climate 4 days of notes topic: latitude & climate objectives: –i will know what climate is...
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Climate
4 days of notes
Topic: Latitude & Climate
• Objectives:
– I will know what climate is
– I will know how latitude affects climate
– I will know where deserts and rainforests are found
Climate!?
• Remember, weather is daily changes in temperature and precipitation
• If you were to travel around the world, you would experience a variety of climates
• Climate is the characteristic weather for a certain region
• For example, a rain forest is generally wet year round and a desert is usually dry year round
• The wettest rain forest receives more than 1165cm of rain a year, while a desert receives less than 25cm of rain per year
What is Climate?What is Climate?
• Climate is the _____weather for a region over a long period of time
• It measures _____(yearly) changes in _______ and ______(how hot or how wet a region is)
• Climate is affected by:-latitude-elevation-proximity to water such as oceans-topography (mountains)
Answer Bank
warmtemperature
averageprecipitation
annualindirect23.5ºº
60o
60o
0o
30o
30o
90o
angle
60o
angle
30o
angle
Angle of Insolation Affects Climate
0o
23.5o
23.5o
• Because latitudes near the equator receive high angle direct sunlight, they are heated more and have warmer climates
• These latitudes are known as the tropics and lie between 0 and 23.5 degrees latitude
• The tropics Experience warm climates year round
Latitude Affects ClimateTropic ZonesTropic Zones
66.5o
66.5o
0o
23.5o
23.5o
• As we move farther from the equator temperatures start to get colder
• The The temperate zonestemperate zones are located between are located between 23.523.5ºº and 66.5 and 66.5ºº latitudelatitude
• Temperate zonesTemperate zones have climates that can be both warmwarm and and coldcold —or moderate year round
• We live in the temperate zone—cold winters and warm summers
Latitude Affects ClimateTemperate ZonesTemperate Zones
66.5o
66.5o
0o
23.5o
23.5o
• As latitude increases even farther, we start to move closer to the poles
• At 66.5 º north and south of the equator lie the polar zonespolar zones Solar energy hits the polar zones at a low angle (less direct), spreading the same amount of energy over a larger area
• Also polar ice reflects some of this solar energy (radiation)
• Polar zonesPolar zones are cold year round
Latitude Affects ClimatePolar ZonesPolar Zones 90o
90o
How does latitude affect climate?
• As we move farther from the equator As we move farther from the equator temperatures get coldertemperatures get colder
Tropic zones are located between 0º and _____ latitude and have ____ climates year round-- Ex: rain forest, deserts
Temperate zones are located between 23.5º and _____ latitude and have both warm and cold climates-- Ex: Maritime, Mediterranean
Polar Zones are located between 66.5º and ____ latitude and have _____climates year round— Ex: Artic, Tundra, Ice cap
Answer Bankwarm66.5ºº
Cold (2)90ºº
roundindirect23.5ºº
Latitude Effects Climate
Tropical climates are located near
the equator 0º latitude
Desert climatesare located
at around 30º North latitude
Desert climatesare located
at around 30º South latitude
30º North Latitude
30º South LatitudeHere, air is rising (doldrums)
creating low pressure (Cloudy, Rainy weather)
Equator 0º Latitude
Here, air is sinkingCreating High Pressure
(Sunny weather)
Here, air is sinkingCreating High Pressure
(Sunny weather)
Why?
Why?
30º North Latitude
30º South Latitude
Equator 0º Latitude
Warm Humid Tropical airRises at the DoldrumsOo latitude -- Equator
Whenever air rises, clouds form and we
Get precipitation
Low PressureHere we get tropical
rainforests
Air sinks at 30o
Latitude creating sunny
High Pressure
Here we get Deserts
What latitude are Rainforests and Deserts found at???
• ____ are located at ___º Latitude (equator) air rises (low pressure)
• ______ are found at around ___º Latitude- air sinks (High pressure)
Answer BankDeserts
30ººdirect
Rainforestwarm
0
Summarize:
3) Wet Tropical climates are found at ___ latitude and deserts are found at ___ latitude
1) The angle of _____ affects climate
2) High angle (90o) rays strike at the equator creating ____ tropical climates and low angle
rays create ____ climates
Answer Bank30o
warmInsolation
0o
cooler
60o
60o
0o
30o
30o
90o
angle
60o
angle
30o
angle
Topic: Factors that Affect Climate
• Objectives:
– I will know how elevation, mountains, continents, large bodies of water and ocean currents affect climate
Are We Done? No!
• As it turns out, classifying climate types is more complex
• It is true that as we move farther from the equator it gets colder, easy right?
• Unfortunately, it is not this simple• If our world had no mountains, oceans,
and seasons, then we could stop now• As we know, our world does have
mountains, oceans, and seasons—all of which change the worlds climate
Mountains, Seasons, Oceans, and Continents
making things difficult!
Elevation Affects Climate• If you were go skiing, you might notice
something as your elevation increased• At one point, you probably noticed snow on the
side of the road• This is because as your elevation increased, the
temperature decreased (as you get higher, it gets colder)
• Therefore, cities like Denver which are higher in elevation have cold or cooler climates
How does elevation effect climate?
• Because temperatures decrease with elevation, (as you get higher, it gets colder)
• High ______ climates are _____than low lying areas
Answer BankElevation
warmhumid
hottropicaldesert
Cooler(2)Condenses
cold
San FranciscoSacramento Reno
Pacific Ocean
Dew Point
The mountain forces the air to rise, as it rises, it cools below
The Dew point forming Condensation, clouds and rain
Moist air from over the ocean Moves in over
the land (wind)
The Windward side of Mountains have wet moist climates
The air is now dryHaving lost it’s moisture
Windward Leeward
The Leeward side of Mountains have dry desert climates
As the air continues to rise, it cools to the
Freezing point droppingsnowflakes
Rain Shadows
Lake Tahoe
The dry air flows over the mountain, creating
a desert on the Leeward side of
the mountain
How do Mountains Affect climate?
• The climate on the _____windward side is wet and cool
• And the climate on the _____ leeward side is dry and desert like
Please draw and label:-Windward side (wet side)-Leeward side (dry side)
Answer BankElevation
warmhumid
Windward(2)hot
tropicaldesertCooler
CondensesLeeward
cold
• Mountains create rain shadows
• Mountains force moist air up where it ____and drops its moisture on the _____side
Large Bodies of Water Effect Climate
• Coastal regions like that of the bay area experience a cooler, more humid climate
• For example, San Francisco has a cool climate year round, never getting extremely hot or extremely cold
• Why? • Because the Pacific Ocean
keeps the temperatures moderate all year long, therefore, San Francisco even in the summer stays cool!
Climate GraphsClimate GraphsHow does the ocean effect San
Francisco's climate
San FranciscoSacramentoSacramento
How do large bodies of water effect climate?
• _____ create cooler, wetter, more ____climates Ex: San Francisco,
Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii
Answer Bank
Elevationwarmhumid
Windwardhot
desertCooler(2)
Condensesoceans
cold
Ocean Currents & Climate
• Ocean currents are either warm or cold
• Because of this, ocean currents also affect coastal climate
• Warm currents from the equator create warm climates
• Cold ocean currents from the poles create cold climates
Warm currents
Cold currents
Iceland: Hot or Cold?
• With a name like Iceland, what do you think the climate of Iceland is like?
• What do you think the climate is like?
• Well, as it turns out, Iceland is not as cold as you think
• Why is this?
Iceland: Hot or Cold?
• Iceland receives water from a warm ocean current called the Gulf Stream
• Because the ocean current is warm, the climate of Iceland is also warm
Warm currents
Cold currents
How do Ocean Currents affect Climate?
• Warm ocean currents create ___climates
• Cold ocean currents create ___climates
• Ex: Iceland, England & the Gulf Stream current
Warm currents
Cold currents
Answer Bank
Elevationwarmhumid
Windwardhot
desertCooler(2)
CondensesLeeward
cold
Continental Climates• Cities which are
located in the middle of continents experience freezing winters and hot summers
• Therefore, cities like Chicago experience dramatic temperature fluctuations over the coarse of a year:
Hot summers and Cold winters
5o
0o
-10o
10o
15o
20o
25o
30o
-20o
-30o
-40o
WinterWinter
• Observe the behavior of temperature as they cross over the North American Continent
Continental Climates
• How Do temperatures increase or decrease as they cross a continent???
What happens to the temperature where continents exist???
Pangea Climate
• Remember the super continent Pangea
• One plausible theory on the extinction of the dinosaurs was that an extreme continental climate killed them
• Pangea’s climate would have experienced extremely hot summers and extremely cold winters
How do Continents affect climate?
• Continental climates (FAR FROM THE OCEAN) experience VERY ____winters and VERY ____summers
• Extreme seasons
• Ex: Chicago,
Pangaea
Answer BankElevation
warmhumid
hottropicaldesert
Cooler(2)Condenses
cold
Summarize:
Factors that influence climate
Mountains create ______ _______
Ex. Reno
Continents createExtreme ______
Ex. Chicago
Warm Ocean _____Create____climatesEx. Iceland &_______
Large bodies of____Create ____more humid
Climates Ex. San Francisco
Answer BankCurrents
WaterSeasons
Rain shadowsEnglandCoolerwarm
Topic: Climate types, Seasons & Climate Change
• Objectives:
– I will know the six basic climate types
– I will know how the season are created
– I will understand how catastrophic events have changed earth’s climate in the past
Climate Classification
• How should we classify climates?
• As it turns out, climates are classified by temperature and precipitation (how hot
or wet a place is)
• There are 6 basic climate types:
• Climate types include: Tropical Climates, Mild Climates, Dry Climates, Continental Climates, Polar, High Elevation Climates
What are the 6 basic climate types?
• _______Climates (warm and humid)
• Temperate Climates- (hot summers, cool winters)
– 2 types– Maritime (coastal)
– _________ (inland)• _____Desert Climates (Dry)
• Continental Climates (hot summers, cold winters)
• _____Climates (cold)
• High ______Climates (cold and wet)
Answer BankElevation
AwayVolcanic
Mediterraneanglacierstowardtropical
Aridtilt
PolarMeteorite
Seasons• Seasons are a natural change in the earth’s climate
• Seasons change climate by a change in daylight, temperature, and weather patterns
• These changes or variations have to do with the amount of solar radiation (energy) we receive from the sun
• Because the earth revolves around the sun tilted on its side, different parts of the earth receive varying amounts of sunlight during the coarse of a year
• This changes our weather, temperature and the amount of daylight
Season Demo
Winter(Less sunlight)
Summer(More sunlight)
Summer(More sunlight)
Winter(Less sunlight)
What are Seasons?
• Seasons are short term periods of climate change
• Seasons are the
result of earth’s
____ on it’s axis
Answer BankElevation
AwayVolcanicweakenglacierstowardtropical
Aridtilt
eastwardMeteorite
Factors that effect Climate
• Each year, we receive our seasons which give us predictable, fairly constant weather
• However, our earth was not always like this• Geologic records show that in the past, climate
changed• In the past 2 million years, glaciers have covered
large parts of the earth’s surface • These periods of extensive glacier cover are
called ice ages• Ice Ages are periods when much of our earth was
covered by huge sheets of ice called glaciers
Ice Ages• Throughout the
past 3 million years, ice ages have come and gone
• Right now, we are coming out of an ice age
• We call periods between Ice ages Interglacial intervals
• We go in and out of glacial periods on average about every 20 to 35 thousand years
What are Ice Ages?
• Ice Ages are periods when much of our earth was covered by huge sheets of ice called______
• We have been coming out of an ice age for the last 20,000-35,000 years
Answer BankElevation
AwayVolcanic
Mediterraneanglacierstowardtropical
Aridtilt
PolarMeteorite
What Causes Climate Change?
• Why does our earth’s temperature fluctuate, bringing about colder periods (Ice Ages) and warmer periods?
• Climate change on a global scale may have to do with catastrophic events
• These catastrophic events may have altered the amount of solar energy (radiation) we receive from the sun
• Does anybody know what kind of catastrophic events could cause a change in the earth’s climate?
Catastrophic Events & Climate Change
• Catastrophic events such as large meteorite impacts and volcanic eruptions put enormous amounts of dust, ash, and smoke into the atmosphere
• These dust, ash, and smoke particles could have blocked enough solar radiation that it could have had a cooling effect on the planet—changing its climate!
Volcanic Eruptions
• If enough volcanic eruptions were to occur at or near the same time, the results could have a major effect on the earth’s climate
• In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted• It put enough volcanic ash in our atmosphere to change
temperatures and climates around the world
Red areas show where ash cover was at its maximum
Mt. Pinatubo:Mt. Pinatubo: The eruption that changed earth’s climate
Meteorite Impacts• Geologic Evidence shows
that huge meteorite impacts may have also contributed to climate change
• Just like volcanic eruptions, a meteorite impact would also put enormous amounts of dust and smoke into the atmosphere, blocking solar radiation
What are 2 catastrophic events that could alter earth’s climate?
• _____eruptions and _____impacts are two catastrophic events that could block solar radiation from entering the earth, creating a cooling effect on the planet—changing its climate!
Answer BankElevation
AwayVolcanic
Mediterraneanglacierstowardtropical
Aridtilt
PolarMeteorite
Fig. 1
Summarize
• In Figure 1, it is _____ in the northern hemisphere and _____ in the southern hemisphere
• The northern hemisphere is receiving ____ hours of sunlight and the southern hemisphere is receiving ____ hours of sunlight
• Seasons are caused by the ____ ____.
• Major climate changes could be caused _____ eruptions or meteorite ____.
Answer BankSummervolcanic
Earth’s tiltWinter
impactslessmore
Topic: Humans and Climate Change
• Objectives:
– I will know how carbon circulates through our earth (carbon cycle)
– I will know what the greenhouse effect is and how humans are making it worse
– I will what global warming is and it’s consequences
Carbon is in Life (animals, plants & trees)
In the forms of Carbohydrates
C6H12O6
Carbon is in the Air
in the form of CO2
Pure Carbon is also in the ground
In the form of Rock, coal and oil
(Fossil fuels)
Over time, animals and plants die
becoming fossil fuelsCoal, Oil
Carbon Comes in Different Forms:Carbon Changes Form:
The Burning of Trees and Fossil Fuels
(Coal and Oil) release CO2
back into the atmosphere
Plants and Trees take in CO2
Through Photosynthesis
It is converted into Oxygen O2
and Carbohydrates C6H12O6
CO2+ H2O O2 + C6H12O6
What is the Carbon Cycle?
• The movement, circulation and ______of carbon through out the earth (air, ground and life) in the form of CO2 in the air, carbohydrates in Life and fossil fuels in the earth 2
Answer BankGasesstoragePollutionchange
methaneTrapping
seaCarbon dioxide
Carbon Cycle and Humans• Today the carbon cycle is out of balance due to
the burning of trees which remove carbon or CO2 from the air
• Moreover, cars and factories burn fossil fuels (coal, oil) which release more Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) into our air
How are Humans affecting the Carbon Cycle?
• The carbon cycle is out of balance due to the burning of trees or _______ and coal, oil (fossil fuels) which release CO2 into our atmosphere
Answer BankGases
greenhousePollutionchange
methaneTrapping
seadeforestation
Humans and Climate Change
• Today, many newspapers and magazine headlines warn us about the greenhouse effect and global warming
• These two things are related but not the same thing
• Humans may be altering the earth’s climate by speeding up the green house effect by pumping billions of tons of greenhouse gases into our atmosphere every year
Greenhouse Effect• The greenhouse effect is
natural heating caused by gases in our atmosphere trapping or absorbing heat
• Carbon dioxide, water vapor and methane are the main greenhouse gas responsible for trapping much of that heat
• Venus has a major greenhouse effect because its atmosphere is made mostly of Carbon Dioxide
• The greenhouse effect is similar to what is happening on the inside of your car on a hot summer day
Solar Energy from the sun (radiation) passes through the atmosphere
and warms the earth
The earth’s surface radiates heat waves back into our atmosphere
Some heat escapes
These greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, and water vapor)
absorb or trap this heat, keeping our atmosphere warm
As we humans add more Greenhouse Gases (CO2, methane, water vapor) to our
atmosphere, global temperatures will rise
Greenhouse EffectAbout 1% of earth’s atmosphere
is made of greenhouse gases:(CO2, methane, water vapor)
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
• Natural heating caused by ____in our atmosphere _____heat, keeping our planet warm
• _____ ______(CO2), water vapor and _____are the main greenhouse gas responsible for trapping heat
• The use of _____ fuels has made the greenhouse effect worse-trapping more heat
Answer BankGases
greenhousefossil
changemethaneTrapping
seaCarbon dioxide
Global Warming
• Simply put, global warming simply means global temperatures are rising
• One reason for global warming is the increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere
• If the average temperature continues to rise, ice caps will melt, low lying areas will experience flooding
• Ice caps are already beginning to break apart, causing a rise in sea level
• Should you be concerned if you lived on the east coast or gulf coast areas?
• What an 8 foot rise in sea level would look like!
Sea Level Rise
Mt. Kilimanjaro: Before & After
• Before: Mt. Kilimanjaro in 1976
• After: Mt. Kilimanjaro in 2006
North Ice Cap—Before and After
• Before: North Pole Ice Cap in 1976
• After: North Pole Ice Cap today
What If?• So what if the theory of global warming isn’t true
and skeptics are right???• What if the 99.9% of the scientist’s who accept
global warming are wrong?• But consider this:
-What’s the worst that could happen?-We clean our air-We clean our water-We create more clean energy jobs, jobs of the future-We no longer see environmental damage like oil spills and potential loss of life
What is Global Warming?
• A rise in global temperatures due to an increase in _____ gases, mainly (CO2 )
• A small increase in global temperatures can result in– climate ____– melted glaciers– rise in ___ level– Increase in global disease– More animal extinction– Increase in droughts and floods
Answer BankGases
greenhousePollutionchange
methaneTrapping
seaCarbon dioxide
Summary• A gas that increases the greenhouse
effect is _____. • The ________ effect is the natural
heating caused by gases in our atmosphere absorbing _____, keeping our planet warm
• When gas, oil, and coal are burned, _____ is released into the atmosphere
Answer BankGreenhouse
heatatmosphere
(2)CO2