chemistry-4-electron sructure of atom student note
TRANSCRIPT
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
& The Periodic
Table Chapter 4
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 2
Quantum Numbers
Principal quantum number – ( n )
Angular momentum quantum number – ( l )
Magnetic quantum number – ( ml )
Spin quantum number – ( ms )
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 3
Quantum Numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
principal quantum number n
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ….
n=1n=2
n=3
distance of e- from the nucleus
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 4
angular momentum quantum number l
for a given value of n, l = 0, 1, 2, 3, … n-1
n = 1, l = 0n = 2, l = 0 or 1n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2
Shape of the “volume” of space that the e- occupies
l = 0 s orbitall = 1 p orbitall = 2 d orbitall = 3 f orbital
Quantum Numbers(n, l, ml, ms)
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 5
l = 0 (s orbitals)
l = 1 (p orbitals)
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 6
l = 2 (d orbitals)
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 7
magnetic quantum number ml
for a given value of l ml = -l, …., 0, …. +l
orientation of the orbital in space
for l = 0 (s orbital) ml = 0if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or +1
if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2
Quantum Numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 8
ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1
ml = -2 ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1 ml = 2
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 9
spin quantum number ms
ms = +½ or -½
Quantum Numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
ms = -½ms = +½
Experimental arrangement for demo the spinning motion of electrons
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 10
Existence (and energy) of electron in atom is described by its unique Quantum Numbers
Pauli exclusion principle
No two electrons in an atomcan have the same four quantum
numbers.
Quantum Numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 11
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 12
Quantum Numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
Shell – electrons with the same value of n
Subshell – electrons with the same values of n and l
Orbital – electrons with the same values of n, l, and ml
How many electrons can an orbital hold?
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 13
How many 2p orbitals are there in an atom?
How many electrons can be placed in the 3d subshell?
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 14
Electron configuration is how the electrons are distributed among the various atomic orbitals in an atom.
1s1
principal quantumnumber n
angular momentumquantum number l
number of electronsin the orbital or subshell
Orbital diagram
H1s1
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 15
Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
“Fill up” electrons in lowest energy orbitals (Aufbau principle)
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 16
H 1 electron H 1s1
Li 3 electrons Li 1s22s1
B 5 electrons B 1s22s22p1
C 6 electrons C 1s22s22p2
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 17
The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins (Hund’s rule).
N 7 electrons N 1s22s22p3
O 8 electrons O 1s22s22p4
F 9 electrons F 1s22s22p5
Ne 10 electrons Ne 1s22s22p6
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 18
What is the electron configuration of Mg?
What are the possible quantum numbers for the last (outermost) electron in Cl?
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 19
Outermost subshell being filled with electrons
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 20
Paramagnetic
unpaired electrons
2p
Diamagnetic
all electrons paired
2p
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 21
When the Elements Were Discovered
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 22
ns1
ns2
ns
2n
p1
ns
2n
p2
ns
2n
p3
ns
2n
p4
ns
2n
p5
ns
2n
p6
d1
d5
d1
04f
5f
Ground State Electron Configurations of the Elements
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 23
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 24
Classification of the Elements
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 25
Electron Configurations of Cations and Anions
Na [Ne]3s1 Na+ [Ne]
Ca [Ar]4s2 Ca2+ [Ar]
Al [Ne]3s23p1 Al3+ [Ne]
Atoms lose electrons so that cation has a noble-gas outer electron configuration.
H 1s1 H- 1s2 or [He]
F 1s22s22p5 F- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
O 1s22s22p4 O2- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
N 1s22s22p3 N3- 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
Atoms gain electrons so that anion has a noble-gas outer electron configuration.
Of Representative Elements
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 26
+1
+2
+3 -1-2-3
Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 27
Ion charges
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 28
Na+: [Ne] Al3+: [Ne] F-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
O2-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne] N3-: 1s22s22p6 or [Ne]
Na+, Al3+, F-, O2-, and N3- are all isoelectronic with Ne
What neutral atom is isoelectronic with H- ?
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 29
Electron Configurations of Cations of Transition Metals
When a cation is formed from an atom of a transition metal, electrons are always removed first from the ns orbital and then from the (n – 1)d orbitals.
Fe: [Ar]4s23d6
Fe2+: [Ar]4s03d6 or [Ar]3d6
Fe3+: [Ar]4s03d5 or [Ar]3d5
Mn: [Ar]4s23d5
Mn2+: [Ar]4s03d5 or [Ar]3d5
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 30
Name the orbital described by the following quantum numbers :
a. n = 3, l = 0b. n = 3, l = 1c. n = 3, l = 2d. n = 5, l = 0
Q & A session
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 31
Give the n and l values for the following orbital a. 1s b. 3s c. 2p d. 4d e. 5f
What and the possible ml values for the following types of orbital? a. s b. p c. d d. f
Q & A session
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 32
How many possible orbital are there for n = a. 4 b. 10
How many electrons can inhabit all of the n = 4 orbital?
Place the following orbital in order of increasing energy: 1s, 3s, 4s, 6s, 3d, 4f, 3p, 7s, 5d, 5p
Q & A session
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 33
Write electron configurations for the following atoms: a. H
b. Li+
c. N
d. F-
e. Ca
Q & A session
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Imran Syakir Mohamad Chemistry DACS 1233 34
Draw an orbital diagrams for atoms with the following electron configurations:
1s22s22p63s23p3
Q & A session