classical conditioning. it’s unconditioned because it happens automatically!
TRANSCRIPT
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Classical Conditioning
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It’s unconditioned
because it happens
automatically!
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Neutral Stimulus No Response
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How do we make the bell a stimulus?
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Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
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Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
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Terms to Know:• Unconditioned Stimulus (US): an event that elicits a certain
predictable response without previous training
• Unconditioned Response (UR): an organism’s automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned Response (CR): the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
• Often, the unconditioned response and the conditioned response are the same thing.
• Classical conditioning generally deals with involuntary responses.
2 More Things:
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xg3WuvCrIZg
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Ivan Pavlov
Russian scientist whose studies gave rise to the study of behaviorism. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1904 for his
work with digestion.
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Acquiring a Conditioned Response
• Occurs gradually
• Is strengthened the more often the US and CS are paired
• Optimal timing to create a CR is to offer the CS half a second before the US
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Generalization
When an organism responds to a second stimulus that is similar to the original CS without any training.
Hmmm…that sounds a lot like that bell I’ve been hearing lately.
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Discrimination
the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
You may have fooled me before, but
I’ve learned the difference between
a bell and a phone.
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Extinction
the gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the CS
spontaneous recovery: when the CR appears out of the blue some time later
=
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Taste Aversions
CS CR US UR
Trying escargot Throwing up Getting the flu Throwing up
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CS CR US URSound of a drill Anxiety Pain at the
dentist’s officeAnxiety
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CS CR US UR
Fiat Happiness Jennifer Lopez Happiness
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CS CR US UR
Flashing police car lights
Distress Speeding ticket Distress
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Operant Conditioning
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Hmm…how can I get the food???
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQtDTdDr8vs
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B. F. Skinner
Behavior is influenced by a
person’s history of rewards and
punishments.
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Reinforcement:
An event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
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Punishment
An event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
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? What are some common reinforcements? Some common punishments?
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Reinforcement Punishment
= a good or bad thing= giving or taking away
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Positive Reinforcement Great job! You’ve really
gotten good at this! A+
We are giving (+) a good thing (+).
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Punishment Stupid boy, you will have to stay after
every day until you get the hang of
this!We are giving (+) a bad thing (-).
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or…
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PunishmentStupid boy, I am
telling your parents to take your phone
away!We are taking
away (-) a good thing (+).
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Negative Reinforcement Great job! I think you can stop coming after school every day!
We are taking away (-) a negative thing (+).
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Escape Conditioning
A type of negative reinforcement in which the subject behaves in a way that allows them to escape an
unpleasant event.
Behavior:Whining and Gagging When
Served a Disliked Food
Negative Reinforcement: Removing the Disliked Food
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Avoidance Conditioning
A type of negative reinforcement in which the subject behaves in a way that allows them to avoid an unpleasant event altogether (the
event never even occurs because of their behavior).
Behavior:Whining and Gagging When You
See the Unwanted Food
Negative Reinforcement:Putting the Disliked Food Back
in the Fridge
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Schedules of Reinforcement
When should reinforcement occur? How can you maximize the impact of the reinforcement?
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Continuous Reinforcement: reinforces the desired response each time it occurs
Partial Reinforcement: reinforces the desired response only part of the time
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And the Winner Is…
PartialReinforcement
Behaviors acquired on a partial
reinforcement schedule are
established more slowly but are more
persistent.
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FixedRatio
FixedInterval
Variable Ratio
Variable Interval
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FixedRatio
FixedInterval
Variable Ratio
Variable Interval
A set number of responses must occur before
reinforcement is given.
A set amount of time must elapse before reinforcement
is given.
An unpredictable number of responses must occur before
reinforcement is given.
An unpredictable amount of time must elapse before reinforcement is given.
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FixedRatio
A set number of responses must occur
before reinforcement is given.
Typist paid by number of pages typed.
Dentist paid for each cavity filled.Child given a sticker for every
third chore they complete.
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FixedIntervalA set amount of time must elapse before
reinforcement is given.
An employee gets a raise every year.
A plumber gets paid for every hour he works.
A commuter willingly waits for the bus because they know it comes every 15
minutes.
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VariableRatio
An unpredictable number of responses must occur before reinforcement is
given.
A gambler wins the jackpot on a slot machine.
A door to door salesman occasionally sells his product.
A student receives praise for answering questions.
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VariableInterval
An unpredictable amount of time must elapse
before reinforcement is given.
A fisherman puts his line over and eventually catches a fish.
A baby’s cries are eventually responded to by the parent.
You’re put on hold while on the phone, but eventually someone takes your call.
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Fixed Ratio? Fixed Interval?Variable Ratio? Variable Interval?
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Putting It All Together…
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Shaping
The process by which
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Chaining
The process by which
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Effectiveness
Whether or not a particular stimulus is a reinforcement or a punishment depends on the effect the stimulus has on the
learner. What works for some will not necessarily work for others.
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Reinforcement Gone Bad…
You’ve been so
good. Why don’t w
e
go get a
cheeseburger as a
special treat???
Ugh. I hate
cheeseburgers.
Why bother
behaving if
that’s the treat?
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Punishment Gone Bad…I want some
attention! I think I’ll have a tantrum…
Knock it off! What are you thinking? I can’t believe you’re acting like that. You need to stop that right now,
young lady. I’m going to make you sit right
here with me until you stop.
Hey, I got some attention. Maybe I’ll try it again!