Chapter 6: Learning

Classical Conditioning

Ivan _________ Terminology

______________ Stimulus (UCS) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) ___________ Response (CR)

Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus

Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical conditioning

Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear response

Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning

_________ Extinction Spontaneous recovery Stimulus _____________ Stimulus discrimination __________ conditioning

Figure 6.6 Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

Figure 6.8 Higher-order conditioning

Operant Conditioning

B.F. _________ (1953) – principle of ______________ “Skinner box” Emission of response Reinforcement _____________ ___________ recorder

Figure 6.9 Reinforcement in operant conditioning

Figure 6.10 Skinner box and cumulative recorder

Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning

Acquisition _________ Extinction ________ Control

Generalization ______________

Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical and Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement:Consequences that Strengthen Responses

_________ Reinforcers Satisfy _________ needs

_________ Reinforcers __________ reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

______________ reinforcement ____________ (partial)

reinforcement ______ schedules

Fixed Variable

_______ schedules Fixed Variable

Figure 6.13 Schedules of reinforcement and patterns of response

Consequences:Reinforcement and Punishment

Increasing a response: _________ reinforcement = response

followed by rewarding stimulus _________ reinforcement = response

followed by removal of an aversive stimulus Escape learning Avoidance learning

Decreasing a response: ___________ Problems with punishment

Figure 6.14 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement

Figure 6.15 Escape and avoidance learning

Figure 6.16 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment

Changing Directions in the Studyof Conditioning

Biological ___________ on Conditioning Instinctive Drift Conditioned Taste _________ Arbitrary vs. _________ conditioned stimuli

___________ Influences on Conditioning _______ learning Signal relations Response-outcome relations

Figure 6.19 Latent learning

Observational Learning

Albert _________ __________ learning

Basic processes attention retention _____________ motivation

Figure 6.20 Observational learning