle of Talas. 1305 - The Chinese develop wooden blockmovable typeprinting. 1450 -Johannes Gutenbergfinishes aprinting presswith metal movable type. 1520 - Ships onFerdinand Magellan's voyage signal to each other by firing cannon and raising flags. 1792 -Claude Chappeestablishes the first long-distancesemaphore telegraph line. 1831 -Joseph Henryproposes and builds an electrictelegraph. 1835 -Samuel Morsedevelops theMorse code. 1843 -Samuel Morsebuilds the first long distance electric telegraph line. 1844 -Charles Fenertyproduces paper from a wood pulp, eliminating rag paper which was in limited supply. 1849 -Associated PressorganizesNova Scotiapony expressto carry latest European news for New York newspapers. 1876 -Alexander Graham BellandThomas A. Watsonexhibit an electrictelephoneinBoston. 1877 -Thomas Edisonpatents thephonograph. 1889 -Almon Strowgerpatents the direct dial telephone. 1901 -Guglielmo Marconitransmitsradiosignals fromCornwalltoNewfoundland. 1920 - Radio station KDKA based in Pittsburgh began the first broadcast.

1925 -John Logie Bairdtransmits the firsttelevisionsignal. 1942 -Hedy LamarrandGeorge Antheilinventfrequency hoppingspread spectrumcommunication technique. 1947 -Douglas H. Ringand W. Rae Young ofBell Labspropose a cell-based approach which led to "cellular phones." 1947 - Full-scale commercial television is first broadcast. 1949 -Claude Elwood Shannon, the "father ofinformation theory", mathematically proves theNyquistShannon sampling theorem. 1958 -Chester Carlsonpresents the firstphotocopiersuitable for office use. 1963 - First geosynchronouscommunications satelliteis launched, 17 years afterArthur C. Clarke's article. 1966 -Charles Kaorealizes that silica-basedoptical waveguidesoffer a practical way to transmit light viatotal internal reflection. 1969 - The first hosts ofARPANET,Internet's ancestor, are connected. 1971 -Erna Schneider Hooverinvent a computerized switching system for telephone traffic. 1976 - The personal computer (PC) market is born. 1977 -Donald Knuthbegins work onTeX. 1989 -Tim Berners-LeeandRobert Cailliaubuild the prototype system which became theWorld Wide WebatCERN. 1991 -Anders Olssontransmits solitary waves through an optical fiber with a data rate of 32 billion bits per second. 1992 -Neil Papworthsends the first SMS (or text message). 1992 -Internet2organization is created. 1994 - Internet radio broadcasting is born. 1999 - 45% of Australians have a mobile phone. 1999 - Sirius satellite radio is introduced. 2001 - First digital cinema transmission bysatellitein Europe of a feature film by Bernard Pauchon and Philippe Binant. 2003 - Apple launches the iTunes Music Store and sells one million songs in its first week.[1] 2003 - MySpace is launched. 2004 - What would become the largest social networking site in the world, Facebook is launched. 2005 - YouTube, the video sharing site is launched. 2006 - Twitter, microblogginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology