HOW TO PROPERLY CITE SOURCES BOTH NARRATIVELY AND PARENTHETICALLY

Citing Sources

First Step: Create Works Cited

Create works cited/ working bibliographyThis is so you know what the first word/s of

the entry are, so you will know what gets included in the in-text citation

Bird, Big. “The Fluffy Feathers.” Sunny Skies 49.2 (2007): 45-54.

Bird is the key for the in-text citation

When to Cite Sources in paper

Whenever you quote from a source.

When borrowing ideas from a source, even when you use your own words by paraphrasing or summarizing.

When you borrow factual information from a source that is not common knowledge.

The Basics of In-text Citations

As close as possible to the borrowed materialNeed two pieces of info: what source from

(which will match the works cited) and page number (if available)

Two ways to achieve the transmission of this info: Parenthetical in-text citation Narrative in-text citation

Parenthetical In-text Citations

Short-hand publication info in parenthesisThe first word/s on works cited will appear in

the parenthesis along with page number (exceptions will apply)

Ya ya ya ya “ya ya ya ya” ya ya (Bird 48).Notice: no comma between author and page

number.Notice: period comes at end

Example

From the very beginning of Sesame Street in 1969, kindergarten teachers discovered that incoming students who had watched the program already knew their ABCs (Chira 13).

Example Explicated

The parenthetical tells readers two things: The info about Sesame Street came from somewhere

other than the writer…in this case Chira. The ideas came from page 13 in Chira’s work

The full bibliographic information appears on the Works Cited page at the end of the essay Chira, Susan. “Sesame Street At 20: Taking

Stock.” New York Times 15 Nov. 1989: 13. Lexis Nexis. Web. 7 July 2010.

Narrative in-text citations

Cite this way the first time you introduce a source

Citing source is done at the sentence level rather than in parenthesis

Page numbers must still appear in parenthesis

“One thing is clear,” writes Thomas Mallon, “plagiarism didn’t become a truly sore point with writers until they thought of writing as their trade […] Suddenly his capital and identity were at stake” (3-4).

Example Explicated

Author’s last name omitted in parenthesis because it appeared in the narrative.

Page numbers still in parenthetical

Ellipsis […] used when parts of the original quotation are left out.

When there is No Author

Some sources are anonymousCite the first word/words that appear on the

Works Cited typically the article titleTruncate the title if it is long to the first few

key wordsInclude page number

Example of No Author (parenthetical)

The Works Cited entry is as follows: “Getting Yours: A Publicity and Funding

Primer for Nonprofit Organizations.”People 32.1 (2002): 3-12.

Example: Simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (“Getting Yours” 3).

Example of No Author (narratively)

The Works Cited entry is as follows: “Getting Yours: A Publicity and Funding

Primer for Nonprofit Organizations.”People 32.1 (2002): 3-12.

Example: (assume the article has been previously introduced)

According to “Getting Yours,” simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (3).

When there are multiple works by the same author

Parenthetical citation that lists only author and page number is not enough to distinguish.

Include author’s name, abbreviated title, and page number.

“Blah blah blah” (Bird, “Getting Yours” 34).“Blah blah blah” (Bird, “Write to Learn” 678).

The Works Cited for Multiples:

Murray, Donald M. Teach Writing: A Practical Method of Teaching Composition. Boston: Houghton, 1968.

Murray, Donald M. Write to Learn. 3rd ed.Fort Worth: Holt, 1990.

Example: Multiple Works by Same Author

The thing that distinguishes the amateur from the experienced writer is focus; one “rides off in all directions at once,” and the other finds one meaning around which everything revolves (Murray, Write to Learn 92).

Notice: a comma between name and title, but no comma between title and page

Using narrative citations

Narrative “lead-in” can come at the beginning, middle, or end of sentence Vary the way you use lead-ins and the words you use

to representThe first time used, introduce fullySubsequent times used, can refer to last

name or truncated titleIf page numbers available, be sure to put

those in parenthesis as well

List of Active Lead-in PhrasesAcceptsAcknowledgesAddsAffirmsAgreesArguesAssertsBelievesCautionsChallengesClaims

CommentsConfirmsContendsContradictsConcedesDeclaresDeniesDescribesDisagreesDiscussesDisputesEmphasizesEndorsesExplains

List of Active Lead-in Phrases

GrantsHighlightsImpliesInsistsMaintainsNegatesNotesObservesOutlinesProposesRefutes

RejectsReportsRespondsShowsSuggestsThinksUrgesVerifiesWrites

First introduction to a source

use a narrative lead-in Give the author’s full name and credentials Current title/position, level of expertise, background Include year published to establish currency If appearing in a larger publications (articles) include

name of publication: The New York Times, The Huffington Post, etc.

Boosts ethos Once established, the last-name only is sufficient

Multiple Authors

If a source has more than one author, list them in the same order that appears on Works Cited

Ex: Herman, Brown, and Martel predict dramatic changes in the earth’s climate in the next 200 years.

NOT in alphabetical order!

No Page Numbers

Many internet cites don’t have page numbers; DO NOT NUMBER PAGES YOURSELF.

PDF files often have them, but HTML files don’t

Just list the author or title in the parenthetical.

You can label paragraphs as: (Smith para. 3)

Example without Page Numbers

It is now theoretically possible to recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell (Thomas).

It is now theoretically possible, poses Thomas, to recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell.

Final Thoughts

Balance the number of narrative citations and the number of parenthetical citations

Don’t sound like a broken record (ie: Don’t start each sentence with: According to Bird…)

Be sure to cite everything borrowedBe sure to cite correctlyStart with a works cited!

Weekly Homework

Read and Summarize: Ethics (pick 2 of 3)“It’s Time for a Real Code of Ethics in Teaching” pg. 195“A Question of Honor” pg. 199 “Harvard Cheating Scandal: Can an Honor Code Prevent Cheating at Harvard?” pg. 215

Due Friday before class! Post to Discussion Forum (Forum #5) Due Friday by 11:59pm Read: Joining the Conversation: Chapter 21 Using MLA Style or Chapter 22 Using APA Style