climate change mitigation saadullah ayaz

Climate Change Mitigation

IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature

Saadullah Ayaz

Climate Change Coordinator, IUCN- Pakistan

MITIGATION

Definition:

Mitigation of climate change refers to the actions taken byindividuals or corporations to reduce the greenhouse gasemissions in order to minimize their effects on global climatechange. This usually works in conjunction with national andinternational policies that minimize greenhouse gas production and


international policies that minimize greenhouse gas production andrelease into the atmosphere. Instead of trying to adapt to globalwarming, mitigation of global warming refers more to the prevention

and control of the products and actions that cause climate change.

MITIGATION OPTIONS

1. Energy Efficiency and Management

- urban planning and building design

- changing attitudes and choices

- transportation

- technological measures

- fuel switching


2. Alternate energy sources

- solar, hydel, wind and alternate options like biofuels etc.

3. Reforestation and avoided defoforestation

4. Geoengineersing

- carbon capture and storage

- solar radiation management (global dimming)

- ocean storage (use of iron)

ECONOMICS CLIMATE CHANGESterns Review. Sir Nicholas Stern- 2006

proposes stabilising the concentration of greenhouse-gasemissions in the atmosphere at a maximum of 550ppm CO2eby 2050. The Review estimates that this would mean cuttingtotal greenhouse-gas emissions to three quarters of 2007levels. The cost of these cuts would be in the range -1.0 to


levels. The cost of these cuts would be in the range -1.0 to+3.5% of GDP

The costs of stabilizing the climate are significant butmanageable; delay would be dangerous and much morecostly

The cost of in- action will be more that action

MITIGATION MECHANISMS-

THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

Adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 under the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change

The Kyoto Protocol: Aims to reduce GHG emissions by 2012 anddistinguish two types of countries:

- Annex-I countries: With binding emission targets


- Annex-I countries: With binding emission targets(41 industrialised countries):

- Non-Annex I countries: With voluntary participation(151 developing countries):

The Kyoto Protocol legally binds the Annex- I countries to reducedthere greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2 % (in average) below the1992 levels, by Year 2012

THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

MITIGATION OPTIONS

- Source oriented measures

Energy conservation and efficiency improvementFossils fuel switchingRenewable energy


- Sink enhancement measures

Capture and disposal of CO2 (under discussion)Enhancement of forest sinks (limited options)

KYOTO PROTOCOL TARGETS

Decrease avg. emissions 2008-2012 compared to 1990

USA -7%

EU -8%

Japan -6%


Japan -6%

Russian Federation 0%

all developed countries -5.2%

MAJOR GREENHOUSE GASES ADDRESSED BY KYOTO PROTOCOL

Name Formula GWP (CO2 eq.)

1. Carbon- dioxide (CO ) 1


1. Carbon- dioxide (CO2) 12. Methane (CH4) 213. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 3105. Per- fluorocarbons (PFCs) 92,004. Hydro- fluorocarbons (HFCs) 11,7006. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 23,900

The Kyoto Protocol introduces three market based flexible mechanisms for the emissions reduction:

-- Joint Implementation (JI),

MECHANISMS UNDER THE KYOTO PROTOCOL


-- Joint Implementation (JI),

- Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ), and

- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)

CDM is a market based instrument under the Kyoto Protocol ofUNFCCC:

Assists developing countries in sustainable development while atthe same time contributing to the ultimate objective of theConvention.


Developed countries to support project activities that reduceGHG emissions in the developing countries in return forCertified Emission Reductions (CERs)/ Carbon Credits.

The CERs generated by such project activities can be used bydeveloped countries as credits to meet their emissions targetsunder the Protocol.

CONCEPT OF CER/ CARBON CREDITS

Developing Country (host)

GHG Emission Projections

CERsSold to Developed country ($)

GHG

reduction


GHG Emission Projections

Baseline Scenario CDM Project

reduction

AREAS ADDRESSED BY KYOTO PROTOCOL

The KPs emissions targets cover the six main GHGs:

Name Formula GWP (CO2 eq.)

1. Carbon- dioxide (CO2) 1

2. Methane (CH4) 21

3. Nitrous oxide (N O) 310


3. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 310

5. Per- fluorocarbons (PFCs) 92,00

4. Hydro- fluorocarbons (HFCs) 11,700

6. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 23,900

Sinks (carbon sequestration)

BENEFITS FROM CDM (CARBON FINANCE)

CDM Project

(e.g., alternate energy

production)

Additional

Energy

Production

Benefits to Host country(An Example)


Certified

Emission

Reductions

Direct

Foreign

Investment &

Revenue

Carbon Credits

(Developed

country Buyer) Plus other Benefits

(Jobs, Clean Env.

Tech. Transfer)

CDM INCENTIVE FOR DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Developed countries have been subjected to legally bindingemission targets…..2008/12.

Due to un-localized nature of CO2…it does not matter forenvironment where reduction occurs.


environment where reduction occurs.

Costs of abatement or reduction of emissions :Developed Countries : U$ 50-100/ton

Developing Countries : U$ 1-10/ton

Reductions of GHG is much cheaper in developing countries.

CDM INCENTIVES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Capitalize an “unvalued” commodity…… CER

“Additional” financing for local Sustainable Developmentpriorities and as such has potential of “Catalyzing” largeForeign Direct Investment (FDI) flows


Instrument for “appropriate” Tech. Transfer

Linkage with local environmental issues – (air pollutionetc.)

Financial viability ~ Carbon financing can increaseproject Internal Rate Returns (IRRs) between 0.5 to 50%(WB)

TYPE OF CDM PROJECTS

Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral CDM projects allowed in:

Energy

- renewable/alternate energy,

- energy efficiency/conservation and cogeneration

Waste Management

- landfill gas capture


- landfill gas capture

- recycling

Transportation

- alternative fuel vehicles

- mass transit systems, cleaner engines, CNG

Industrial processes (sugar, cement, fertilizer, textile)

Land, Land use and Forestry (A/F)

Agricultural and livestock practices

CC MITIGATION IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan adopted Kyoto Protocol in 1997 acceded to it in January2005.

Pakistan established a Designated National Authority for CDM inPakistan in 2005.

A Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Cell was established in


A Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Cell was established inAug. 2005.

Pakistan National Operational Strategy for CDM has been approvedin February 2006.

Pakistan granted Host Country Approval to Three (14) CDMProjects. Expected Emission reduction 3.33 million tonnes of CO2eqv. / yr

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:

http://www.ipcc.ch/

Official CDM official Website:

ONLINE RESOURCES


Official CDM official Website:

www.cdm.unfccc.int

CDM Pakistan official Website:

http://cdmpakistan.gov.pk

Thank You


Saadullah AyazCoordinator Climate Change/Clean Air Initiate for Asian Cities

IUCN Pakistan

Email: [email protected]

climate change mitigation saadullah ayaz

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