College Magazine 2009

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYMETACRYLATE MICROSPHERE OF METFORMIN BY SPHERICAL

CRYSTALLIZATION

Jain S.*, Bhowmick M., Pandey G.K., Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Microsphere which are matrix system containing the drug throughout the structure are potential

candidate for oral controlled release. Methacrylate copolymers (Eudragit RS) have received

increased attention for preparing sustained dosage forms because of their inertness, solubility in

relatively non-toxic solvents and availability of resins with different propertie. Metformin is an

anti-hyperglycemic agent, which improves glucose tolerance in type -2 diabetes. Biological half-

life of metformin is 1.5-1.6hr. and the main site of its absorption is proximal small intestine.

Present investigation describes the formulation and development of sustained drug delivery

system of Metformin. Polymethacrylate microspheres containing Metformin were prepared in

four different drug to carrier ratio F1(1:0.5), F2(1:1), F3(1:3) and F4(1:3) by using spherical

crystallization technique. The prepared microspheres were characterized for particle size, particle

shape, flow property, percentage yield, drug entrapment, stability studies, In-vitro drug release.

The shape of microspheres was found to be spherical by scanning electron microscope. The size

of microsperes was found to be ranging 45.2 µm to 224.6µm. All formulation showed good flow

property in terms of angle repose. Percentage yield and entrapment efficiency was in the range of

79.11, 87.15% and 82.31,95.16% w/w respectively. No appreciable difference was observed in

the extent of degradation of product during 60 days in the microspheres which were stored at

various temperatures.

MICROCHIP FOR DRUG DELIVERY

OMRE R.K.*; SAHU R.; PANDEY G.K.; BHOWMICK M.; DUBEY B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Much research has been ongoing in the quest to find an ideal system for drug delivery within the human body. Drug delivery is a very important aspect of medical treatment. The effectiveness of many drugs is directly related to the way in which they are administered. Unfortunately, this can make it very difficult to select the proper drug delivery system. Some therapies require that the drug repeatedly administered to the patient over a long period of time, or in specific amounts at a time in order to maximize drug effectiveness. It is of a great advantage to find a drug delivery device that is capable of controlled, pulsatile or continuous release of a wide variety of drugs and other therapeutics that can be safely implanted inside the body. This device is less complex and much more dependable than the devices that attempt to control drug release rate (i.e. electro-mechanical or polymer systems). The microchip can be created by general microfabrication techniques and can also be self-contained, which eliminates the need for patient or doctor intervention. The proposed device described (assuming one dose per day) can last over a year; however, the delivery abilities do depend on patient need.

NITROUS OXIDE: ENHANCER OF NEURODEGENERATION OF THE BRAIN

Ankit B.*, Rajvaidhya S., Prajapati N, Bhowmick M., Dubey B.K

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Recent studies revealed that nitric oxide act as a key mediator of neurodegeneration in numerous

diseases of the nervous system, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral

sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and ischemic brain injury. Nitrous oxide was already reported as

neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and mediator of blood vessel dilation. In addition to its physiologic

functions it can convert into highly reactive and toxic molecules that readily react with cellular

component of the body like proteins, DNA, and lipids to alter their function. Nitric oxide is produced

from L-arginine by different isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. The free radical activity of Nitric oxide can

cause cellular damage through a phenomenon known as nitrosative stress. Nitrous oxide has been

shown to modify protein function by nitrosylation and nitrotyrosination, contribute to glutamate

excitotoxicity, inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complexes, participate in organelle fragmentation, and

mobilize zinc from internal stores. In this poster, we discuss the evidence for each of these mechanisms

in different neurodegenerative diseases and propose future directions for research of the role of Nitric

oxide in neurodegeneration.

ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING

Chaturvedi Aditi*, Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Most scientists and governments say they agree that animal testing should cause as little

suffering as possible, and that alternatives to animal testing need to be developed. The "three Rs"

first described by Russell and Burch in 1959, are guiding principles for the use of animals in

research in many countries:

Reduction refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information

from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals.

Refinement refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and

enhance animal welfare for the animals still used. Replacement refers to the preferred use of non-

animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim.

Two major alternatives to in vivo animal testing are in vitro cell culture techniques and in silico

computer simulation. However, some claim they are not true alternatives since simulations use

data from prior animal experiments and cultured cells often require animal derived products,

such as serum. Others say that they cannot replace animals completely as they are unlikely to

ever provide enough information about the complex interactions of living systems. Other

alternatives, not subject to this criticism, involve the use of humans for skin irritancy tests and

donated human blood for pyrogenicity studies. Another alternative is so-called microdosing, in

which the basic behaviour of drugs is assessed using human volunteers receiving doses well

below those expected to produce whole-body effects

Dietary Antioxidant During Cancer Chemotherapy

Dhakar Suresh, Dhakar Kahar, Pathak Brijesh Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Several studies suggest that dietary supplementation with antioxidants can influence the response to chemotherapy as well as the development of adverse side effects that results from treatment with antineoplastic agents. Administration of antineoplastic agents results in oxidative stress, i.e., the production of free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress reduces the rate of cell proliferation, and that occurring during chemotherapy may interfere with the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic drugs, which depend on rapid proliferation of cancer cells for optimal activity. Antioxidants detoxify ROS and may enhance the anticancer effects of chemotherapy. For some supplements, activities beyond their antioxidant properties, such as inhibition of topoisomerase II or protein tyrosine kinases, may also contribute. ROS cause or contribute to certain side effects that are common to many anticancer drugs, such as gastrointestinal toxicity and mutagenesis. ROS also contribute to side effects that occur only with individual agents, such as doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Antioxidants can reduce or prevent many of these side effects, and for some supplements the protective effect results from activities other than their antioxidant properties. Certain side effects, however, such as alopecia and myelosuppression, are not prevented by antioxidants, and agents that interfere with these side effects may also interfere with the anticancer effects of chemotherapy.

VALIDATION: AN INTEGRAL PORTION OF QUALITY SYSTEM

Sharma Ankita, Basedia Deepak, Prajapati N., Ahmed K., Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Validation study is an essential part of GMP and should be conducted in accordance with predefined

protocols .Processes and procedures should be conducted in accordance with predefined protocols

.Processes and procedures should be established on the basis of a validation study and undergo periodic

revalidation to ensure that they remain capable of achieving the intended results .The purpose of

validation is To determine the contents of the typical validation program To examine the contents of the

typical variety To critically access or assess the value of these components To propose methods

advantageous from the perspectives of both cost and performance. Process validation elements and

concepts should be considered as per FDA acceptable guidelines .The guidelines for process validation

are issued under the CFR section 10.90 (Code for Federal Registration ,USFDA).They are applicable to

manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and medical devices.

The objectives of validation of a new product is to ensure that the product can consistently be made in

compliance with all CGMP requirements, to ensure that all quality systems are in place to guarantee

consistently high quality..

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

An antibody is produced by a single clone of cells (specifically, a single clone of hybridoma

cells) and therefore a single pure homogeneous type of antibody. Monoclonal antibodies can be

produced in large amounts in the laboratory and are a cornerstone of immunology. The term

"monoclonal" pertains to a single clone of cells, a single cell and the progeny of that cell.

Monoclonal antibodies are quickly becoming key resources in the therapeutic, diagnostic and

drug discovery fields. With the phenomenal growth in the market for monoclonal antibodies, it

becomes even more critical to explore diverse methods of design, production and application of

technologies to provide the antibodies needed. This article will provide researchers with key

updates on important developments in the monoclonal antibody field covering generation,

optimization, drug discovery research, and in vivo diagnostics.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF LANSOPRAZOLE

Bhawsar V.*, Bhowmick M., Dubey B.K

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar, BHEL Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

The design of an oral controlled drug delivery system should be primarily aimed at achieving more

predictable and increased bioavailability of drugs. However, the development process is precluded

by several physiological difficulties, such as an inability to restrain and localize the drug delivery

system within desired regions of gastro intestinal tract and the highly variable nature of gastric

emptying process. Various attempts have been made to prolong the retention time of the dosage

form in the stomach. Gastro retentive dosage forms have potential for oral use as controlled drug

delivery system and an attempt was made to prepare a device that remains buoyant in the stomach

contents due to its lower density than that of gastric fluids. Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor,

used in the treatment of ulcer and reflux oesophagitis. It has short plasma and elimination half life.

In the present study, Floating microspheres containing Lansoprazole was prepared by emulsion

solvent diffusion method using various ratios of Eudragit RS 100 (ES) and

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). The Prepared floating Microspheres were characterized for

particle size, particle shape, angle of repose, bulk density, true density, compressibility, porosity,

percentage yield, drug entrapment, in vitro floating behavior and for in vitro drug release. FT-IR

study confirmed that there was no interaction between drug and polymers. Percentage entrapment

was found to decrease on increasing the concentration of HPMC. The floating ability was tested in

0.1 N HCL containing 0.02 % Tween. The drug release rate was tested in 0.1 N HCL (pH 1.2)

containing Tween 20 (0.02% w/v) or phosphate buffer pH 6.8 containing Tween 80 (0.05%w/v). The

formulation containing EC:HPMC (9:1) demonstrated favorable in vitro floating and in vitro release

rate characteristics.

NANOROBOTS: MEDICINE OF THE FUTURE

Rathore Y.S.*, Srivastava A., Pandey G.K.,Bhowmick M.,Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

This application of Nanotechnology to the field of medicine is commonly called as nanomedicine. Machines constructed at the molecular level (nanomachines) may be used to cure

the human body of its various ills. Nanorobots are Nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. The proposed application of nanorobots can range from common cold to dreadful disease like cancer. Some such example can be pharmacyte,respirocyte,microbivores,chromallocyte and many more. The idea to built a Nanorobot comes from the fact that the body’s natural nanodevices ;the Neutraphiles, Lymphocytes and White blood cells constantly rove about the body repairing damaged tissue, attacking and eating invading microorganisms, and sweeping up foreign particles for various organs to break down or excrete. Nanorobotics is emerging as a demanding field dealing with miniscule things at molecular level.

A REVIEW ON IMMUNOMODULATOR HERBAL MEDICINAL PLANTS

Jain Nidhi, , Dubey Abhijeet, Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

The immune system is a well-organized and well regulated system and any disturbance may lead

to the development of Immune diseases. Many synthetic drugs are available to treat Immune disease

but they have adverse effects. Many herbs and other substances are used by cultures around the world

to nourish and support immunity and protect us from a multitude of disease causing micro-organisms,

with a proven advantage and favorable benefit-to-risk ratio. The present review is focused on the

medicinal plants which have Immunomodulatory effects based on the chemical constituents present in

that particular plant, animal studies and clinical studies made on that plant. Some of the important

drugs having the immunomodulatory activity are Echinacea, Ashwagandha, Ginseng, Aloe and Garlic.

Echinacea has Immunostimulatory properties to target both non-specific and specific immune

function. Ashwagandha is considered to be an adaptogen. Ginseng, the Asian herb stimulates the

immune resistance to infection. Garlic is an immune modifier and Aloe posses the immunomodulatory

effects.

MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES

Pushpa anand*,Shagufta Khan,Tripti Tiwari, Mithun Bhowmick,B.K Dubey

TIT COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, BHOPAL M.P

ABSTRACT

Since the beginning of this century, 2000, science and engineering has seen a rapid increase in interest for materials at the nano-scale. In fact, statistical data from Lux Research, Inc. shows that worldwide spending on research and development of nano-technology is in excess of $8 billion . The United States government alone is spending over $1 billion annually . Nano-materials have attracted such a strong

interest because of the physical, electronic, and magnetic properties resulting from their quantum size. The potential for nano-technology is immensely diverse with potential applications in the fields of electronics, biomedical devices, energy applications, military uses, and waste management . Nano-materials could be utilized to design nano-transistors, to develop and deliver medicines for locally treating diseases and ailments within the body, and for the creation new age weapons and armor for military applications . Ultimately, nano-technology has the potential to offer new, inexpensive, and more efficient materials for a greater range of applications than achievable by bulk materials today. Within the field of nano-materials under worldwide research is the subset of magnetic nano-materials. This paper will discuss the bottom-up synthesis of magnetic nano-particles via thermal decomposition of metal-carbonyl complexes, describe some of the methods used to characterize magnetic particles, and discuss current research for application of these particles.Magnetic nanoparticles are a class of nanoparticle which can be manipulated using magnetic field. Such particles commonly consist of magnetic elements such as iron, nickel and cobalt and their chemical compounds. These particles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess attractive properties which could see potential use in catalysis biomedicine magnetic resonance imaging data storage and environmental remediation The physical and chemical properties of magnetic nanoparticles largely depend on the synthesis method and chemical structure. In most cases, the particles range from 1 to 100 nm in size and may displaysuperparamagnetism.

Magnetic nanoparticles is used as targeted drug delivery. Drug coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles can be drawn to the site that needs the drugs with a magnetic field.

CLINICAL PREDICTORS IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by heterogeneity of clinical presentations, association of

signs and symptoms, rate of progression, and response to therapy. The aim of this prospective

5-year study was to evaluate whether clinical features at onset were predictive of the

subsequent progression. Two courses were identified which differed in the characteristics at

onset. Slow course was characterized by earlier age at onset, lateralization of motor signs, rest

tremor, and absence of gait disturbance. Rapid course presented older age, less evident

lateralization of signs, predominance of bradykinesia rigidity and gait disturbance. Our results

confirmed that PD is clinically heterogeneous and specific patterns of onset seem to be

associated with different rates of disease progression. Predictive models based on these clinical

characteristics have a good sensitivity in indicating a slow disease progression but are not

reliable in indicating a rapid evolution.

NEEDLE FREE INJECTION TECHNOLOGY

Shukla V*,Namdeo V,Kamal Ahmed,Prajapati N.K. , Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Needle free technology offers the very obvious benefit of reducing patients concern about the use of

needle.For some, especially those suffering from chronic disease requiring injectable products two or

three times a day. This process is an ongoing reality of daily life .For example diabetics-accepted, but

always with the hope that something new will replace the ritual of needle insertion to overcome the

problems related to needle based injections. There is one technology that has received considerable

attention during the past few years and that offers all of the sought after benefits is Needle Free

Injection Technology(NFIT).This technology was first described in 19th century in France , when the

French company –H Galante-manufactured an’apparatus for aquapuncture’. Since then the demand had

increased considerably .It was first commercialized in the U.S. in1960s.The condition can occur at any

age but is rare in infants.Mhi-500is the novel needle fre insulin delivery system which offers benefits for

all those involved in diabetes care and also for those involved in the management of clinical waste. The

mhi-500 injects insulin by using a fine , high presuure jet of insulin. This jet then penetrates the tissue ,

depositing the insulin in the subcutaneous layer.The new device is expected to give a boost to the

therapy, as needle phobia was one of the reasons preventing insulin use on a wider scale.Biojects needle

free injection technology works by forcing liquid medication at high speed through a tiny orifice that is

held against the skin.This create an ultra fine stream of high pressure that penetrates the skin without

using a needle.

CHLOROPHYLL-AS POTENT ANTIOXIDANT

Dhakar Brijmohan,Gupta Amit ,Jain Gaurav, Rajvaidhya S, Prajapati N, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Call it by any name,’Green Gold’ or ‘Plant Blood’ , chlorophyll is a proven pigment of life.Chlorophyll is

the most important plant pigment amd a’real life force’that nature uses to explode plants into

greenery.It is not a single compound but made of two claasical components-the bluish black

Chlorophyll-A and dark green Chlorophyll-B.

Green tea guards against catrdio vascular disease in many different ways. It lowers cholesterol and

blood pressure and reduces platelet aggregation. Its epigallocatechin gallate, an antioxidant, is reported

to be at least 100 times more effective than Vitamin-C and 25 times more effective than Vitamin-E at

protecting cells and DNA from damage, is believed to be linked to high disease and cancer. Chlorophyll

has been used in folk medicine as a deodorizer. It is effective for those suffering from halitosis(bad

breath) and can be used for a freshening gargle. It is used in treating diabetic foot ulcer, constipation

and hemhorrhoids used to neutralize the acidifying stimulating of excess protein , sugars and starch.

Chlorophyll is a colouring agent in products such as soaps , candy and in formulations for skin health and

glow.

SWINE INFLUENZA-A ZOONOSIS

Sharma V., Chaudhary P., Kumar P*, Dushyant barve, B.K. Dubey

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Swine influenza (also called swine flu, pig flu) is an infection by any one of several types of swine

influenza virus. Swine influenza virus (SIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic

in pigs. The known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2,

H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.Transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals

and also to people who work with poultry and swine. Symptoms -In pigs produces fever, lethargy,

sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite. In humans include fever, cough, sore

throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Treatment -The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention recommends the use of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) or Relenza (zanamivir) for the treatment

and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses. Oseltamivir: An antiviral drug that slows the

spread of influenza (flu) virus between cells in the body by stopping the new virus from chemically

cutting ties with its host cell. Zanamivir: Neuraminidase inhibitor used in the treatment and prophylaxis

of Influenza virus A and Influenza virus B.

SAFED MUSLI; A DIVYA AUSHADHI

Raikwal l.*, Barve D.,Pandey S., Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Sofed musli,the root of chlorophytum borivillianum,belonging family liliaceae,is a valued gift of nature

,it is used in many preparation of ayurveda,unani,from ancient and presenting getting allopathic

consideration too.There are around 256 varieties of chlorophytum in the world,which are yet known in

which around 17 varieties are found in India.It is an annual herb with tubers,crown,leaf,fiower and

natural occurs in forests of Gujrat,m.p.,and maharastra state.It contain many phytoconstituants of

pharmaceutical important including Saponine,Glycerides,Alkaloids ,fibers etc.Traditionally it is used as

health tonic aphrodisiac, immunomodulator and also in treatment of diabetes,arthritis. These article

provide the complete information about this drug,mainly emphosis on its uses,global demand and

production,which is beneficial for the individuals health as well as wealth

RESEALED ERYTHROCYTE: AS A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY CARRIER

Tiwari S., Dubey S., Bhowmick M., Dubey B.K

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Erythrocytes (RBCs) have potential carrier capabilities for the delivery of drugs. Erythrocytes are

biocompatible, biodegradable, possess long circulation half lives, and can be loaded with a variety of

biologically active compounds using various chemical and physical methods. Erythrocytes have been

extensively studied for their potential carrier capabilities for the delivery of drugs and drug-loaded

microspheres. Such drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes are simply prepared by collecting blood samples

from the interested organism, separating erythrocytes from plasma, entrapping drug in erythrocytes, and

resealing the resultant cellular carriers. Hence, these carriers are called resealed erythrocytes. The overall

process is based on the response of these cells under osmotic conditions. Upon reinjection, the drug-

loaded erythrocytes serve as slow circulating depots and target the drugs to a reticuloendothelial system

(RES).Resealed erythrocytes have applications in fields of human and veterinary medicine.Such cells

could be used as circulating carriers to disseminate a drug within a prolonged period of time in circulation

or in target-specific organs, including the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.A majority of the drug delivery

studies using drug-loaded erythrocytes are in the preclinical phase. Antineoplastic drugs such as

methotrexate, bleomycin, asparginase and adriamycin have been successfully delivered by

erythrocytes.Removal of RES iron overload, Removal of toxic agents and Delivery of antiviral agents are

some other applications of resealed erythrocytes. Biopharmaceuticals, therapeutically significant peptides

and proteins, nucleic acid-based biologicals, antigens and vaccines, are among the recently focused

pharmaceuticals for being delivered using carrier erythrocytes.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NATURAL PRODUCTS OF FAMILY LEGUMINOCEAE

Patel R.N., Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Natural products today are most likely going to continue to exist and grow. throughout the

world to become over more valuable as sources of new drug leads. This is because the degree of

chemical diversity found in natural products is broader than that from any other source and the degree

of novelty of molecular structure found in natural products is greater than that determined from any

other sources. Phytochemical investigations on this plant have shown the presence of coumarins,

flavonoids, rotenoids, flavanones and isoflavonones. Extract of this plant shows hepatoprotective

activity in the drug which is due to presence of flavonoid active principles. The higher activity of leaves

extract may be due to synergistic effect of flavonoids present in the drug. Tephrosia purpurea of family

Leguminoceae is a shrab distributed in moist places throught country.Preliminary chemical examination

shows the presence of a flavonoids compound. The crude drug may be of antihistaminic value which is

to be established xperimentally.the work is quite progressive and will be submitted in another paper.

Tephrosia purpurea has been used for centuries in the Indian traditional medicines, for the treatment of

various inflammatory disorders. It is considered beneficial for Liver, Spleen and Kidney disorder. Also it

has the property to cure all types of wounds. Experimental studies suggest that Tephrosia purpurea

extract is antiulcer, antitumor and anticarcinogenic.

RECENT ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

The eye has special attributes that allow local drug delivery and non-invasive treatment of disease, but it

is also a highly complex and unique organ, which makes understanding disease pathogenesis and

ophthalmic drug delivery challenging. For instance, the cornea is the tissue which has no blood supply,

whereas choroid and ciliary processes are highly vascularized and exhibit very high blood flow. A major

problem in ocular therapeutics is the attainment of an optimal drug concentration at the site of action.

Poor bioavailability of drugs from ophthalmic dosage forms is mainly due to the precorneal loss factors

which include tear drainage, insufficient absorption, transient residence time in the cul-de-sac, and the

relative impermeability of the corneal epithelial membrane. Due to these physiological and anatomical

constraints only a small fraction of the drug, effectively 1% or even less of the instilled dose is ocularly

absorbed. The delivery of the drug can be improved by varying the frequency of administration of the

medication or the retention time of medication in contact with the surface of the eye. This review is an

attempt to focus on the recent findings, development in the ocular drug delivery system. Various

approaches being used to improve the corneal penetration of a drug molecule and delay its elimination

from the eye are discussed in details in the present review.

Dengue: Prevention and Management

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Dengue infection is endemic in tropical countries with new cases reported throughout the year. The

majority of cases are acquired locally (99%). The dengue virus is an arthropod-borne virus or arbovirus.

Dengue (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are caused by one of four closely related, but

antigenically distinct, virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4), of the genus Flavivirus. The

Aedes mosquitoes (mainly Aedes aegypti) becomes infected when it feeds on an infected host that has

viraemia, usually during the time of the fever. Aedes aegypti is a day-biting species with increased biting

activity for 2 hours aftersunrise and several hours before sunset. It is a domestic breeder and breeds in

water containers, discarded tyres, coconut shells, and overhead tanks. The virus develops in the

mosquito for about 8 to 10 days where the virus migrates to the salivary glands. Symptoms: High fever ,

Bleeding manifestations (e.g. petechie, ecchymosis, epistaxis, gum bleeding,heametemssis, melena)

,Thrombocytopenia (<100 X109/L) with Evidence of increased capillary permeability (Haematocrit

increased by >20% above baseline; Pleural effusion; Hypoalbuminaemia).

Treatment: Treatment generally focuses on relieving the symptoms that are caused by the infection.

As with other viral infection bed rest and increased fluid intake are crucial. Blood transfusions can also

be necessary because of the increased bleeding that is often found in dengue patients. Precaution: The

drugs to be avoided are NSAIDs and aspirin, along with any other medication that has a thinning effect

on the blood or can cause increased risk of bleeding. Bleeding is already a huge risk factor for those

suffering from dengue fever, and medications that exacerbate this risk should be avoided at all costs.

SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES

Y.Nema,M.Bhowmick,B.K.Dubey

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,Post Piplani,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Solid lipid nano particle are colloidal carrier system for the delivery of drugs. These have been reported

to be an alternative system to emulsions, liposomes, microparticles and their polymeric counterparts for

various application routes since the early 1990s due to their advantages. Various research groups have

also increasingly focused on improving their stability in body fluids after administration by coating of

particles with hydrophilic molecules such as poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG) derivatives. Altering surface

characteristics by coating SLN with hydrophilic molecules improves plasma stability and biodistribution,

and subsequent bioavailability of drugs entrapped. Their storage stability is also increased.

ANALGESIC AND ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY OF FICUS

RACEMOSA LINN.

Dhangar Rajkumar, Singh Bheem, Martin Pankaj Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

The crude extracts of Ficus racemosa (Moraceae) were evaluated for anthelmintic

activity using adult earthworms; the bark extract of Ficus racemosa exhibited a dose-

dependent inhibition of spontaneous motility (paralysis) and evoked responses to pin-

prick. With higher doses (50 mg/ml of aqueous extract), the effects were comparable with

that of 3% piperazine citrate. However ,there was no final recovery in the case of worms

treated with aqueous extract in contrast to piperazine citrate with which the paralysis was

reversible and the worms recovered completely within 5 hr. The result shows that the

aqueous extract possesses wormicidal activity and thus, may be useful as an antelmintic.

NUTRACEUTICLS THE DIABETES CONNECTION

Katre Vipin *, Jain Gaurav, Ahmed Kamaal, Jain Neha, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar, BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Nutracueticals find their application in all spheres of medicine, as memory enhancers, phytochemicals to

protect the immune system, to maintain a healthy heart, as antidiabetics, and in weight loss.

Nutracueticals are different from dietary supplement; they are a blend of pharmaceutical and nutritional

characteristics. They not only supplement diet but also aid in the prevention and disorder. Nutraceutical

are represented for use as a conventional food or as a sole item of meal or diet.

Momordica charanita (bitter melon or karela) is commonly used traditional remedy for diabetes in India,

Africa, Asia, and America. The fruits, leaves, and stem of the plant have all been used to make diabetes

decoction. It is believed to contribute hypoglycemic activity. It acts via both pancreatic and

extrapancreatic mechanisms with decreased hepatic glucose output, increased glucose uptake and

utilization by peripheral tissues, deceased intestinal glucose absorption and increased muscle glycogen

synthesis. Trigonella fornum-graecum (fenugreek or methi): it contains some of the Amino acids, which

act as Insulin Scoretogogues e.g, 4-hydroxy isoleucine, arginine. Much of the hypoglycemic activity is

due to inhibitory effect of mucilaginous fiber on glucose absorption. Fenugreek has been shown to

improve dyslipidemia in subject with diabetes. It decreases both fasting and postprandialblcod glucose

levels.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON WINTERGREEN OIL.

Jain Nidhi, Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dhakar Suresh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Wintergreen oil obtained by the steam distillation of the leaves and fruits of the Gaultheria procumbens

Linn. (Ericaceae) is a much branched, evergreen, aromatic shrub, procumbent, distributed in North and

South America, Asia and Australia, India (central and eastern Himalayas, Khasi hills and hills of South

India). The principal constituent of wintergreen oil is methyl salicylate (methyl-2-hydroxy benzoate-

C8H8O3=152.1), which is now produced synthetically and is dispensed when wintergreen oil is prescribed

or demanded. Wintergreen oil is used as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, counter irritant,

stimulant, carminative, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, etc. This review attempts to encompass the

available literature on Gaultheria procumbens with respect to its pharmacognostic characters,

traditional uses, phytochemistry and summary of its various pharmacological activities and clinical

effects. Other aspects such as toxicology and precautions of wintergreen oil are also discussed.

THE EFFECT OF GASTROINTESTINAL MICROFLORA CHANGE ON THE RESTING BEHAVIOUR OF SOCIALLY GROUPED SWINE

Rawat B.K.*; Raghuwanshi A.; Omre R.K.; Pandey G.K.; Bhowmick M.; Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

The aformentioned research to determine if an intestinal microflora change leads to behavioural

alterations by the individual pigs or their penmates. Pigs were housed in 21 groups of three. In 11

treated groups one of three pigs received three doses of ampicillin; the penmates and pigs in control

pens received placebo doses. It was analysed for aggression, nosing, abnormal and resting behaviour.

Contrary to expectations, the frequency of aggressive behaviour performed was significantly higher in

ampicillin-dosed pigs compared to their untreated penmates and the average of pigs in the control pens.

Resting behaviour was unaffected, although heat pad use decreased. There were no clinical signs of

diarrhea, however a microbiological analysis on fecal samples showed significant changes on day +3

relative to dosing. This study shows that an intestinal microflora shift can alter social behaviour in the

absence of clinical signs. Here we present a review of the literature of influenza modeling studies, and

discuss how these models can provide insights into the future of the currently circulating novel strain of

influenza A (H1N1), formerly known as swine flu.

Gene therapy

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Genes are the basic physical, functional and biological unit of heredity. When genes are altered

so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal function, genetic disorders can

result. Gene therapy is the genetic modification of cells to prevent, alleviate or cure genetic

diseases. It is being investigated as an alternative treatment for a wide range of infectious

diseases. Approaches to gene therapy for infectious diseases can be divided into three broad

categories: (i) gene therapies based on nucleic acid moieties, including antisense DNA or RNA,

RNA decoys, and catalytic RNA moieties (ribozymes); (ii) protein approaches such as

transdominant negative proteins and single-chain antibodies; and (iii) immunotherapeutic

approaches involving genetic vaccines or pathogen-specific lymphocytes. Although the field of

gene therapy has experienced significant setbacks and limited success, it is one of the most

promising and active research fields in medicine. The relevance of gene therapy to medical

practices will increase and it will become important for physicians to understand the basic

principles and strategies that underlie the therapeutic intervention. It is further possible that

combinations of such mentioned approaches will be used simultaneously to inhibit multiple

stages of the life cycle of the infectious agent.

RECENT ADVANCES IN PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

The Inflammatory bowel disease comprises of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are

heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine. This inflammatory response is

most likely made possible by defects in both the mucosal immune system and the barrier

function of the intestinal epithelium. In despite intensive research, the etiology of Crohn's disease

and ulcerative colitis is still illusive. In the present seminar, attempt was made to delineate the

advances in pathogenesis regarding the immune mediators of intestinal inflammation responsible

for IBD. This information has led to new therapeutic approaches for IBD. The significance of

genetic factors in the development of IBD and the genetic loci which have been implicated

through genome wide searches are discussed. The commensal bacterial flora appears to be a

critical element, particularly in regards to Crohn's disease, although the precise role of the

bacteria in the disease manifestations remains unclear. Current investigations promise to yield

fresh insights in these areas.

HERBAL WAY OF TREATING COUGH

Katre Vipin *, Jain Gaurav , Ahmed Kamaal ,Jain Neha, Dubey B.K.

T.I.T. College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,B.H.E.L

Bhopal-462021

ABSTRACT

Acute cough due to upper respiratory tract infection is a common symptom. Many health practitioners

recommend non-prescription, OTC medicines as a treatment for cough. Codiene and

phenylpropanolamine Toxicity: The principal codeine toxicity clinical manifestations are respiratory

depression and obtundation. A view of clinical findings and the adverse effects of the synthetic

molecules promptly suggest the need of an effective and safe herbal formulation. Several Herbal drugs

are useful in treatment of cough with either absolutely no side effect or very mild and minimal side

effect in isolated cases that too after prolonged use. Vasaka consist of fresh, dried, mature leaves of

Adhatoda zeylanica Media and Adhatoda vasica Nees belonging to the Family Acanthaceae. It is a well

known plant in indigenous system of medicine and is used for its beneficial effect, particularty in

bronchitis. The leaves, flowers and fruits of Adhatoda species are extensively used to treat cold, cough,

chronic bronchitis and asthma.

Tulsi is consists of the dried leaves of Ocimum sanctum Linn belonging to the Family Labiatae and is

commonly known as Holy Basil. It contain essential oil, of which the major components are Eugenol, a-

caryophyllene and a-elemene. The leaves also contains a-carotene and ursolic acid. Eugenol has been

largely respomsible for the therapeutic potentials of tulsi. Mulethi: It consists of the dried roots of

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn belonging to the Family Leguminosae and is commonly known as liquorice. It is

used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and chronic cough and as a demulcent. The drug consists of

the glycyrrhizin as the principal constituent.

RECENT ADVANCES IN BIO-TECHNOLOGY Sahu Manoj, Singh Sanjay, Singh Bheem, Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Modern Biotechnology provides a useful interface for any researcher who is working in the

traditional boundaries of chemistry, biology, engineering or biochemistry.It includes aspects

of computer science, software engineering, mathematics and molecular biology.The present

Biotechnology innovations are promising towards development of food security and health

management.Main areas of biotechnology are environmental Biotechnology, medical

Biotechnology and Bio-informatics. Biotechnological research and development are moving

at a very fast rate.The subject has assumed greatest importance in recent years in the

development of agriculture and human health. With the help of biotechnology we can create

novel genes and genotypes of plants, animals and fish.The application of Biotechnology in

the pharmaceutical sector is a relatively recent practice.The poster gives information of the

current progress and thrust areas in the use of synthetic hormones in, production of monosex,

uniparental and polyploid individuals, molecular biology and transgenesis, Biotechnology in

aquaculture nutrition and health management, gene banking and the marine natural products.

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL

PATCHES OF REPAGLINIDE

TRIPATHI A.*, SAHU M., RAO N., PUROHIT A.,BHOWMICK M.,DUBEY.B.K

TIT College of Pharmacy Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present investigation was to formulate, design and evaluate Repaglinide

transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) that would provide continuous dosing of Repaglinide at constant

and controlled rate upto predetermined period of time. Repaglinide is an oral insulin secretagogue of

the meglitinide class used in the treatment of type II diabetes. Although it is rapidly, completely

absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, its bioavailability is low, reduces to one half due to first pass

effect. Its duration of action is short with relatively shorter half-life (~1 hr) hence the dosing frequency is

high.In the present investigation polymers tried were Ethyl cellulose, Cellulose acetate, Acrycoat RL 100,

Eudragit RL 100 and Eudragit NE 30D in some films Polyvinyl pyrrolidone was added as hydrophilic

polymer. Dibutyl phthalate added acted as a plasticizer. The films were prepared by solvent casting

technique. The polymeric films were thin, uniform, flexible and transparent in nature.The dried

polymeric films were evaluated with respect to weight variation, thickness uniformity, tensile strength

and percent elongation at break, folding endurance, content uniformity, in-vitro permeation study,

interaction studies and stability studies.

SKIN CANCER

Ahmed Kamaal, Rajvaidhya Saurabh, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Skin acts as protecting of body which protects the body against heat, light, infection, and injury. It

also stores water, fat, and vitamin D. Skin is composed with mainly two layers and several kinds of

cells. The top layer of skin is called the epidermis which is in direct contact with environment. Like

other cancer skin cancer is manifested by abnormal growth of cells. It mainly affects metaphase

stage of cell division. Causes may include sunburn, heredity, environment etc. Basal cell carcinoma

can be manifested into malignant in later stage. Skin cancer can only be diagnosed biopsy in which

doctor removes cells or tissues from the affected area and examine under a microscope. Skin cancer

can be treated by several methods like surgery, grafting, Radiation therapy, Simple excision, Mohs

micrographic surgery, electro-chemotherapy etc.

Herbal Medicine for Market Potential in India: An Overview

Patel Ramlakhan *, Khare Salaj, Jha Urmilesh , Dubey B.K.

TIT College Of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

People are using herbal medicine from centuries for safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser

side effect. Written records about medication dates back to post Vedic era like Ayurveda. These days

also the herbal drugs are gaining back their popularity in Indian and world wide scenarios. Indian forests

are rich in their vegetations and biodiversity but the present share of India in global market is not up to

the mark. The present article deals with the measures to be adopted for the promotion and of Indian

herbal products world wide. The demand for plant based medicine health products, pharmaceuticals ,

food supplement , cosmetics etc increasing in both developed as well as in developing countries, due to

theirs wider acceptance that the herbal products have lesser toxic side effects and available at less

affordable price. The annual turn over of Indian herbal medicinal industry is about Rs. 2,300 crore as

against the pharmaceutical industries turn over of Rs. 14500 with a growth rate of 15%. India is a second

largest producer of caster side in the world producing about 125000 tones per annum. The major

pharmaceutical exported from India in recent years are isabgol, opium alkaloids, senna derivatives, vinca

extract, cinchona alkaloids, ipeca root alkaloids, menthol, gudmar herb, mehdi etc. The annual turn over

of Indian herbal industries was estimated around US$ 300 million ayurvedic medicine. There are about

8000 drug manufacturer in India but not more than 25 manufacturers can be listed as large scale

manufacturers. The India has grate potential to be a key player as supplier of herbal products to meet

the domestic demand as well as global herbal medicine supplier.

STANDARDISATION OF HERBAL DRUGS

Ankita Sharma, Saurabh Rajvaidhya, B.K.Dubey

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Herbal drugs are ethical drugs obtained from various plant sources having a therapeutic effect on

the complete individual rather than treating merely the symptoms of the disease.The process of

evaluating the quality and purity of crude drug by means of various parameters like

morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological observations is called

‘STANDARDISATION’.It is based on chemical and activity profile of drug and is done in order

to identify botanical source, quality evaluation of crude drugs originating from different

localities ,identification of herbs and medicines, getting recognisation from regulatory bodies

like WHO, FDA, Consumer groups, academic and research groups, have reproducible

specification standards for proving that medicinal plant based drugs are safe, effective and of

standard quality.Thus, standardization is a necessary factor before exporting a drug to the

western countries .With better standardization parameters ,more than 150 pharmaceutical

companies are engaged in the formulation of herbal drugs .More than 500 drugs are formulated

and many more therapeutically active herbal drugs can be discovered using modern scientific

parameters for standardisation.

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF MONOLITHIC MATRIX TYPE TRANSDERMAL PATCHES USING NON-ANTIGENIC AND BIOCOMPATIBLE

POLYMER

SAHU M.*, RAO N., PANDEY G.K., BHOWMICK M.,DUBEY B.K

TIT-COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, BHOPAL

ABSTRACT

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) allow delivery of contained drug into the systemic circulation via permeation through skin layers at a controlled rate while bypassing first pass metabolism has accelerated Transdermal drug delivery research in the field of pharmaceutics. These systems are easy to apply and remove as and when desired. This approach of drug delivery is more pertinent in case of chronic disorders, such as hypertension, which require long term dosing to maintain therapeutic drug concentration. One of the major limitations of TDDS is that sometimes it may induce an irritation or sensitization reaction of the skin. These skin reactions may be elicited by the drug itself or by the materials used to fabricate the devices. Patch testing of some TDDSs has revealed that some of these skin reactions are directed against the device and are not due to drugs. One probable approach to minimize the device associated adverse skin reactions of TDSs is to use highly biocompatible and non-antigenic biopolymers such as chitosan for their fabrication. In the present investigation Monolithic matrix type transdermal drug delivery systems of Atenolol was prepared using the natural polymer, chitosan. Atenolol is a β1 blocker, incompletely absorbed from GIT and the mean elimination half-life is 6-7 hours. The bioavailability of the drug is 40-50%. Atenolol is used to treat cardiovascular diseases and conditions such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, angina and to treat and reduce the risk of heart complications following myocardial infarction.The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of obtaining a prolonged, relatively constant effective level of Atenolol from transdermal drug delivery system using natural, biocompatible polymer chitosan. This type of matrix TDDS was prepared by using Solvent Evaporation technique. Characterisation of polymeric films were performed by evaluating factors such as thickness uniformity, Folding endurance, Moisture uptake, Weight variation, Drug content uniformity, skin irritation test, drug polymer interaction by FTIR, In-vitro permeation studies of drug loaded patch in modified Franz diffusion cell. From the IR studies it is seen that there is

no interaction between drug and polymer, which shows that drug is compatible with polymer. Kinetic study was performed and the formulation showed zero order release by diffusion mechanisim. Further work is necessary to study in vivo release characteristics.

HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Dixit A.*, Bhowmick M., Pandey G.K. , Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Through a scheme or engineered plan known as Hybridoma technology, scientists are now able to

produce large quantities of immune system cells including both antibodies and lymphokines. The

readymade supply of these materials has not only revolutionized immunology but has also created a

great impact throught medicine and pharmaceutical industry.This technique is based on somatic cell

hybridization. Antibodies producing B-lymphocytes fused with myeloma cell(cancer cell) to produce a

Hybridoma cell. This fusion is performed by making both cell membranes more permeable. This

Hybridoma cell obtained retains the properties of the parent cell, that is antibody secretion property of

B-lymphocyte and uncontrolled division property of cancer cell. Since this antibodies are produced by a

clone of specific lymphocyte these are called as monoclonal antibodies.Such monoclonal antibodies, as

they are formed, have opened innovating approaches to prevent, diagnose and treat disease. These

monoclonal antibodies are used to distinguish subsets of B-cells and T-cells. This technology is not only

used to for basic research but also for identifying various type of Leukemia`s (blood cancer) &

lymphomas and allowing doctors to tailor treatment accordingly. Quantization the number of B-Cells &

T-Helper cells is all important in immune disorders such as AIDS. These monoclonal antibodies are

widely used to track cancer antigens and linked to anticancer agents, to attack cancer metastases. These

antibodies are also useful in the several serological test for detection of antigens and pathogens in quick

and accurate manner.

INTELLIGENT BUT STILL ILLITRATES

Paleriya N,Jain P,Gupta N,Jain G,Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

India has become a dumping ground for banned drugs; also the business for production of

banned drugs is booming. In spite of several initiatives, the authorities have allowed a

number of internationally disapproved drugs to circulate in the Indian market. Even countries

like Bangladesh banned this drug for both adults and children, but Indian Government has

turned a blind eye to the issue. Since the drugs are not banned, chemists and stockists have

no reason not to sell them or warn users about the controversy that engulfs the medicines.

One of the functions of the programme is to assess the benefit, harm, effectiveness and risk

of medicines; encourage their safe, rational and proper use; and improve patient care and

safety in relation to the use of medicines.

EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY – BASED MEDICAL INFORMATION WEBSITES FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS

Soni R.; Soni R.N.; Omre R.K.; Pandey G.K.; Bhowmick M.; Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the various drug information queries received, and to assess the quality of services provided

by drug information center (DIC) of the pharmacy practice department. The drug information queries

during ward round, by telephone, direct access, internet, etc. These forms were evaluated

retrospectively for a period of 12 month. The quality of drug information services provided was assessed

both from the receiver’s as well as from the provider’s perspective was evaluated by using the guide

lines from the DSE/WHO seminar. Assessment and evaluation of drug information services were carried

out in three step –

1-The step involved retrospective evaluation of drug information request and documentation from for a

period of 12 month.

2- Secondly step, the quality of services provided was assess from the receiver perspective through a

questionnaire compressing question, pertaining to awareness.

3-The third step involved the assessment of quality of drug information services from the provider’s perspective by using the guild line from the DSE/WHO

Pharmacy Practice and Education in India: Current Issues and Trends

Jha Urmilesh, Khare Salaj, Dubey B.K.

TIT College of Pharmacy, Anand Nagar, BHEL

Bhopal – 462021

ABSTRACT

Pharmacy education and practice has a significant impact on the health improvements of a nation.

Pharmacists represent the third largest healthcare professional group in the world. Pharmacists work in

the community, in hospitals, and in other medical facilities as members of the health care team and

have special responsibilities for the safe use of medicines. In developed nations, in addition to

traditional dispensing, pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients in response to drug

therapy and provide patient care that focuses on prevention of diseases and patient outcomes, and

accordingly educational curriculum is designed. Formal pharmacy education in India started (B. Pharm.

in BHU in 1937) long before the enactment of Pharmacy Act, 1948 and the formulation of the Education

Regulations in the year 1953. India has made rapid progress in pharmacy education over the last two

decades. This paper seeks to sketch the status of pharmacy practice in India vis-à-vis pharmacy

education, standards of education, and changes are being undertaken, and then pay particular attention

to the need for required actions to strengthen the curriculum and the profession. The pharmacy practice

concept was realized with the dawn of independence in 1947. The Pharmacy Act,1 1948 was the first

landmark, which came into existence in response to recommendations of Drugs Enquiry Committee

(Chopra committee) constituted in 1930, and report of Health Survey and Development Committee,

1943 (Bhore committee).The Chopra committee in its report recommended among others setting up of

courses for training in pharmacy and prescribing minimum qualifications for registration as a

pharmacist. The Bhore committee emphasized the need of government to control practice of pharmacy

and provide educational facilities for licentiate pharmacists.

LYOPHILIZATION

Rawat Shailendra*, Barve Dushyant, Jain Amit, Dubey B.K. TIT College of Pharmacy

Anand Nagar,BHEL Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Lyophilization is a promising approach to ensure the long-term stability of liposomes. After decades of studies in this field, different lyoprotective mechanisms, such as water replacement and vitrification models, have been proposed. Much progress has been made in developing highly stable liposomes after lyophilization based on optimization of formulation and process parameters. Here, this paper reviews the lyoprotective mechanisms, the parameters affecting the lyoprotective effect and the techniques used in a large number of studies. The parameters are discussed with regard to the following two aspects: (1) the formulation factors: the choice of drug, the lipid bilayer composition, vesicle size, selection of lyoprotectants, combination of lyoprotectants and additives, dry mass ratio of lyoprotectant to lipid, distribution of lyoprotectant on the two sides of lipid bilayers and others, which are the key factors determining the lyoprotective effect of freeze-dried liposomes. (2) The technological factors: freezing protocols, drying protocols, storage conditions and others, which are the extrinsic factors affecting the stability of freeze-dried cakes. Moreover, encapsulated solute/drug retention (ESR), gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature (Tm) and glass transition temperature (Tg) are selected as indicators to investigate the protective effect during this process. Finally, the major areas and future potential of research on lyophilized liposomes are highlighted.

SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS

Sharma Vinay*, Barve Dushyant, Bhatere Dagendra

TIT College of Pharmacy Anand Nagar,BHEL

Bhopal - 462021

ABSTRACT

Somatic embryogenesis is an asexual form of plant propagation in nature that mimics many of the events of sexual reproduction. Also, this process may be reproduced artificially by the manipulation of tissues and cells in vitro, in which somatic embryos are formed from single cells cultivated in liquid or solid medium. Cell suspensions can be plated onto solid media where cells grow into a callus from which plants can often be regenerated. Some of the most important factors for successful plant regeneration are the culture medium and environmental incubation conditions. In vitro somatic embryogenesis is an important prerequisite for the use of many biotechnological tools for genetic improvement, as well as for mass propagation.