chess openings

31/07/2015 ChessopeningWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening 1/20

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Thestartingpositionofchess

Contents

1Aimsoftheopening1.1Commonaimsinopeningplay1.2Toplevelobjectives

2Openingrepertoires3Openingnomenclature4Classificationofchessopenings

4.1Opengames:1.e4e54.2Semiopengames:1.e4,Blackplaysotherthan1...e54.3Closedgames:1.d4d54.4IndianDefenseSystems:1.d4Nf64.5OtherBlackresponsesto1.d44.6Flankopenings(includingEnglish,Rti,Bird's,andWhitefianchettos)

ChessopeningFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Achessopeningisthegroupofinitialmovesofachessgame.RecognizedsequencesofinitialmovesarereferredtoasopeningsbyWhite,ordefensesbyBlack,butopeningisalsousedasthegeneralterm.Therearemanydozensofdifferentopenings,andhundredsofnamedvariants.TheOxfordCompaniontoChesslists1,327namedopeningsandvariants.[1]Thesevarywidelyincharacterfromquietpositionalplaytowildtacticalplay.Inadditiontoreferringtospecificmovesequences,theopeningisthefirstphaseofachessgame,theotherphasesbeingthemiddlegameandtheendgame.

Asequenceofopeningmovesthatisconsideredstandard(oftencataloguedinareferenceworksuchastheEncyclopaediaofChessOpenings)isreferredtoas"thebookmoves",orsimply"book".Thesereferenceworksoftenpresentthesemovesequencesinsimplealgebraicnotation,openingtrees,ortheorytables.Whenagamebeginstodeviatefromknownopeningtheory,theplayersaresaidtobe"outofbook".Insomeopeninglines,themovesconsideredbestforbothsideshavebeenworkedoutfortwentytotwentyfivemovesormore.Someanalysisgoestothirtyorthirtyfivemoves,asintheclassicalKing'sIndianDefenseandintheSveshnikovandNajdorfvariationsoftheSicilianDefense.[2]Professionalchessplayersspendyearsstudyingopenings,andcontinuedoingsothroughouttheircareers,asopeningtheorycontinuestoevolve.Playersattheclublevelalsostudyopeningsbuttheimportanceoftheopeningphaseissmallertheresincegamesarerarelydecidedintheopening.Thestudyofopeningscanbecomeunbalancedifitistotheexclusionoftacticaltrainingandmiddlegameandendgamestrategy.[3]

Anewsequenceofmovesintheopeningisreferredtoasatheoreticalnovelty.Whenkeptsecretuntilusedinacompetitivegameitisoftenknownasapreparedvariation,apowerfulweaponintopclasscompetition.[4]



4.6Flankopenings(includingEnglish,Rti,Bird's,andWhitefianchettos)4.7UnusualfirstmovesforWhite

5Seealso6References7Externallinks

Aimsoftheopening

Commonaimsinopeningplay

IrrespectiveofwhethertheyaretryingtogaintheupperhandasWhiteandequalizeasBlackortocreatedynamicimbalances,playersgenerallydevotealotofattentionintheopeningstagesto:[5]

1. Development:Oneofthemainaimsoftheopeningistomobilizethepiecesonusefulsquareswheretheywillhaveimpactonthegame.Tothisend,knightsareusuallydevelopedtof3,c3,f6andc6(orsometimese2,d2,e7ord7),andbothplayers'kingandqueenpawnsaremovedsothebishopscanbedeveloped(alternatively,thebishopsmaybefianchettoedwithamaneuversuchasg3andBg2).Rapidmobilizationisthekey.Thequeen,andtoalesserextenttherooks,arenotusuallyplayedtoacentralpositionuntillaterinthegame,whenmanyminorpiecesandpawnsarenolongerpresent.

2. Controlofthecenter:Atthestartofthegame,itisnotclearonwhichpartoftheboardthepieceswillbeneeded.However,controlofthecentralsquaresallowspiecestobemovedtoanypartoftheboardrelativelyeasily,andcanalsohaveacrampingeffectontheopponent.Theclassicalviewisthatcentralcontrolisbesteffectedbyplacingpawnsthere,ideallyestablishingpawnsond4ande4(ord5ande5forBlack).However,thehypermodernschoolshowedthatitwasnotalwaysnecessaryorevendesirabletooccupythecenterinthisway,andthattoobroadapawnfrontcouldbeattackedanddestroyed,leavingitsarchitectvulnerableanimpressivelookingpawncenterisworthlittleunlessitcanbemaintained.Thehypermodernsinsteadadvocatedcontrollingthecenterfromadistancewithpieces,breakingdownone'sopponent'scenter,andonlytakingoverthecenteroneselflaterinthegame.ThisleadstoopeningssuchasAlekhine'sDefenseinalinelike1.e4Nf62.e5Nd53.d4d64.c4Nb65.f4(theFourPawnsAttack),Whitehasaformidablepawncenterforthemoment,butBlackhopestoundermineitlaterinthegame,leavingWhite'spositionexposed.

3. Kingsafety:Thekingissomewhatexposedinthemiddleoftheboard.Measuresmustbetakentoreducehisvulnerability.Itisthereforecommonforbothplayerseithertocastleintheopening(simultaneouslydevelopingoneoftherooks)ortootherwisebringthekingtothesideoftheboardviaartificialcastling.

4. Preventionofpawnweakness:Mostopeningsstrivetoavoidthecreationofpawnweaknessessuchasisolated,doubledandbackwardpawns,pawnislands,etc.Someopeningssacrificeendgameconsiderationsforaquickattackontheopponent'sposition.SomeunbalancedopeningsforBlack,inparticular,makeuseofthisidea,suchastheDutchandtheSicilian.Otheropenings,suchastheAlekhineandtheBenoni,invitetheopponenttooverextendandformpawnweaknesses.Specificopeningsacceptpawnweaknessesinexchangeforcompensationintheformofdynamicplay.(SeePawnstructure.)

5. Piececoordination:Astheplayersmobilizetheirpieces,theybothseektoensurethattheyareworkingharmoniouslytowardsthecontrolofkeysquares.

6. Createpositionsinwhichtheplayerismorecomfortablethantheopponent:Transpositionisonecommonwayofdoingthis.[6][7]



Apartfromtheseideas,otherstrategiesusedinthemiddlegamemayalsobecarriedoutintheopening.Theseincludepreparingpawnbreakstocreatecounterplay,creatingweaknessesintheopponent'spawnstructure,seizingcontrolofkeysquares,makingfavourableexchangesofminorpieces(e.g.gainingthebishoppair),orgainingaspaceadvantage,whetherinthecentreorontheflanks.

Toplevelobjectives

Athigherlevelsofcompetition,formanyyearsthemainobjectivesofopeningplayweretoobtainthebetterpositionwhenplayingasWhiteandtoequalizewhenplayingasBlack.TheideabehindthisisthatplayingfirstgivesWhiteaslightinitialadvantageforexample,Whitewillbethefirsttoattackifthegameopenssymmetrically(BlackmirrorsWhite'smoves).[5]

Sinceaboutthe1950sanotherobjectivehasgraduallybecomemoredominant.AccordingtoIMJeremySilman,thepurposeoftheopeningistocreatedynamicimbalancesbetweenthetwosides,whichwilldeterminethecharacterofthemiddlegameandthestrategicplanschosenbybothsides.[8]Forexample,inthemainlineoftheWinawerVariationoftheFrenchDefense(1.e4e62.d4d53.Nc3Bb44.e5c55.a3Bxc3+6.bxc3),WhitewilltrytousehisbishoppairandspaceadvantagetomountanattackonBlack'skingside,whileBlackwillseeksimplifyingexchanges(inparticular,tradingoffoneofWhite'sbishopstobluntthisadvantage)andcounterattackagainsttheweakenedpawnsonWhite'squeensidebothplayersacceptdifferentcombinationsofadvantagesanddisadvantages.ThisideawasadoctrineoftheSovietschoolofchess.

Athirdobjective,whichiscomplementarytothepreviousonesandhasbeencommonsincethe19thcentury,istoluretheopponentintopositionswithwhichtheplayerismorefamiliarandcomfortablethantheopponent.Thisisusuallydonebytranspositions,inwhichagamethatapparentlystartswithoneopeningcanreachapositionthatisnormallyproducedbyadifferentopening.[6][7]

Openingrepertoires

Mostplayersrealizeafterawhilethattheyplaycertaintypesofpositionsbetterthanothers,andthattheamountoftheorytheycanlearnislimited.Therefore,mostplayersspecializeincertainopeningswheretheyknowthetheoryandwhichleadtopositionswhichtheyfavor.Thesetofopeningsaplayerhasspecializediniscalledanopeningrepertoire.Themainelementsaplayerneedstoconsiderinarepertoireare:

AsWhite,whethertoopenwith1.e4,1.d4,1.c4,or1.Nf3AsBlack,adefenseagainstanyoftheseopenings

Averynarrowrepertoireallowsfordeeperspecializationbutalsomakesaplayerlessflexibletovaryagainstdifferentopponents.Inaddition,opponentsmayfinditeasiertoprepareagainstaplayerwithanarrowrepertoire.[9]

Themainopeningsinarepertoireareusuallyreasonablysound,thatis,theyshouldleadtoplayablepositionsevenagainstoptimalcounterplay.Unsoundgambitsaresometimesusedassurpriseweapons,butareunreliableforastablerepertoire.Repertoiresoftenchangeasaplayerdevelops,andaplayer'sadvancementmaybestiflediftheopeningrepertoiredoesnotevolve.Someopeningswhichareeffectiveagainstamateurplayersarelesseffectiveatthemasterlevel.ForexampleBlackobtainsactiveplayin



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ThePerenyiAttack,whicharisesfromtheopeningmoves1.e4c52.Nf3d63.d4cxd44.Nxd4Nf65.Nc3a66.Be3e67.g4e58.Nf5g69.g5gxf510.exf5d511.Qf3d4.Playedseveraltimesbetweengrandmasters,butLarsBoHansendoesnotrecommendthistoamateurs.

returnforapawnintheBenkoGambitamateurplayersmayhavetroubledefendingagainstBlack'sactivity,whilemastersaremoreskilledatdefendingandmakinguseoftheextrapawn.Someopeningswhichareplayedbetweengrandmastersaresocomplexandtheoreticalthatamateurplayerswillhavetroubleunderstandingthem.AnexampleisthePerenyiAttackoftheSicilianDefense(seediagram)whichyieldsanimmenselycomplicatedandtacticalpositionthatevenstrongplayershavedifficultyhandling,andthatisbeyondthecomprehensionofmostamateurs.[3]

Openingnomenclature

Majorchangesintherulesofchessinthelatefifteenthcenturyincreasedthespeedofthegame,consequentlyemphasizingtheimportanceofopeningstudy.Thus,earlychessbooks,suchasthe1497textofLuisRamirezdeLucena,presentopeninganalysis,asdoesPedroDamiano(1512),andRuyLpezdeSegura(1561).RuyLopez'sdisagreementwithDamianoregardingthemeritsof2...Nc6ledto3.Bb5(after1.e4e52.Nf3Nc6)beingnamedforhimastheRuyLopezorSpanishOpening.[10]Openingtheorywasstudiedmorescientificallyfromthe1840son,andmanyopeningvariationswerediscoveredandnamedinthisperiodandlater.Openingnomenclaturedevelopedhaphazardly,andmostnamesarehistoricalaccidentsnotbasedonsystematicprinciples.

Theoldestopeningstendtobenamedforgeographicplacesandpeople.Manyopeningsarenamedafternationalities,forexampleIndian,English,Spanish,French,Dutch,Scotch,Russian,Italian,Scandinavian,andSicilian.Citiesarealsoused,suchasVienna,Berlin,andWilkesBarre.TheCatalanSystemisnamedaftertheCataloniaregionofSpain.

Chessplayers'namesarethemostcommonsourcesofopeningnames.Thenamegiventoanopeningisnotalwaysthatofthefirstplayertoadoptitoftenanopeningisnamedfortheplayerwhowasthefirsttopopularizeitortopublishanalysisofit.EponymicopeningsincludetheRuyLopez,Alekhine'sDefense,MorphyDefense,andtheRtiOpening.Someopeningnameshonortwopeople,suchastheCaroKann.

Afewopeningnamesaredescriptive,suchasGiuocoPiano(Italian:quietgame).MoreprosaicdescriptionsincludeTwoKnightsandFourKnights.Descriptivenamesarelesscommonthanopeningsnamedforplacesandpeople.

Someopeningshavebeengivenfancifulnames,oftennamesofanimals.Thispracticebecamemorecommoninthe20thcentury.Bythen,mostofthemorecommonandtraditionalsequencesofopeningmoveshadalreadybeennamed,sothesetendtobeunusualorrecentlydevelopedopeningsliketheOrangutan,Hippopotamus,Elephant,andHedgehog.

Manytermsareusedfortheopeningaswell.InadditiontoOpening,commontermsincludeGame,Defense,Gambit,andVariationlesscommontermsareSystem,Attack,Counterattack,Countergambit,Reversed,andInverted.Tomakemattersmoreconfusing,thesetermsareusedveryinconsistently.



Considersomeoftheopeningsnamedfornationalities:ScotchGame,EnglishOpening,FrenchDefense,andRussianGametheScotchGameandtheEnglishOpeningarebothWhiteopenings(Whitechoosestoplay),theFrenchisindeedadefensebutsoistheRussianGame.Althoughthesedonothaveprecisedefinitions,herearesomegeneralobservationsabouthowtheyareused.

GameUsedonlyforsomeoftheoldestopenings,forexampleScotchGame,ViennaGame,andFourKnightsGame.

OpeningAlongwithVariation,thisisthemostcommonterm.

VariationUsuallyusedtodescribealinewithinamoregeneralopening,forexampletheExchangeVariationoftheQueen'sGambitDeclined.

DefenseAlwaysreferstoanopeningchosenbyBlack,suchasTwoKnightsDefenseorKing'sIndianDefense,unless,ofcourse,ithas'reversed'infrontofit,whichmakesitanopeningforWhite.Theterm"defense"doesnotimplypassivitymanydefensesarequiteaggressive(suchastheKing'sIndianDefence).

GambitAnopeningthatinvolvesthesacrificeofmaterial,usuallyoneormorepawns.GambitscanbeplayedbyWhite(e.g.,King'sGambit)orBlack(e.g.,LatvianGambit).ThefullnameoftenincludesAcceptedorDeclineddependingonwhethertheopponenttooktheofferedmaterial,asintheQueen'sGambitAcceptedandQueen'sGambitDeclined.Insomecases,thesacrificeofmaterialisonlytemporary.TheQueen'sGambitisnotatruegambitbecausethereisnogoodwayforBlacktokeepthepawn(Ward1999:10).

CountergambitAgambitplayedinresponsetoanothergambit,almostalwaysbyBlack.ExamplesofthisincludetheAlbinCountergambittotheQueen'sGambit,theFalkbeerCountergambittotheKing'sGambit,andtheGrecoCounterGambit(theformernameoftheLatvianGambit).

SystemAmethodofdevelopmentthatcanbeusedagainstmanydifferentsetupsbytheopponent.ExamplesincludeLondonSystem,ColleSystem,StonewallAttack,RtiSystem,BarczaSystem,andHedgehogSystem.

AttackSometimesusedtodescribeanaggressiveorprovocativevariationsuchastheAlbinChatardAttack(orChatardAlekhineAttack),theFriedLiverAttackintheTwoKnightsDefense,andtheGrobAttack.InothercasesitreferstoadefensivesystembyBlackwhenadoptedbyWhite,asinKing'sIndianAttack.Instillothercasesthenameseemstobeusedironically,aswiththefairlyinoffensiveDurkin'sAttack(alsocalledtheDurkinOpening).

Reversed,InvertedABlackopeningplayedbyWhite,ormorerarelyaWhiteopeningplayedbyBlack.ExamplesincludeSicilianReversed(fromtheEnglishOpening),andtheInvertedHungarian.TheReti,King'sIndianAttackandReversedSicilian(fromtheEnglish),andother"BlackplayedbyWhitewithanextratempo,"oftenstartwith1.Nf3or1.c4.[11]

Asmallminorityofopeningsareprefixedwith"Anti".Theseareopeningsintendedtoavoidaparticularlineotherwiseavailabletoone'sopponent,forexampletheAntiMarshall(againsttheMarshall(Counter)AttackintheRuyLopez)andtheAntiMeranGambit(againsttheMeranVariationoftheSemiSlavDefense).



Classificationofchessopenings

ThebeginningchesspositionoffersWhitetwentypossiblefirstmoves.Ofthese,1.e4,1.d4,1.Nf3,and1.c4arebyfarthemostpopularasthesemovesdothemosttopromoterapiddevelopmentandcontrolofthecenter.Afewotheropeningmovesareconsideredreasonablebutlessconsistentwithopeningprinciplesthanthefourmostpopularmoves.TheDunstOpening,1.Nc3,developsaknighttoagoodsquare,butissomewhatinflexiblebecauseitblocksWhite'scpawnalso,after1...d5theknightisliabletobedriventoaninferiorsquareby...d4.(Notethatafter1.Nf3theanalogous1...e5?losesapawn.)Bird'sOpening,1.f4,addressescentercontrolbutnotdevelopmentandweakensthekingpositionslightly.TheSokolskyOpening1.b4andtheKing'sandQueen'sfianchettos:Larsen'sOpening1.b3and1.g3aiddevelopmentabit,buttheyonlyaddresscentercontrolperipherallyandareslowerthanthemorepopularopenings.Theelevenremainingpossibilitiesarerarelyplayedatthetoplevelsofchess.Ofthese,thebestaremerelyslowsuchas1.c3,1.d3,and1.e3.Worsepossibilitieseitherignorethecenteranddevelopmentsuchas1.a3,weakenWhite'sposition(forinstance,1.f3and1.g4),orplacetheknightsonpoorsquares(1.Na3and1.Nh3).

BlackhastwentypossibleresponsestoWhite'sopeningmove.ManyofthesearemirrorimagesofthemostpopularfirstmovesforWhite,butwithonelesstempo.Defensesbeginningwith1...c6and1...e6,oftenfollowedbythecenterthrust2...d5,arealsopopular.Defenseswithanearly...d6coupledwithakingsidefianchettoarealsocommonlyplayed.

ThemostimportantschemeofclassifyingchessopeningsforseriousplayersisbyECOcode,aseriesof500openingcodesassignedbytheEncyclopaediaofChessOpenings.Althoughthesecodesareinvaluablefortheseriousstudyofthechessopening,theyarenotverypracticalforabroadsurveyofthechessopeningasthecodesobscurecommonstructuralfeaturesbetweenrelatedopenings.

AsimpledescriptivecategorizationofthechessopeningisKing'sPawnOpenings,Queen'sPawnOpenings,andOthers.Sincethesecategoriesarestillindividuallyverylarge,itiscommontodivideeachofthemfurther.Onereasonablewaytogrouptheopeningsis:

DoubleKingPawn,SymmetricorOpenGames(1.e4e5)[12]SingleKingPawnorSemiOpenGames(1.e4other)DoubleQueenPawnorClosedGames(1.d4d5)SingleQueenPawnorSemiClosedGames(1.d4other)Flankopenings(including1.c4,1.Nf3,1.f4,andothers)UnusualfirstmovesforWhite

TheIndiansystems(1.d4Nf6)arethemostimportant[13]oftheSemiClosedGames,andwarrantseparatetreatment.

Opengames:1.e4e5



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OpenGame

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RuyLopez:1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Bb5

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ItalianGame:1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Bc4

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ScotchGame:1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.d4

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Petrov'sDefense:1.e4e52.Nf3Nf6

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King'sGambit:1.e4e52.f4



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ViennaGame:1.e4e52.Nc3

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Bishop'sOpening:1.e4e52.Bc4

Whitestartsbyplaying1.e4(movinghiskingpawntwospaces).Thisisthemostpopularopeningmoveandithasmanystrengthsitimmediatelyworksoncontrollingthecenter,anditfreestwopieces(thequeenandabishop).Theoldestopeningsinchessfollow1.e4.BobbyFischerrated1.e4as"Bestbytest."Onthedownside,1.e4placesapawnonanundefendedsquareandweakensd4andf4theHungarianmasterGyulaBreyermelodramaticallydeclaredthat"After1.e4White'sgameisinitslastthroes."IfBlackmirrorsWhite'smoveandreplieswith1...e5,theresultisanopengame.

ThemostpopularsecondmoveforWhiteis2.Nf3attackingBlack'skingpawn,preparingforakingsidecastle,andanticipatingtheadvanceofthequeenpawntod4.Black'smostcommonreplyis2...Nc6,whichusuallyleadstotheRuyLopez(3.Bb5),ScotchGame(3.d4),orItalianGame(3.Bc4).IfBlackinsteadmaintainssymmetryandcounterattacksWhite'scenterwith2...Nf6thenthePetrov'sDefenseresults.ThePhilidorDefense(2...d6)isnotpopularinmodernchessbecauseitallowsWhiteaneasyspaceadvantagewhileBlack'spositionremainscrampedandpassive,althoughsolid.Otherresponsesto2.Nf3arenotseeninmasterplay.

Themostpopularalternativesto2.Nf3aretheViennaGame(2.Nc3),theBishop'sOpening(2.Bc4),andtheKing'sGambit(2.f4).Theseopeningshavesomesimilaritieswitheachother,inparticulartheBishop'sOpeningfrequentlytransposestovariationsoftheViennaGame.TheKing'sGambitwasextremelypopularinthe19thcentury.Whitesacrificesapawnforquickdevelopmentandtopullablackpawnoutofthecenter.TheViennaGamealsofrequentlyfeaturesattacksontheBlackcenterbymeansofaf2f4pawnadvance.

IntheCenterGame(2.d4)Whiteimmediatelyopensthecenterbutifthepawnistoberecoveredafter2...exd4,Whitemustcontendwithaslightlyprematurequeendevelopmentafter3.Qxd4.Analternativeistosacrificeoneortwopawns,forexampleintheDanishGambit.

Manyothervariationsafter1.e4e5havebeenstudiedseeOpenGamefordetails.

1.e4e5DoubleKing'sPawnOpeningorOpenGame1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Bb5RuyLopez1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.d4ScotchGame1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Bc4ItalianGame1.e4e52.Nf3Nc63.Nc3Nf6FourKnightsGame



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SicilianDefense

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FrenchDefense

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CaroKannDefense

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Alekhine'sDefense

1.e4e52.Nf3Nf6Petrov'sDefense1.e4e52.Nf3d6PhilidorDefense1.e4e52.Nc3ViennaGame1.e4e52.Bc4Bishop'sOpening1.e4e52.f4King'sGambit1.e4e52.d4exd43.Qxd4CenterGame1.e4e52.d4exd43.c3DanishGambit

Semiopengames:1.e4,Blackplaysotherthan1...e5



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PircDefense

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ModernDefense

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ScandinavianDefense

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NimzowitschDefense

InthesemiopengamesWhiteplays1.e4andBlackbreakssymmetryimmediatelybyreplyingwithamoveotherthan1...e5.ThemostpopularBlackdefenseto1.e4istheSicilian(1...c5),buttheFrench(1...e6,normallyfollowedby2.d4d5)andtheCaroKann(1...c6,normallyfollowedby2.d4d5)arealsoverypopular.ThePircandtheModernarecloselyrelatedopeningsthatarealsooftenseen,whiletheAlekhineandtheScandinavianhavemadeoccasionalappearancesinWorldChessChampionshipgames.

TheSicilianandFrenchDefensesleadtounbalancedpositionsthatcanofferexcitingplaywithbothsideshavingchancestowin.TheCaroKannDefenseissolidasBlackintendstousehiscpawntosupporthiscenter(1.e4c62.d4d5).Alekhine's,thePircandtheModernarehypermodernopeningsinwhichBlacktemptsWhitetobuildalargecenterwiththegoalofattackingitwithpieces.

OthersemiopengameshavebeenstudiedbutarelesscommonseeSemiOpenGamefordetails.

1.e4c5SicilianDefense1.e4e6FrenchDefense1.e4c6CaroKannDefense1.e4d5ScandinavianDefense(alsoknownastheCenterCounterdefense)1.e4d62.d4Nf63.Nc3g6PircDefense1.e4Nf6Alekhine'sDefense1.e4g6ModernDefense



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ClosedGame

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Queen'sGambit:1.d4d52.c4

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Queen'sGambitDeclined:1.d4d52.c4e6

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SlavDefense:1.d4d52.c4c6

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Queen'sGambitAccepted:1.d4d52.c4dxc4

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ColleSystem:1.d4d52.Nf3Nf63.e3

Closedgames:1.d4d5



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LondonSystem:1.d4d52.Nf3Nf63.Bf4

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TorreAttack:1.d4d52.Nf3Nf63.Bg5

Theopeningsclassifiedasclosedgamesbegin1.d4d5.Themove1.d4offersthesamebenefitstodevelopmentandcentercontrolasdoes1.e4,butunlikewithKingPawnopeningswherethee4pawnisundefendedafterthefirstmove,thed4pawnisprotectedbyWhite'squeen.Thisslightdifferencehasatremendouseffectontheopening.Forinstance,whereastheKing'sGambitisrarelyplayedtodayatthehighestlevelsofchess,theQueen'sGambitremainsapopularweaponatalllevelsofplay.Also,comparedwiththeKingPawnopenings,transpositionsamongvariationsaremorecommonandcriticalintheclosedgames.

ThemostimportantclosedopeningsareintheQueen'sGambitfamily(Whiteplays2.c4).TheQueen'sGambitissomewhatmisnamed,sinceWhitecanalwaysregaintheofferedpawnifdesired.IntheQueen'sGambitAccepted,Blackplays...dxc4,givingupthecenterforfreedevelopmentandthechancetotrytogiveWhiteanisolatedqueenpawnwithasubsequent...c5and...cxd5.Whitewillgetactivepiecesandpossibilitiesfortheattack.Blackhastwopopularwaystodeclinethepawn,theSlav(2...c6)andtheQueen'sGambitDeclined(2...e6).Bothofthesemovesleadtoanimmenseforestofvariationsthatcanrequireagreatdealofopeningstudytoplaywell.AmongthemanypossibilitiesintheQueen'sGambitDeclinedaretheOrthodoxDefense,Lasker'sDefense,theCambridgeSpringsDefense,theTartakowerVariation,andtheTarraschandSemiTarraschDefenses.BlackrepliestotheQueen'sGambitotherthan2...dxc4,2...c6,and2...e6areuncommon.

TheColleSystemandStonewallAttackareclassifiedasQueen'sPawnGamesbecauseWhiteplaysd4butnotc4.TheyarealsoexamplesofSystems,ratherthanspecificopeningvariations.WhitedevelopsaimingforaparticularformationwithoutgreatconcernoverhowBlackchoosestodefend.Bothsystemsarepopularwithclubplayersbecausetheyareeasytolearn,butarerarelyusedbyprofessionalsbecauseawellpreparedopponentplayingBlackcanequalizefairlyeasily.TheStonewallischaracterizedbytheWhitepawnformationonc3,d4,e3,andf4,andcanbeachievedbyseveralmoveordersandagainstmanydifferentBlacksetups.Thepositioninthediagramandthemovesequencegivenbelowaretypical.

OtherclosedopeningshavebeenstudiedbutarelesscommonseeClosedGamefordetails.

1.d4d5DoubleQueen'sPawnOpeningorClosedGame1.d4d52.c4Queen'sGambit1.d4d52.c4dxc4Queen'sGambitAccepted(QGA)1.d4d52.c4e6Queen'sGambitDeclined(QGD)



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IndianDefence

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NimzoIndianDefence:1.d4Nf62.c4e63.Nc3Bb4

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King'sIndianDefense:1.d4Nf62.c4g63.Nc3Bg7

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GrnfeldDefense:1.d4Nf62.c4g63.Nc3d5

1.d4d52.c4c6SlavDefense1.d4d52.e3Nf63.Bd3c54.c3Nc65.f4(atypicalmovesequence)StonewallAttack1.d4d52.Nf3Nf63.e3ColleSystem

IndianDefenseSystems:1.d4Nf6



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Queen'sIndianDefense:1.d4Nf62.c4e63.Nf3b6

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ModernBenoni:1.d4Nf62.c4c53.d5e6

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BudapestGambit:1.d4Nf62.c4e5

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OldIndianDefense:1.d4Nf62.c4d6

TheIndiansystemsareasymmetricaldefensesto1.d4thatemployhypermodernchessstrategy.Fianchettosarecommoninmanyoftheseopenings.Aswiththeclosedgames,transpositionsareimportantandmanyoftheIndiandefensescanbereachedbyseveraldifferentmoveorders.AlthoughIndiandefenseswerechampionedinthe1920sbyplayersinthehypermodernschool,theywerenotfullyaccepteduntilSovietplayersshowedinthelate1940sthatthesesystemsaresoundforBlack.Sincethen,IndiandefenseshavebeenthemostpopularBlackrepliesto1.d4becausetheyofferanunbalancedgamewithchancesforbothsides.TheusualWhitesecondmoveis2.c4,grabbingalargershareofthecenterandallowingthemoveNc3,toprepareformovingtheepawntoe4withoutblockingthecpawn.Black'smostpopularrepliesare:

2...e6,freeingtheking'sbishopandleadingintotheNimzoIndianDefence,Queen'sIndianDefence,BogoIndianDefence,ModernBenoni,orregularlinesoftheQueen'sGambitDeclined,2...g6,preparingafianchettooftheking'sbishopandenteringtheKing'sIndianDefenseorGrnfeldDefense,and2...c53.d5e6,theModernBenoni,withanimmediatecounterpunchinthecenter.



AdvocatedbyNimzowitschasearlyas1913,theNimzoIndianDefencewasthefirstoftheIndiansystemstogainfullacceptance.Itremainsoneofthemostpopularandwellrespecteddefensesto1.d4andWhiteoftenadoptsmoveordersdesignedtoavoidit.BlackattacksthecenterwithpiecesandispreparedtotradeabishopforaknighttoweakenWhite'squeensidewithdoubledpawns.

TheKing'sIndianDefenseisaggressive,somewhatrisky,andgenerallyindicatesthatBlackwillnotbesatisfiedwithadraw.Althoughitwasplayedoccasionallyasearlyasthelate19thcentury,theKing'sIndianwasconsideredinferioruntilthe1940s,whenitwastakenupbyBronstein,Boleslavsky,andReshevsky.DespitebeingFischer'sfavoreddefenseto1.d4,itspopularityfadedinthemid1970s.Kasparov'ssuccesseswiththedefenserestoredtheKing'sIndiantoprominenceinthe1980s.

ErnstGrnfelddebutedtheGrnfeldDefensein1922.Distinguishedbythemove3...d5,GrnfeldintendeditasanimprovementtotheKing'sIndianwhichwasnotconsideredentirelysatisfactoryatthattime.TheGrnfeldhasbeenadoptedbyWorldChampionsSmyslov,Fischer,andKasparov.

TheQueen'sIndianDefenseisconsideredsolid,safe,andperhapssomewhatdrawish.BlackoftenchoosestheQueen'sIndianwhenWhiteavoidstheNimzoIndianbyplaying3.Nf3insteadof3.Nc3.Blackconstructsasoundpositionthatmakesnopositionalconcessions,althoughsometimesitisdifficultforBlacktoobtaingoodwinningchances.Karpovisaleadingexpertinthisopening.

TheModernBenoniisariskyattemptbyBlacktounbalancethepositionandgainactivepieceplayatthecostofallowingWhiteapawnwedgeatd5andacentralmajority.Talpopularizedthedefenseinthe1960sbywinningseveralbrilliantgameswithit,andFischeroccasionallyadoptedit,withgoodresults,includingawininhis1972worldchampionshipmatchagainstBorisSpassky.OftenBlackadoptsaslightlydifferentmoveorder,playing2...e6before3...c5inordertoavoidthesharpestlinesforWhite.

TheBenkoGambitisoftenplayedbystrongplayers,andisverypopularatlowerlevels.BlackplaystoopenlinesonthequeensidewhereWhitewillbesubjecttoconsiderablepressure.IfWhiteacceptsthegambit,Black'scompensationispositionalratherthantactical,andhisinitiativecanlastevenaftermanypieceexchangesandwellintotheendgame.Whiteoftenchoosesinsteadeithertodeclinethegambitpawnorreturnit.

TheCatalanOpeningischaracterizedbyWhiteformingapawncenteratd4andc4andfianchettoinghisking'sbishop.ItresemblesacombinationoftheQueen'sGambitandRtiOpening.SincetheCatalancanbereachedfrommanydifferentmoveorders,(oneQueen'sGambitDeclinedlikemovesequenceis1.d4d52.c4e63.Nf3Nf64.g3),itissometimescalledtheCatalanSystem.

ThemostimportantIndianDefensesarelistedbelow,butmanyothershavebeenstudiedandplayedseeIndianDefensefordetails.

1.d4Nf62.c4c52.d5e6ModernBenoni1.d4Nf62.c4c53.d5b5BenkoGambit(orVolgaGambit)1.d4Nf62.c4e63.Nc3Bb4NimzoIndianDefence1.d4Nf62.c4e63.Nf3b6Queen'sIndianDefense1.d4Nf62.c4e63.g3CatalanOpening1.d4Nf62.c4g63.Nc3d5GrnfeldDefense1.d4Nf62.c4g63.Nc3Bg7King'sIndianDefense(KID)

OtherBlackresponsesto1.d4



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DutchDefense

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BenoniDefense

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RtiOpening

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King'sIndianAttack

Ofthedefensesto1.d4otherthan1...d5and1...Nf6,themostimportantaretheDutchDefenseandtheBenoniDefense.TheDutch,anaggressivedefenseadoptedforatimebyWorldChampionsAlekhineandBotvinnik,andplayedbybothBotvinnikandchallengerDavidBronsteinintheir1951worldchampionshipmatch,isstillplayedoccasionallyatthetoplevelbyShortandothers.AnotherfairlycommonopeningistheBenoniDefense,whichmaybecomeverywildifitdevelopsintotheModernBenoni,thoughothervariationsaremoresolid.

Severalotheruncommonsemiclosedopeningshavebeennamedandstudied,seeSemiClosedGamefordetails.

1.d4c5BenoniDefense1.d4f5DutchDefense

Flankopenings(includingEnglish,Rti,Bird's,andWhitefianchettos)



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EnglishOpening

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Bird'sOpening

TheflankopeningsarethegroupofWhiteopeningstypifiedbyplayononeorbothflanks.Whiteplaysinhypermodernstyle,attackingthecenterfromtheflankswithpiecesratherthanoccupyingitwithpawns.Theseopeningsareplayedoften,and1.Nf3and1.c4trailonly1.e4and1.d4inpopularityasopeningmoves.

IfWhiteopenswith1.Nf3,thegameoftenbecomesoneofthed4openings(closedgamesorsemiclosedgames)byadifferentmoveorder(thisiscalledtransposition),butuniqueopeningssuchastheRtiandKing'sIndianAttackarealsocommon.TheRtiitselfischaracterizedbyWhiteplaying1.Nf3,fianchettoingoneorbothbishops,andnotplayinganearlyd4(whichwouldgenerallytransposeintooneofthe1.d4openings).

TheKing'sIndianAttack(KIA)isasystemofdevelopmentthatWhitemayuseinreplytoalmostanyBlackopeningmoves.ThecharacteristicKIAsetupis1.Nf3,2.g3,3.Bg2,4.00,5.d3,6.Nbd2,and7.e4,althoughthesemovesmaybeplayedinmanydifferentorders.Infact,theKIAisprobablymostoftenreachedafter1.e4whenWhiteusesittorespondtoaBlackattempttoplayoneofthesemiopengamessuchastheCaroKann,French,orSicilian,oreventheopengameswhichusuallycomeafter1.e4e5.Itsgreatestappealmaybethatbyadoptingasetpatternofdevelopment,WhitecanavoidthelargeamountofopeningstudyrequiredtopreparetomeetthemanydifferentpossibleBlackrepliesto1.e4.[14]

TheEnglishOpening(1.c4)alsofrequentlytransposesintoad4opening,butitcantakeonindependentcharacteraswellincludingtheSymmetricalVariation(1.c4c5)andtheReversedSicilian(1.c4e5).

Larsen'sOpening(1.b3)andtheSokolskyOpening(1.b4)areoccasionallyseeningrandmasterplay.Benkoused1.g3todefeatbothFischerandTalinthe1962CandidatesTournamentinCuraao.

WithBird'sOpening(1.f4)Whitetriestogetastronggriponthee5square.TheopeningcanresembleaDutchDefenseinreverseafter1.f4d5,orBlackmaytrytodisruptWhitebyplaying1...e5!?(From'sGambit).

1.b3Larsen'sOpening1.b4SokolskyOpening1.c4EnglishOpening



1.Nf3ZukertortOpening(characteristicallyfollowedbyfianchettoingoneorbothbishops,andwithoutanearlyd4)1.Nf3,2.g3,3.Bg2,4.00,5.d3,6.Nbd2,7.e4King'sIndianAttack(KIA)(movesmaybeplayedinmanydifferentorders)1.f4Bird'sOpening1.g3BenkoOpening

UnusualfirstmovesforWhite

Firstmovesotherthanthekingpawn(1.e4),queenpawn(1.d4),orflankopenings(1.b3,1.b4,1.c4,1.Nf3,1.f4,or1.g3)arenotregardedaseffectivewaystoexploitWhite'sfirstmoveadvantageandthusarerarelyplayed.AlthoughsomeoftheseopeningsarenotactuallybadforWhite,eachofthetwelveremainingpossiblefirstmovessuffersoneormoreofthefollowingdefectscomparedtothemorepopularchoices:

toopassiveforWhite(1.d3,1.e3,1.c3,or1.Nc3)gratuitouslyweakensWhite'sposition(1.f3or1.g4)doeslittletoaidWhite'sdevelopmentorcontrolthecenter(1.a3,1.a4,1.h3,or1.h4)developsaknighttoaninferiorsquare(1.Na3or1.Nh3)

Seealso

Outlineofchess:ChessopeningsChessopeningbookListofchessopeningsListofchessopeningsnamedafterpeopleListofchessopeningsnamedafterplacesListofchessgambitsEncyclopaediaofChessOpeningsChessopeningtheorytableMiddlegameEndgameCheckmatesintheopening

References1. Hooper,DavidWhyld,Kenneth(1992).TheOxfordCompaniontoChess(2ed.).OxfordUniversityPress.

pp.461480.ISBN0192800493.2. GarryKasparov,ModernChesspart1,p.3533. Hansen,LarsBo(October7,2008).HowChessGamesareWonandLost.Gambit.ISBN1906454019.4. Fine,R.(1952).TheWorld'sGreatChessGames.AndreDeutsch(nowaspaperbackfromDover).ISBN0679

130462.5. Fine,R.(1990)[1st.Pub.1943].IdeasBehindtheChessOpenings.RandomHouse.ISBN0812917561.6. MarkWeeks."ChessOpeningTutorial:Introductionto1.d4"

(http://chess.about.com/od/improveyouropenings/ss/aa03c15_9.htm).about.com.7. Soltis,A.(2007).TranspoTricksinChess.Batsford.ISBN0713490519.Seereviewat"TranspoTricksin

Chessreview"(http://www.chessville.com/reviews/TranspoTricks.htm).chessville.com.8. JeremySilman(1998).TheCompleteBookofChessStrategy.SilmanJamesPress.p.3.ISBN1890085014.9. Webb,Simon(1979).ChessforTigers.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN071348988X.

10. H.J.R.Murray,AHistoryofChess(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1913),pp.78283,81415.11. ChessOpeningEssentials4,p.11,ISBN9789056913083



Bibliography

12. ChessOpeningsforWhiteExplained,p.27,ISBN188932311X13. ChessOpeningEssentials3,p.38,ISBN978905691308314. LarryEvanswroteoftheKing'sIndianAttack,"White'sresilientsetupistrulymagical.Itthrowsbothplayerson

theirownresourcesandeliminatestheneedofmemorizinglongwindedcolumnsofanalysis."LarryEvans,TheChessOpeningforYou,R.H.M.Press,1975,p.38.ISBN0890580200.

Collins,Sam(2005)."UnderstandingtheChessOpenings".GambitPublications.ISBN190460028X.DeFirmian,Nick(1999).ModernChessOpenings:MCO14.RandomHousePuzzles&Games.ISBN0812930843.

NickdeFirmianisathreetimeU.S.ChessChampion.Oftencalled"MCO14"orsimply"MCO",thisisthe14theditionoftheworkthathasbeenthestandardEnglishlanguagereferenceonchessopeningsforacentury.Thisbookisnotsuitableforbeginners,butitisavaluablereferenceforclubandtournamentplayers.

StefanDjuric,DimitriKomarov,&ClaudioPantaleoni,ChessOpeningEssentials(4volumes)Kasparov,Garry,andRaymondKeene(1994)[1989].BatsfordChessOpenings2.HenryHolt.ISBN0805034099.

GarryKasparovistheformerWorldChessChampionfrom1985to2000andRaymondKeeneisaformerBritishchesschampion.Thisbookisoftencalled"BCO2"andisintendedasareferenceforclubandtournamentplayers.

Nunn,John(ed.)etal.(1999).Nunn'sChessOpenings.EverymanChess.ISBN1857442210.

JohnNunnisaformerBritishChessChampionandanotedchessauthor.Thisbookisoftencalled"NCO"andisareferenceforclubandtournamentplayers.

Summerscale,Aaron(1999).AKillerChessOpeningRepertoire.GlobePequot.ISBN9781857445190.Lane,Gary(1999).VictoryintheOpening.SterlingPubCoInc.ISBN9780713484274.SahovskiInformator.EncyclopaediaofChessOpenings

Thisisanadvanced,technicalworkinfivevolumespublishedbyChessInformantofBelgrade.http://www.sahovski.com/ItanalyzesopeningsusedintournamentplayandarchivedinChessInformantsince1966.Insteadofusingthetraditionalnamesfortheopeningsanddescriptivetexttoevaluatepositions,Informatorhasdevelopedauniquecodingsystemthatislanguageindependentsothatitcanbereadbychessplayersaroundtheworldwithoutrequiringtranslation.Calledthe"ECO",thesevolumesarethemostcomprehensivereferenceforprofessionalandserioustournamentplayers.

Scheerer,Christoph(2008).TheGreatestEverChessOpeningIdeas.EverymanChess.ISBN9781857445619.Seirawan,Yasser(2003)."WinningChessOpenings".EverymanChess.ISBN1857443497.Anelementary/introductorybook.vanderSterren,Paul,FundamentalChessOpenings,Gambit,2009,ISBN9781906454135Ward,Chris(1999)."TheQueen'sGambitAccepted".Batsford.ISBN0713484675.Watson,John(2006)."MasteringtheChessOpenings,vol1".Gambit.ISBN9781904600602.

Threechaptersofgeneralopeningprinciplesopenandsemiopengames.

Watson,John(2007)."MasteringtheChessOpenings,vol2".Gambit.ISBN9781904600695.:ClosedgamesandIndiandefenses.Watson,John(2008)."MasteringtheChessOpenings,vol3".Gambit.ISBN9781904600985.

EnglishOpening



Wikibookshasabookonthetopicof:ChessOpeningTheory

TheWikibookChesshasapageonthetopicof:BasicOpenings

Externallinks

ChessOpeningVideosandAnalysis(http://www.thechesswebsite.com/chessopenings/index.php)Wikichess,openchessrepertoireproject(http://www.ficgs.com/wikichess.html)Chessopeningsguide(http://www.eudesign.com/chessops/chclear.htm)Anonlinechessopeningstreeapplication(http://www.chesstree.net/)ChessOpeningExplorer(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/explorer)onChessgames.comSearchableDatabaseofChessOpenings(http://www.chessvideos.tv/chessopeningdatabase/)UnorthodoxChessOpening'sYahoo!group(http://games.groups.yahoo.com/group/UnorthodoxChessOpenings/)ACollectionofChessWisdomTheOpening(http://www.chessville.com/instruction/instr_gen_collection_wisdom_opening.htm)Chessville.comChessSiberia(http://www.chessib.com/)ChessOpenings(http://www.chessopenings.com/)AMethodforComparingChessOpenings(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2415203)

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