classification of life chapter 17. classification of life 2 what am i??? what is my name???
TRANSCRIPT
Classification of LifeChapter 17
Classification of Life
2
What am I???
What is my name???
Why Classify?
1.There are _______ known species of organisms
2.This is only __________ organisms that ever lived!!!!!
3.___________are still being found and identified
3
13 billion
5% of all
New organisms
New Species of 2008 - 2009
4
What is Classification?
4)___________is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities
5) Classification is also known as __________
6) __________are scientists that identify & name organisms
5
Classification
taxonomy
Taxonomists
Benefits of Classifying
7)________________names organisms
8) Classification Prevents _____ such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish •Uses _________________for all names
6
Sea”horse”??
I’m no horse
Accurately & uniformly
misnomers
same language (Latin)
And I’m no
fish!!
Why Latin10) It is a dead ___________, no one speaks it.
11) So, it doesn’t ___________!12) It was the __________ language of the day!
13) Everybody in the world can use it, no matter what ____________they speak.
7
language chang
escientificlanguage
Confusion in Using Different Languages for
Names
8
Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists because
it is a __________ name
9
Scientific
Common names for: Mountain lion, Cougar, Deer tiger
Red tiger, Catamount, Panther
10
Latin Name: Puma concolor (scientific
name)
Early Taxonomists
14) 2000 years ago,_________ wasthe first taxonomist15) Aristotle divided organisms into two groups:____________ 16)He ________them by their_________ :land, sea, or air dwellers
11
Aristotle
plants & animalssubdividedhabitat
Early Taxonomists17)_________, a
botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming
18) His names were very long. The descriptions tell everything about the plant 12
John Ray
Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778
19)18th century taxonomist
20) Classified organisms by their structure
21) Developed the naming system still used today
13
Carolus Linnaeus
22) Called the “Father of Taxonomy”
23) Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature
24) Two-word name (Genus & species)
14
Binomial nomenclature
25) Binomial nomenclature used Genus species26) Latin or Greek27) Italicized in print28) Capitalize genus, but NOT species29) Underline when writing
15
Turdus migratorius
American Robin
Binomial Nomenclature
16
Which TWO are more closely related?
Classification Groups
30)________ (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed
31) There is a ___________of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific
32) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
17
Taxon
hierarchy
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
DomainKingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class Order Family
Genus Species
18
BROADEST TAXON
Most Specific
DumbKing
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!
19
20
Domains
33) Broadest, most inclusive taxon
34) Three domains35) Archaea and Eubacteria
are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
Two types of BACTERIA36) The third domain, Eukarya
are more complex and have a nucleus and are membrane-bound organelles
21
Two Views of Life’s Organization – Domains and Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Domain ARCHAEA
37) Live in HARSH environments
38) Found in: most are anaerobic (add) but all are heterotrophic39) Sewage Treatment Plants40) Thermal or Volcanic Vents41) Hot Springs or Geysers that
are acid42) Very salty water (Dead
Sea; Great Salt Lake)23
24
ARCHAEAN
A Deep Sea Thermal Vent – Prime Habitat for Archaean Extremophiles
Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park – Another “Hot” Site for Archaebacteria
Prospecting for Archaebacteria in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool
Although Archaea were first discovered in extreme environments, it’s important to realize they’re found everywhere, not just in harsh conditions.
Domain EUBACTERIA
43) Some may cause DISEASE44) Found in ALL HABITATS
except harsh ones45) Important decomposers
for environment46) Commercially important
in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
28
29
Live in the intestines of animals
Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms47) Protista (protozoans,
algae…)48) Fungi (mushrooms,
yeasts …)49) Plantae (Multicellular
plants)50)Animalia (Multicellular
animals) 30
Kingdom Protista51) Most are unicellular52) Some are multicellular53) Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic54) Are Aquatic
31
Kingdom Fungi55)Multicellular, except yeast
56) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)
57) Cell walls made of chitin
32
Kingdom Plantae58) Multicellular59) Autotrophic60) Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis61) Cell walls made of cellulose
33
34
Kingdom Animalia
62) Multicellular
63) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)
64) Feed on plants or animals
34
5 Kingdom vs. 6 Kingdom65) 5 Kingdom: Monera,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
66) 6 Kingdom: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Used today.
67) Reason to divide Monera: Bacteria had different structures in their ribosomes and their cell walls.
35
Five-Kingdom System
Madder: Biology 8th Ed.
Six Kingdom System
38
Taxons
•Most ______ (genus) contain a number of similar species
•The genus ______ is an exception (only contains modern humans)
•Classification is based on __________ relationships
39
genera
Homo
evolutionary
40
How Living Things Are Classified• Modern taxonomists use the following classification system
Phylum
FamilyFamily
GenusGenus
SpeciesSpecies
ClassOrderOrder
Kingdom Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia RodentiaCarnivora
CaviidaeProcyonidae
Cavia
Cavia porcellusProcyon lotor
Procyon Same species means they can breed!!!
Scientific Names are in LATIN!!!
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
71) ___________ (same structure, different function don’t have common ancestors)
72) Similar _____________ patterns.73) Molecular Similarity in
DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins
42
Homologous
Embryo development
43
74) _____________ Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.
Homologous
Phylogenetic Classification: Models80) Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a speciesOrganisms are classifiedWithin the same group!!!
81) Cladistics: Type of phylogeny that assumes that groups of organism evolve from a common ancestor, keeping unique inherited characteristics. This can be demonstrated by a cladogram.
75) CladogramDiagram showing how organisms are
related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales
45
Dichotomous Keying76)Used to
______organisms77) Characteristics given
in ________78) Read both
characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism
46
identify
pairs
Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 21b Tentacles absent – Go to 32a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2b More than 8 tentacles – 33a Tentacles hang down – go to 43b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
47
Classifying Organisms
79) Bacteria – the Most Abundant Cells Classification based on _________
There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living since the dawn of humans.
shape
What Good Are Bacteria?
A lot of bacteria are the primary 82) recyclers of materials in the environment.83) What
What Good Are Bacteria?
Bacteria are also essential for many processes we depend on – sewage treatment, cheese production, antibiotic production, and biotechnological processes like gene cloning and protein production.
Study the data table below. Which statement has correctly identified the typical characteristics of a prokaryotic
cell (two students).
52
Organism Characteristics
Statement Characteristics
1 Archaebacteria have membrane-bound DNA
2 Archaebacteria have cell membranes that contain lipids not found in any other organism
3 Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
4 Archaebacteria lack DNA and store their genetic information on proteins
2 & 3
To which group does an organism with the following characteristics belong?
53
• prokaryotic• unicellular• unique ribosomal RNA • commonly found in harsh environments
• commonly found in anaerobic environmentsA. ProtistaB. FungiC.
Eubacteria
D. Archaebacteria
D.
Which kingdom includes organisms with specialized cells that perform individual functions?
A. PlantaeB. MoneraC. EubacteriaD. Archaebacteria
54
A.
A scientist is given several bacterial samples. Which characteristic can be used to classify the bacteria as either Eubacteria or Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom classification system?A. The presence of DNAB. How the bacteria moveC. How the bacteria ingest foodD. The structure of ribosomal RNA
55
D.
Which statement correctly describes the main difference between the five-kingdom and the six-kingdom system for classification?A. Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Protista and Fungi in the six-kingdom systemB. Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom systemC. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Monera in the six-kingdom systemD. Fungi and Protista in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Eubacteria in the six-kingdom system. 56
B.
Student A Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Protista and fungi in the six-kingdom system
Student B Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom system.
Student C Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Monera in the six-kingdom system
Student D Fung and Protista in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Eubacteria in the six kingdom system.
57
Study the table below. Which student correctly compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Student Eukaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Prokaryote
1 Simple Complex Yes No No Yes
2 Simple Complex Yes Yes No No
3 Complex Simple Yes Yes Yes Yes
4 Complex Simple Yes No Yes no
Internal Structure
Nucleus Present
Membrane-Bound
Organelles
D.A. Student 1B. Student 2C. Student 3D. Student 4
Virus – Non Living
58
Viewing VirusesViruses are
smaller than the smallest cell
Viruses couldn’t be seen until the electron microscope was invented in the 20th century
59
Size of Viruses
60
Viral Structure
61
Characteristics
Non living structuresNoncellularContain a protein coat called
the capsidHave a nucleic acid core
containing DNA or RNACapable of reproducing only
when inside a HOST cell62
Characteristics
Some viruses are enclosed in an protective envelopeSome viruses may
have spikes to help attach to the host cellMost viruses
infect only SPECIFIC host cells 63
CAPSID
ENVELOPE
DNA
SPIKES
Characteristics
Outside of host cells, viruses are inactive
They Lack ribosomes and enzymes needed for metabolism
Use the raw materials and enzymes of the host cell to be able to reproduce
64
EBOLA VIRUS
HIV VIRUS
Characteristics
Some viruses cause disease for example:
Smallpox, measles, mononucleosis, influenza, colds, warts, AIDS, Ebola
Some viruses may cause some cancers like leukemia
65
MEASLES
Viral Shapes
Viruses come in a variety of shapes
Some may be helical shape like the Ebola virus
Some may be polyhedral shapes like the influenza virus
Others have more complex shapes like bacteriophages
66
Helical Viruses
67
Complex Viruses
68
Polyhedral Viruses
69
Herpes Virus
70
SIMPLEX I and II
Adenovirus
71
COMMON COLD
Influenza Virus
72
Chickenpox Virus
73
Bacteriophages
74
Phages
Viruses that attack bacteria are called bacteriophage or just phage
T-phages are a specific class of bacteriophages with icosahedral heads, double-stranded DNA, and tails
75
Diagram of T-4 Bacteriophage
Head with 20 triangular surfaces
Capsid contains DNA
Head & tail fibers made of protein
76
Retroviruses
77
Characteristics of Retroviruses
Contain RNA, not DNAContain enzyme called
Reverse TranscriptaseWhen a retrovirus infects a
cell, it injects its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cytoplasm of that cell
78
Retroviruses
HIV, the AIDS virus, is a retrovirus
Feline Leukemia Virus is also a retrovirus
79
Viroids & Prions
80
ViroidsSmall, circular
RNA molecules without a protein coat
Infect plants
81
PrionsPrions are
“infectious proteins” They are normal
body proteins that get converted into an alternate configuration by contact with other prion proteins
They have no DNA or RNA
The main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases is called “PrP”
82
Prion Diseases
Prions form insoluble deposits in the brain
Causes neurons to rapidly degeneration.
Mad cow disease: degeneration of brain and spinal cord.
83
Viral Replication
84
Viral Attack
Viruses are very specific as to which species they attackHOST specificHumans rarely share viral
diseases with other animalsEukaryotic viruses usually
have protective envelopes made from the host cell membrane 85
5 Steps of Lytic Cycle
1. Attachment to the cell2. Penetration (injection) of
viral DNA or RNA3. Replication (Biosynthesis) of
new viral proteins and nucleic acids4. Assembly (Maturation) of
the new viruses 5. Release of the new viruses
into the environment (cell lyses)
86
Bacteriophage Replication
Bacteriophage inject their nucleic acid
They lyse (break open) the bacterial cell when replication is finished
87
Treatment for Viral Disease
88
Vaccines
An attenuated virus is a weakened, less vigorous virus“Attenuate" refers to procedures
that weaken an agent of disease (heating)A vaccine against a viral disease
can be made from an attenuated, less virulent strain of the virusAttenuated virus is capable of
stimulating an immune response and creating immunity, but not causing illness 89
Other Viral Treatments
Interferon are naturally occurring proteins made by cells to fight viruses
Genetic altering of viruses (attenuated viruses)
Antiviral drugs (AZT)
Protease inhibitors – prevent capsid formation 90