cns sinap n reflex
TRANSCRIPT
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Dody Taruna, dr , M.Kes
Neurofisiologi
Synapse and Reflex
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Sistem Saraf
Saraf Tepi Saraf Pusat
Nn. CranialisNn. SpinalisSaraf otonomik
simpathis & parasimpathis
Otak &Medulla spinalis
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Otak & medulla spinalis
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Foto otak human sesungguhnya, diiris ditengah antara hemispher kanan & kiri.
Yang terlihat adalah hemispher kanan dilihat dari tengah
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Pusat intelegensi
Pusat visual
Pusat
kontraksi otot
Pusat bicara
Cortex cerebri sisi kiri-hemispher kiri
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Hubungan satu neuron dgn neuron
lain
Sinap
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Synapse
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Sinap ( synapse )
receptor
vesicle
Axon knobNeurolemma
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Vesikel
neurotransmitter
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Neurotransmitter
Lebih dari 100 macam yg dpt diidentifikasi a. l. :
AcetylcholineNoradrenalin
Adrenalin Glutamat
GlisinGABA
Dopamin
Serotonin Prostaglandin
EndorphinEnkephalin
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Antar NEURON mengadakanInterkoneksi berupa suatu
SINAP
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Apabila saluran ion Na : maka sinap bersifat EKSITASI
Apabila saluran ion K atau Chlor :
maka sinap bersifat INHIBISI
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Reseptor yg mengandung :
Saluran ion
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Tahapan mekanis kerja suatu sinap
• Impuls dihantarkan sepanjang membran sampai di ujung axon
• saluran ion Ca terbuka --- Ca masuk kedalam sitosol merangsang eksositosis
vesikel yang berisi neurotransmitter• neurotransmitter berikatan dgn
reseptor di membran neuron sebelahnya
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Neurotransmitter keluar dari Vesikel secara :
Eksositosis
Berikatan dengan Receptor
Saluran ion terbuka
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How about : IPSP & EPSP
IPSP : inhibitory post synaptic potential
Sinap yang bersifat inhibisi
Apabila yang terbuka adalah
saluran ion K+ atau Cl–
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EPSP : excitatory post synaptic potential
Sinap yang bersifat eksitasi
Apabila saluran Na+ yang terbuka
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opened
Na influx
Closed
Na
Neurotransmitter Receptor side
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Neurotransmitter yang terutama bersifat
eksitator
AcetylcholineNorepinephrineAsam Glutamat
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Neurotransmitter yang terutama bersifat
Inhibitor
DopaminAsam Aspartat
GABA
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Neurotransmitter mempunyai waktu kerja
hanya beberapa milidetiko. k. dipecah atau diikat dengan
suatu bahan sehinggatidak aktif
selanjutnya di daur ulangatau masuk kedalam
Neuroglia
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Apabila saluran ion Na : maka sinap bersifat EKSITASI
Apabila saluran ion K atau Chlor : maka sinap bersifat INHIBISI
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Dapat dipengaruhi oleh kemauan
Reflex
SomatikOtonomik
Ada proses pembelajaran
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Reflex Otonomik
• Salivasi
• Lakrimasi
• Sekresi enzim di Sal. Cerna
• Berkeringat
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Reflex Somatik
• Jalan
• Lari
• Loncat
• Kontraksi otot pernafasan
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Gambar diatas adalah contoh fleksor reflex, rangsangan berupa tusukan (rangsang nyeri) sedangkan respon-nya berupa fleksi lengan ( lengan ditarik ). Reflex ini termasuk withdrawal reflex, yaitu reflex menjahui rangsangan.
Reflex ini adlh reflex somatik : Dpt dipengaruhi kemauan
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Komponen yang membentuk Reflex
1. Receptor. 2. Afferent / sensory nerve3. Central nerve : Spinal cord / brain stem 4. Efferent / motoric nerve5. Effector : organ pelaksana :
skeletal muscle, smooth m., cardiac m., salivary gland, lacrimal gland, gaster glandintestinal gland, endocrine gland.
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Pupillary light reflex Reflex pupil terhadap cahaya : pusat integrasi adalah midbrain
Miosis : pupil mengecil / cahaya terang, analog dengan rangsangan saraf parasimpathisMidriasis : pupil melebar / cahaya gelap, analog dengan rangsangan saraf simpathis
Perdarahan pada midbrain / batang otak :
reflex − (negatif)
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Midriasis
Simpathis
Miosis
Parasimpathis
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Grasp reflex / Reflex memegang mulai nampak pada bayi 5 – 6 bulan: pusat integrasi : midbrain ( bagian dari batang otak )
Tonic neck reflex / reflex menegakkan kepalamulai pada bayi 3 – 4 bulanReflex menegakkan kepala & leher, reflex tones otot-otot daerah leher, Pusat integrasinya : medulla oblongata
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Motion sickness Vertigo, nausea s/d vomitus ( refleks muntah ), keringat dingin ( refleks berkeringat / sweating reflex ), pucat, cemas sampai dengan timbulnya rasa takut.
Motion sickness merupakan suatu respon akibat rangsangan pada organ vestibular ( organ keseimbangan ) yg berlebihan.
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Neuromuscular
junction
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Hubungan antara Saraf motorik dgn muscle fiber adalah :
Neuro-muscular junction
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Neuromuscular junction
Saraf motorik A
Muscle fiber
Miofibril
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Discharge impuls ( potensial aksi )
di NMJ
Maka akan disebarkan kesemua arah - Sarcolemma
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Neuromuscular junction ( motor end plate )
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Receptor
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Neuro-muscular junction
sarcolemma
Potensial aksi
Axon knob
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Ikatan Acetylcholine dgn receptor
opened
Na influx
Closed
Na
Neurotransmitter Receptor side
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Discharge impuls ( potensial aksi )
di NMJ
Maka akan disebarkan kesemua arah - Sarcolemma
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Potensial aksi yang dirambatkandi sarcolemma / membran sel ototakan disebarkan keseluruh bagian
Otot skelet
Selanjutnya akan terjadi
Kontraksi otot
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Na+
gate
Closed
Na+
Na+
Opened
Voltage – gated sodium channels
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Saraf motorik A
Saraf motorik A
Muscle spindle
Muscle fiber
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Cholinergic receptor
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Tahapan impuls ( potensial aksi ) yang mencapai neurolemma ujung axon :
•Potensial aksi mengakibatkan voltage-gated Ca2+ channels terbuka•Ca2+ masuk kedalam sitosol – selanjutnya
Ca2+ mengaktifkan Protein-kinase.•Protein-kinase yang aktif menyebabkan terjadinya docking & exocytosis vesikel yang berisi acetylcholine ( Ach ).•Ach akan berikatan dengan cholinergic rec- tipe nicotinic
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Cholinergic receptor – nicotinic type
Sarcolemma ( membran otot rangka ) di NMJ mempunyai
-- Apabila terikat oleh Ach, maka saluran Na+ akan terbuka.
-- Pada tempat tersebut akan terjadi potensial aksi.
-- Potensial aksi akan dihantarkan kesemua arah termasuk ke membran
SARCOTUBULER SYSTEM
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Cholinergic receptor –
nicotinic type
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Acetylcholine binding site
Cholinergic receptor – nicotinic type
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Type receptor di sarcolemma tersebut adalah :
Cholinergic receptor – Nicotinic type
Receptor ini dapat dihambat oleh CURARE
Tidak dapat dihambat oleh Atropin
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Na+ channel closed
Na+ channel opened
Na+
Cholinergic receptor – nicotinic type
Vesicle
Acetlcholine
(Ach)
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Duration of action ( masa kerja ) Ach hanya beberapa milidetik, o. k. di celah sinap ( synaptic cleft ) terdapat enzin
Ach-esteraseAch-esterase yang akan memecah Ach menjadi :
Choline + Acetate
↓
Didaur ulang , masuk kedalam ujung axon , selanjutnya digunakan untuk
membentuk Ach.
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Agonis and antagonist substances on cholinergic receptor – nicotinic type
Methacholine Acetylcholine-like effect
↑↑muscle contraction
Curare Acetylcholine blocking agents
Paralyze
Neostigmine Inactivating acetylcholinesterase
Muscle spasm
Physostigmine Inactivating acetylcholinesterase
Muscle spasm
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
(nerve-gas poison)
Inactivating acetylcholinesterase
Muscle spasm
Parathion (insecticide)
Inactivating acetylcholinesterase
Muscle spasm
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