chemistry-biochemistry-presentation (2).ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Chemistry & BiochemistryChapters 2 & 3
Honors Biology
Mrs. Gutierrez
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Why study
chemistry ina biology
class? !"en the most basicunits o# li#e$ cells$are made o# smallerand smaller subunits
%he structure and#unction o# allli"ing things are
go"erned by thelas o# chemistry
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What is Chemistry?
%he study o# the composition$ structure$ properties$and reactions o# a substance.
'll li#e processes in"ol"e chemical changes. ( )igestion ( *eproduction
( Groth
( *espiration
+nce chemical changes are understood$ li#e processes can be better understood.
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matter energy
atoms mass
elements
,2-,
molecule
compound
structure
proton neutron electron
nucleus isotope ion
hydrogen
pH
acid base
/ineticheat
mo"ement'cti"ationenergy
reactions
potential
position
stored
battery '%0
chemical
bonds
ionic
co"alenthydrogen
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What is pH?
pH stands #or the potential1poer o# thehydrogen ion H4
p+H is the
potential1poer o# thehydro5ide ion +H64
pH and p+H add up to -7 ( !58 i# the p+H o# a solution
is 9$ hat is the pH? ( ' pH o# 9 is considered
neutral
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http811.:ohn/yr/.com1pH.htm
l
pH scale ;uanti#ied
http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.html
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pH Concentrations
What type o# a solution has a pH o#
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=ndicators
>indicate the concentration o# a substance by color.
@ni"ersal indicator is only one e5ample.
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http811.bg#l.org1bg#l1custom1r
esourcesA#tp1clientA#tp1/s31scien
ce1acids1inde5.htm *ead the >Help section to re"ie
Chose >itmus *eactions
%ype your @ name
ollo directions
http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htm
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*eaction o# Darious Materials to
pH & itmus 0apersMaterial%ested
*eaction to*ed itmus
*eaction toBlue itmus
pH accordingto pH paper
HCl
Ea+H
H2+
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+ther ays o# measuring pH
pH meter
( Hand6held de"ice
pH probe
( @ses a computer
inter#ace
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pH ab
Fou ill be using atechni;ue called titration
'n acid or base ill be
placed in a buret andsloly added to the testsolution ( Water
( Bu##er
( Cell homogenate
%he computer ill assist inrecording any changes in pH
'cid
or
base
%est soln.
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Hypotheses
'n assumption subjectto verification or
proof.
Written in the “If…then…” #ormat.
!5ample8 ( =# acid is added to
ater$ then the pHillAAAAA
( =# base is added toater$ then the pHillAAAAA
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Chemical Bu##ers
Chemical substances thatneutralize small amountsor either acid or base
added to a solution B@!* )+ E+%
E!C!'*=F E!@%*'=! %H!+@%=+E %+ ' 0H 9I
!58 stomach acid remainsat a pH o# 2 regardless o#hether you ingest acidicor basic substances
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'pplication o# Bu##ers
Chemicalreactions illonly occurnormally in asystem thatresists a changein pH
%his is part o# a process /nonas homeostasis
%he pH o# many li"ing things tends to be around neutral.
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Biochemistry
%he chemistry o# biological substances and processes.
=n"ol"es carbon compounds ( +rganic
Carbon6based and originated #rom a li"ing thing !58 proteins$ lipids$ carbohydrates$ and nucleic acids
( =norganic >not organic
!58 ater
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Monomer "s. 0olymer
>Mono J >-
' monomer is the
basic building bloc/
>poly J >many
' polymer is made up
o# many monomers
Ho do the 2
>bo5cars :oin
together to #orm
a long train?
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More analogies?
•
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)ehydration ynthesis or
Condensation *eaction
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Condensation1Hydrolysis
)emonstration http811.t"dsb.on.ca1estmin1science1sb
ioac1biochem1condense.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm
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Eote8 Glucose and #ructose are isomers
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Hydrolysis
Molecules ill not only need to be built$ asin the case o# ma/ing ne muscle and bone$
but they ill also need to be bro/en don$
as in the case o# digestion o# #ood. %his time$ ater must be added among
enzymes4 to brea/ the bonds.
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!5ample8
Ma/ing ne
muscle #or
groth in your
body
!5ample8
)igesting muscle
a#ter eating meat
in order to get the
monomers to
ma/e ne muscle
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*e"ie
Monosaccharide K2Monosaccharide K-
)isaccharide
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*e"ie o# chemical reactions
http811.isc6online.com1ob:ects1inde5
At:.asp?ob:=)J'0-37
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13004http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13004http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13004http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13004
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CarbohydratesType ofCompound
Examples Elements Subunit(monomer)
Functions
onosaccharide Glucose$#ructose$galactose
CLH-2+L
Carbon$ hydrogen$o5ygen
!5actly a-C82H8-+
itsel# ource o# energy7Cal1g4
!isaccharide ucrose$maltose$
actose
C-2H22+--
C$ H$ + 'ppro5.a -C82H8-+
Mono6saccharide
ource o# energy7Cal1g4
"olysaccharide Glycogen$
starch$
cellulose
C$ H$ + 'ppro5.a -C82H8-+ Mono6saccharide tored energy inanimals
tored energy in plants
tructural componento# plant cell alls
http://www.ilexikon.com/images/6/69/Glukose-Ring.png
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*ecall
Monomer monomer J polymer H2+
%his is called
)ehydration synthesis or condensation
!5ample8
CLH-2+L CLH-2+L J C-2H22+-- H2+
Fou try8
3CLH-2+L4 J C-NH32+-L 2H2+
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ormation o# a polysaccharide
http811science.nhmccd.edu1biol1dehydrat1deh
ydrat.html
http811.t"dsb.on.ca1estmin1science1sbioac1biochem1condense.htm
i id
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
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ipids
Type of
Compound
Examples Elements Subunit
(monomer)
Functions
Tri#lycerides ats$
+ils
Carbon$hydrogen$o5ygen
3 #atty acids and aglycerol
tored energy,Cal1g4$ insulation$ner"e impulses$ protection
econdary sol"ent o#
cell
$axes !ar a5 ame - #atty acid andalcohol chain
0rotection$aterproo#ing
Steroids Hormones$
cholesterol
ame used carbon rings *egulate chemical
reactions
"hospholipids Cellmembranes
same 2 #atty acids and aglycerol
*egulates hat entersand lea"es a cell
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ormation o# a %riglyceride
http811.t"dsb.on.ca1estmin1science1sbi
oac1biochem1triglyc.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htm
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Why cholesterol is good and
bad4 http811.iley.com1legacy1college1boyer1
7939,1animations1animations.htm
0 t i
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0roteinsType ofCompound
Examples Elements Subunit(monomer)
Functions
Hemoglobin
Carbon$hydrogen$o5ygen$nitrogen
'mino acid General #unction o# a protein is building andrepair. (May be used asan energy source as alast resort 7Cal1g4?
Binds gases in red blood cells
=nsulin ame ame *egulates blood sugarle"els
'lbumin ame ame Eourishing componento# egg hites
Oeratin ame ame tructural componento# hair$ s/in$ and nails
!nzymes ame ame 'ct as a catalyst byregulating chemical
reaction rates
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ormation o# a polypeptide
http811.t"dsb.on.ca1estmin1science1sbi
oac1biochem1amino.htm
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!nzymes
Most enzyme are proteins
%hree characteristics ( *eusable
( peci#ic
( Catalyst loer the acti"ation energy !a4o# a
reaction4 ( http8113.#hs.usyd.edu.au1bio1homeostasis1C
ontrolAystems.htm read #rom the introductionto the de#inition o# homeostasis4
http811 mhhe com1physsci1ch
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http811.mhhe.com1physsci1chemistry1essentialchemistry1#lash1
acti"a2.s# hort "ideo clip o# e5othermic reactions.
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2H2+2 → 2H2+ +2
catalase
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Catalase
'n enzyme #ound in any
li"ing tissue$ plant or
animal
Catalase or/s best under
constant conditions
homeostasis4 o#
temperature and pH
0redict hat the graph
ould loo/ li/e i# the
li"er$ containing catalase$is
( Boiled
( 'cidi#ied
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What happened?
%he enzyme catalase as denatured E+%/illed4.
ince enzymes are speci#ic$ catalase no
longer >#it the substrate.
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Type ofcompound
Examples Elements Subunits(monomers)
Functions
%ucleic &cids )E'
*E'
Carbon$hydrogen$o5ygen$nitrogen$ phosphorus
Eucleotide tores geneticin#ormation #orma/ing proteins
)irectlyin"ol"ed in proteinsynthesis
$ater =ce$ li;uid
ater$"apor
Hydrogen$
o5ygen
H2+ 0rimary sol"ent
o# the cell6polar
6cohesi"e
6adhesi"e
http811programs northlandcollege
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http811programs.northlandcollege.edu1biology1Biology----1animati
ons1hydrogenbonds.html hort "ideo clip about aterPs polarity and
hydrogen bonding properties.
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Eice ;uiz re"ieing the Big 7
Molecules http811science.nhmccd.edu1biol1macmole.ht
ml