co2 utilisation - sintef · algal bio-fixation and bio-fuel production bauxite residue processing...

Technology for a better society

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Earl Goetheer

CO2 utilisation

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single hour's emissions from New York City: 6,204 one-metric-ton spheres (one sphere is 33 feet across).

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a year's carbon dioxide

emissions from New York

City: 54,349,650 one-

metric-ton spheres

http://www.carbonvisuals.com/media/item/308/279/NYC_stills_05_960px.png


3 The Global CO2 Market

► Current global CO2 demand is

estimated to be 80 Mtpa -

50Mtpa is used for EOR in North

America.

► CO2 demand is expected to

rise to 140 Mtpa by 2020.

► CO2 supply from large point

sources is currently18,000 Mtpa

which includes:

► 500 Mtpa from high

concentration sources like

Amonia & hydrogen

production, gas processing

(low cost sources)

► An extra 2,000 Mtpa is

available from low to

medium cost sources

There is a very large global surplus of CO2. CO2 available from lower cost sources is likely to supply the majority of near-term reuse demand growth.

Current Demand and Supply for Bulk CO2

Demand for

bulk CO2 (0.8%)

Remaining supply

of CO2 (99,2%)

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Existing Bulk CO2 market: 80 Mton

Food industry Beverage

carbonation

Oil and gas (non-

EOR)

CO2-enhanced oil

recovery

Other liquid CO2

applications

Precipitated

calcium carbonate Other


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Existing Industrial Uses of CO2

Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery

Urea fertiliser production

• ‘Captive‘ use

Food processing, preservation and packaging

Beverage Carbonation

Coffee Decaffeination

Pharmaceuticals

Horticulture

Fire suppression


6 Existing Industrial Uses of CO2

Winemaking

Pulp and Paper processing

Water Treatment

Inerting

Steel Manufacture

Metal Working

Electronics

Pneumatics


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Emerging Industrial Uses of CO2

Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery

Enhanced Geothermal Systems (using CO2 as a working fluid)

Power Generation with CO2 as a working fluid

Polymer Processing

Algal bio-fixation and bio-fuel production

Bauxite residue processing

Carbonate mineralisation (aggregate production)

CO2 concrete curing


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Example methanol 8

If we were to convert all of the worlds ~ 33 x 106 ton methanol capacity* to a CO2 basis, and if the H2 needed for such a process could be produced in a CO2-free manner….

we would need in the order of 25 megaton

of CO2. This is 5 average 1000 MW

powerplants

So, it would appear that utilization of CO2

for products is not going to make an impact

in reducing atmospheric carbon….


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Industrial Uses of CO2 by potential future demand EXISTING USES

Current non-captive CO2

demand (Mtpa)

Future potential non-captive CO2

demand (Mtpa)

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 50< Demand < 300 30< Demand < 300

Fertilizer – Urea (Captive Use) 5 < Demand < 30 5 < Demand < 30

NEW USES Future potential non-captive CO2

demand (Mtpa)

Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery (ECBM) Demand >300

Enhanced geothermal systems – CO2 as a working fluid 5< Demand <30

Polymer processing 5< Demand <30

Algal Bio-fixation >300

Mineralisation

Calcium carbonate & magnesium carbonate & Sodium

Bicarbonate >300

CO2 Concrete Curing 30< Demand <300

Bauxite Residue Treatment ('Red Mud’) 5 < Demand < 30

Liquid Fuels

Renewable Methanol >300

Formic Acid >300

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ESTIMATED EMISSIONS REDUCTION

Gt CO2/y 1

2°, 3° Generation

biofuel 0.4*

Building Material 1.6**

Chemical Feedstocks and Intermediates

0.3

EOR 1.4

TOTAL 3,7 ***

1. DNV position paper 7-2011, * 5% liquid fuel replacement 50% CO2 saving, ** 10 % global building material demand,

*** 10 % total annual current emission


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So, does that mean that research into CO2 utilization is futile?

Can we use CO2 as a raw material to create high value products?

CO2 is relatively low cost (value may be negative, depending upon various trading credit schemes).

CO2 is a renewable raw material


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Key Findings 1. The current and potential demand for CO2 reuse is limited compared to

industrial emissions

2. Reuse has the potential to provide a moderate revenue stream for near-term CCS demonstration projects. (Timing issue!).

3. EOR will remain the dominant form of CO2 reuse in the short to medium term due to its maturity and large-scale use of CO2. EOR has a role to play in supporting the large-scale demonstration of CCS.

4. Most emerging reuse technologies have years of development ahead before they reach the technical maturity required for deployment at commercial scale.

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Key findings 5. CO2 reuse can tial role to play in supporting the demonstration phase of CCS development in the absence of strong carbon prices. However that initial role becomes less important as and when the cost of emitting carbon rises.

6.Bulk CO2 market prices are likely to fall in the long-term as and when restrictions on CO2 emissions are introduced

CO2 reuse can play an important role in supporting the

demonstration phase of CCS. However, this role becomes less

important in the long-term and as the cost of emitting carbon

rises.

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Examples of CO2 conversion products

Chart source: “Carbon capture and utilization in the green economy,” Center for Low Carbon Futures, 2011

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Development of an innovative algae growth concept


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M. Tredici. Symposium “ I Biocarburanti di seconda e terza generazione” Roma 14 April 2011

Biomass community Location Yield

(t d.w. ha-1 y-1)

Photosynthetic efficiency (%)

Hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) (C3) Minnesota 8 -11 0.3- 0.4

Water hyacinth (Eichornia

crassipes) Mississippi 11 – 33 (>150) 0.3- 0.9

Switch grass (Panicum virgatum)

(C4) Texas 8-20 0.2- 0.6

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum

bicolor) (C4) Texas-California 22 - 47 0.6-1.0

Coniferous forest England 34 1.8

Maize (Zea mays) (C4) Israel 34 0.8

Tree plantation Congo 36 1.0

Tropical forest West Indies 60 1.6

Algae Different locations

70 2-2.5

Sugar cane (Saccharum

officinarum) Hawaii-Java 64-87 1.8-2.6

Napier grass (Pennisetum

purpureum) Hawaii, Puerto

Rico 85-106 2.2-2.8

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EXAMPLES OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY BIOMASS


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ImproveD algae strains: summary

- Pale green mutants (selected) improve light diffusion in the mass culture and biomass productivity

- Enhanced accumulation of carotenoids provide photoprotection and increases biomass productivity

- The combination of these two traits is synergic in increasing light use efficiency

- Further introduction of traits is ongoing for addtional improvements of strains


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One of the alternative: pH swing


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Acknowledgement

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 641185

www.sintef.no/cemcap

Twitter: @CEMCAP_CO2

http://www.sintef.no/cemcap

co2 utilisation - sintef · algal bio-fixation and bio-fuel production bauxite residue processing...

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