city networks: learning through patnerships
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City Networks: Learning through Patnerships. Zaragoza, Water Tribune 2008 Mila Freire The World Bank. Outline. Cities in Development – shifting paradigms Urbanization: from burden to opportunity The role of public policy – easying the process The challenges of servicing fast growing cities - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
City Networks:Learning through Patnerships
Zaragoza, Water Tribune 2008
Mila Freire
The World Bank
Outline Cities in Development – shifting paradigms
Urbanization: from burden to opportunity The role of public policy – easying the process The challenges of servicing fast growing cities Cities and global goods – climate change
City Networks Rapid growth in number and themes Sector issues, policy concerns Reaching the less able; sharing the fruits of
knowledge
Cities in Development Old paradigm
Too rapid urbanization; too large cities; Increasing slums and poverty Discourage migration to cities
New paradigm Economic growth and change in structure
happens with concentration of people in towns Density is needed for productivity growth The challenge: how to ease urbanization
process, while minimizing congestion costs City population expected to double in 30 years Climate change – the new urgent agenda
Richer countries have higher urbanization and density rates
Richer countries are denser GDP per capita
grows with urbanization
Non-linear relation More rapid in the
beginning Slower at higher
levels of development
Belize
China
Botswana
IndiaBrazil
EgyptKorea
Germany
Japan
Norway
USA
South Africa
Ethiopia
0.2
.4.6
.81
Aggl
omer
atio
n In
dex
0 10 20 30 40GDP per capita (thousands, PPP, 2000 constant US$)
Economic growth brings change Secondary sector
increases its share in GDP; tertiary sector even more.
Dispersed activities (i.e. agricultura) are replaced by more concentrated activities – manufacturing
Services become a predominant sector
Change is common in developped and developing countries
Cities: engines of growth and service providers Within the uneveness of development some basic rules
to help urbanization process Basic services need to be provided to everyone regardless
whether in lagging or leading regions Lack of services (access to water, education, health) should
not be the determinant for migration; but differences in productivity and income.
Provision of water - part of the poverty-alleviation and part of the ammenity and business climate agenda
As urbanization continues, investment in connectivity (urban transport) is required
Targetted policies to promote inclusion (slums or informality) become the main policies. Again, availability of water and sanitation is the most
effecive way to improve well-being at lower income levels,
Preparing for the future: Cities expansion: sprawl? Density? Angel projects a trippling of built land for a doubling
of urban population? Accurate of not, makes one think.
Increased demand for land? Consequences on need for infrastructure, including
water? Is water availability a variable in the way our
cities are and will be growing? Is water being priced correctly? Lessons from Los Angeles or Phoenix Water disputes in West California.
The big challenge: A billion in slums
Sustainable Cities Cities contribute for 60-70% of C02 emmissions
The relation of C02 (per capita) grows at first but then declines as consumers become more aware of th need to be energy efficient
Industrialzed cities have initiated very important initiatives to curb influence of cities in CO2 emissions: Urban transport Building codes Encouragement to density (against sprawl)
Adaptation: the challenge for cities in poored countries Arid cities – lack of water Coastal cities – possible flooding and loss of assets
The challenge: knowledge and governance
Urban vulnerability to climate change
DIRECT IMPACTS Sea level rise Flooding and
landslides Heat waves Water scarcity Decreasing water
quality Worsening air quality Ground ozone
formation Djibouti-Ville flooded in April 2004
Urban vulnerability to climate change
INDIRECT IMPACTS Frequency, intensity of
natural disasters Accelerated
urbanization Environmental refugees Increased energy
demand for heating or cooling
Epidemics, worsening public health
Availability and pricing of foodstuff
Environmental refugees Djibouti, October 2004
2. City Networks City networks emerge from the need and “joy” to
share knowlege, experiences and successes. Can be national, regional and global. At present one has more than
20 global city networks More than 30 Regional networks More than 100 National Netowrks With webb pages, publication and regular stream of
information. Probably thousand of twin-cities arrangements, ad-
hoc meetings and exchange programs. Excludes networks focused on specific sectors
Types of City Networks
Global networks
13%
Regional networks
12%
National networks
75%
Global Networks Are organized by themes
Eclei, C-40 for environment CA for urban upgrading and city development
strategy UCLG to represent a whole range of matters of
concern to municipalities, probably the most representative of the global networks
Have increasing political voice Often associated with UN Financed by bilateral and multilateral
donors Technically important
Sector City Networks GHG abatement initiatives
ICLEI “Cities for Climate Change” program C40 cities partnership Clinton Foundation World Economic Forum Carbon financing, carbon trading markets DOE “Clean Cities” EU incentives system for local governments
Regional Networks
Important to share issues typical of each region
Special important in Europe including Eurocities Latin America Asia Africa has a continental progrqam (MDP)
UCLG has chapters in each Region
Country Networks Particular active in Asia (37)
Philipines (4), Indonesia (5), Japan (9), India, Australia (3), South Korea
Latin America (16) Brazil (3), Argentina (3), Mexico (2), El Salvador, Chile (2),
Bolivia Europe and Central Asia (21)
Bulgaria (3), Poland (2) Europe (24) North America; USA (3), Mexico (1), Canada (1) Africa
South Africa has two active associations Most African countries have municipal associations Very important role played in the Rwanda reconciliation
process
Country networks (cont.) National networks are particularly
important in matters of decentralization, tax policy and policy reform
Brazil municipal associations were fundamental to give municipalities full power as federative entity during 1988 constitutional reform
Honduras and Philipines associations have major role in discussing revenue share, and progressive decentralization of responsibilities
Water-city Networks Water city networks were probably the first networks to be
created in the world Water rights and negotiations have been among the first
documents to be found How to use, allocate and solve dispute water uses have
illustrated and facilitate the exchanges accross cities
At present, most of the global, regional and country networks have chapters focused on water issues.
And thousands of cities, regions and NGOs have their own associations dealing with water and watr management.
EUKN, Eurocities, Urbact, and other networks are associated The major challenge for most of the networks – from a
development view point is whether local knowledge can be leveraged and shared especially with poorer municipalities and local governments.
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