CommunicationPresented byNadia Nazir

National University of Modern languages Islamabad

DEFINATION:Communication:The sharing of information between two or more individuals or groups to reach a common understanding.

Content:

The importance of communicationThe communication processDirection of CommunicationCommunication networkBarriers to communicationOvercoming the barriers to

communication

The Communication Process:

IdeatingEncodingTransmittingReceivingDecodingActing

Messages

Barriers Barriers Receiver

Feedback

Develops

Idea

Encodes

Transmits

Receives

decodes

Act

The Communication Process:In simple term, the sender encodes an idea into a

message and transmit the message to a receiver who decodes the message and acts.

Ideating:Developing an idea, message or

information totransmit to some individual or group.Encoding:Encoding symbolizes the idea that the

senderwishes to transmit. Symbols( words,

nonverbalcues or even pictures and diagrams)

aredesigned to communicate only

messages.

Transmitting: Once the message is developed,

transmitting is the next step by one of several methods including telephones, television, computers, board policy statements and face to face communication.

Receiving: Receiving which requires that the

receiver be a good listener if the message is oral. If the message is written, the receiver must be attentive to its stated and implied meaning.

Decoding: Decoding is the translation of a received

message into a perceived meaning because meaning cannot be transmitted, it cannot be received.

Acting: Acting is the final step in the

communication process. The receiver can ignore the communication, store it for possible action later or do something else with it. The receiver should give feedback to sender that the message was received and understood.

Direction of Communication:

Downward directionUpward directionHorizontal CommunicationDiagonal CommunicationThe Grapevine

Downward communication:People at higher levels transmit

information to people at lower levels.

Upward communication:It transmits information from lower to

higher levels in the organization.Horizontal communication: It takes place between employees at

the same hierarchical level.

Diagonal communication: Diagonal communication is

important where members cannot communicate effectively through other channels.

Grapevines: It applies to all informal

communication including institutional information between employees and people in the community

Communication Networks– The pathways along which information

flows in groups and teams and throughout the organization.

Type of communication network depends on:– The nature of the group’s tasks– The extent to which group members

need to communicate with each other to achieve group goals.

Communication Networks:

Wheel networkChain networkY networkCircle networkStar network

Network Pattern:

Wheel network: The wheel network, a two-level

hierarchy is the most structured and centralized of the patters because each member can communicate with only one other person.

Chain network: The chain network ranks next highest

in centralization. Only two people communicate with one another and they in turn have only person to whom they communicate.

Y network: The Y network is similar to the chain

except that two members fall outside the chain.

The circle network: The circle network, a three-level

hierarchy is very different from the wheel chain and Y networks. The circle gives equal communication opportunity to every member. Each member can communicate with persons left and right.

Star network: The star network is an extension of

the circle network. By connecting everyone in the circle network, the result is a star or channel network. It permits each member freely with all persons. The star network has no central position and no communication restriction are placed on any member.

Barriers to Communication:

• Frames of reference• Filtering• Structure• Information overload• Semantics• Status Differences

Overcoming Barriers to Communication:

RepetitionEmpathyUnderstandingFeedbackListening