chapters 18 22 nb

The World Since 1945: An Overview(1945–Present)

The World Since 1945: An Overview

(1945–present)

Section 1: The Changing Political Climate

Section 2: Global Economic Trends

Section 3: Changing Patterns of Life

The Changing Political Climate• How did the end of colonialism and the Cold

War shape the world?

• How did new nations try to form stable governments?

• What role have world organizations played?

• What enduring issues face the world today?

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The Cold War and the End of Colonialism

In the postwar decades, the colonial empires built by the western powers crumbled.

In Asia and Africa, people demanded and won freedoms. Between 1950 and 1980, more than 50 new nations emerged in Africa alone.

The new nations emerged in a world dominated and divided by the Cold War. Each of the superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, wanted new countries to adopt its ideology, or system of thought or belief—either capitalism or socialism.

The Great Liberation and the Cold War, 1945 – 1990

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After winning independence, new nations had high hopes for the future. Still, they faced immense problems.

New nations wrote constitutions modeled on western democracies.

Most were unable to sustain democratic rule.

As problems multiplied, military or authoritarian leaders often took control. They imposed order by building one-party dictatorships.

Despite setbacks, in the 1980s and 1990s democracy did make progress in some African, Asian, and Latin American nations.

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How Did New Nations Seek Stability?

The Role of World OrganizationsInternational organizations deal with issues of global concern.

The UN was set up as a forum for settling world disputes. Its responsibilities have expanded greatly since 1945. UN agencies provide services for millions of people worldwide.

Many nations formed regional groups to promote trade or meet common needs. Examples include the European Union and the North American Free Trade Association.

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) play a large role in the world economy. WHO is the World Health Organization. NGOs swoop in to help in many crisis areas.Other types of nongovernmental organizations have forged valuable global networks. Examples include the International Olympic Committee and the International Red Cross.

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A family in Indonesia tries to make their way to shelter after tsunamis destroyed their village in 2004. Aid organizations like CARE (logo above) worked to bring relief to the devastated region.NGO’s= non-government organizations, like Greenpeace, Oxfam, Amnesty International, International Red Cross/Red Crescent, Doctors Without Borders, etc.

G-20 major

economies

•Loss and weakening of state/governmental sovereignty•Pressure to conform to global norms (business, law, culture, etc..)•Increased demands for autonomy (freedom?) within state borders•More vulnerable to actions/choices of other nations•Need to be more sensitive to decisions within the state•Problems once containable now spread to other nations more easily (crime, drugs, disease, pollution, terrorism, economic crisis)•Resources (land, capital, people) more easily exploited in developing states•More pressure to compete globally•Rapid raise in costs of urbanization and industrialization (pollution, crime, economic stratification, erosion of traditional culture)•"Americanization" or "Westernization" of culture and politics; emphasis on homogeneity (McWorld)

Costs of Globalization

Thomas Friedman

•Interdependence leads to more cooperation on larger problems•Reduction in barriers to trade, investment, and capital (human and physical) makes economic transactions easier, more efficient and more profitable•Rapid economic growth•Consumers gain more access to wider array of products and reduced costs•Creation of regional and global institutions to cope with regional or global issues•Spread of democracy and human rights•Empowerment of non-state actors•New avenues for political access, redress and voice•Creating a sense of global citizenship

Benefits of Globalization

Thomas Friedman

Global IssuesMany issues pose a challenge to world peace.

DEADLY WEAPONS

Since the United States exploded two atomic bombs in 1945, nations have poured resources into building nuclear weapons.Weapons of Mass Destruction--WMDs

HUMAN RIGHTS

Human rights include “the right to life, liberty, and security of person.” Human rights abuses, including torture and arbitrary arrest, occur around the world.

THE QUESTION OF INTERVENTION

Does the world community have a duty to step in to end human rights abuses? How can it intervene when the UN Charter forbids any actionthat violates the independence of amember nation?

TERRORISM

Since the 1960s, incidents of terrorism have increased around the world.

An Illegal Crossing Each year tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, like this family, risk their lives to cross the border between Mexico and the United States. What factors lead people to risk their lives in illegal border crossing?

Why do signs like the one above fail to deter many migrants?

Immigration Issues

Section 1 AssessmentThe Great Liberation refers to the end of a) World War II.

b) European colonial empires. c) the Cold War.

d) terrorism.

Which of the following was a regional group created to promote trade and meet common needs?

a) the European Unionb) the International Red Cross

c) the International Olympic Committee d) the UN

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Section 1 Assessment

The Great Liberation refers to the end of a) World War II.

b) European colonial empires. c) the Cold War.

d) terrorism.

Which of the following was a regional group created to promote trade and meet common needs?

a) the European Unionb) the International Red Cross

c) the International Olympic Committee d) the UN

Global Economic Trends

• In what ways are the global North and South economically interdependent?

• Why have developing nations had trouble reaching their goals?

• How is economic development linked to the environment?

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The Global North and South

It includes the industrial nations of Europe and North America, as well as Japan and Australia.

Although pockets of poverty exist, the standard of living is generally high.

Most people are literate, earn adequate wages, and have basic health services. Most nations have basically capitalist economies.

It refers to the developing world.

The South has 75 percent of the world’s population and much of its natural resources.

While some nations have enjoyed strong growth, overall the global South remains underdeveloped and poor.

For most people, life is a daily struggle for survival.

An economic gulf divides the world into two spheres — the relatively rich nations of the global North and the relatively poor nations of the global South.

GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH

2

Economic Interdependence Rich and poor nations are linked by many economic ties. •The nations of the global North control much of the world’s capital, trade, and technology.•The global North depends on low-paid workers in developing states to produce manufactured goods as inexpensively as possible.

In an interdependent world, events in one country can affect people everywhere.

EXAMPLE: In 1973, a political crisis led the oil-rich nations of the Middle East to halt oil exports and raise oil prices. These actions sent economic shock waves around the world.

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Obstacles to Development

POPULATION AND POVERTYIn the developing world, rapid population growth is linked to poverty.

ECONOMIC DEPENDENCEMost new nations remained dependent on their former colonial rulers.

POLITICAL INSTABILITYPolitical unrest often hindered economic development.

ECONOMIC POLICIESMany new nations saw socialism, rather than capitalism, as a way to

modernize quickly. In the long run, socialism blocked economic growth.

Why have many developing nations been unable to make progress toward modernization?

GEOGRAPHYLack of natural resources, difficult climates, uncertain rainfall, and lack

of good farmland have been obstacles for some nations.

2

Health Statistics of Selected Countries, 19992

Now, across the developing world, many people are caught in a cycle of poverty. The UN estimates that 35,000 children die each day from starvation, disease, and other effects of poverty. Because of malnutrition and the lack of good schools, millions of people are prone to disease and unable to earn a good living. They and their children remain poor and cannot escape this tragic cycle.

Rising Populations Strain Resources

Development and the Environment

Economic development has taken a heavy toll on the environment. Modern industry and agriculture have gobbled up natural resources and polluted much of the world’s water, air, and soil. •Strip mining destroyed much land.•Chemical pesticides and fertilizers harmed the soil and water.•Gases from factories produced acid rain.•The emission of gases into the upper atmosphere has caused global warming, the increase in world temperatures.

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Rich nations consume most of the world’s resources and produce much of its pollution. At the same time, they have led the campaign to protect the environment.

A Risky Situation Vials of the bacteria that cause plague were left improperly secured in Kazakhstan by Soviet scientists.

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/dsp_swf.cfm?pathname=/atschool/worldhistory/audio_guided_tours/&filename=WH07A01871.swf&w=760&h=460



http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/World_Trade_Organization_negotiations.svg

Ending Child Labor RUGMARK, an organization that works to end child labor, sponsors the education of South Asian students like this girl. The RUGMARK label on her sleeve also appears on carpets and rugs that were made without child labor. What effect might labels like this one have on people’s buying habits?

Often it is slave labor/children who pick the beans for your chocolate--and for minimal wages, if they are paid at all.

Nike sweatshop in China.

A Dangerous Leader New York City police stand near a “Wanted” poster in 2001. An Arab man holds up a poster supporting bin Laden. How do views like the one this man expresses threaten the United States’ security?

Wars in Afghanistan and IraqOsama bin Laden and other al Qaeda leaders were living in Afghanistan in 2001. The government of that country, an Islamic fundamentalist group called the Taliban, refused to surrender the terrorists. The United States responded by attacking Afghanistan. With the help of Afghani warlords who opposed the Taliban and the use of military bases in neighboring Pakistan, American forces quickly overthrew the Taliban and drove the al Qaeda operatives into hiding or flight. Bin Laden, however, remained at large.Two years after the war in Afghanistan, President Bush asked Congress to declare war on Iraq, arguing that Saddam was secretly producing WMDs. Because no WMDs were found, the war was bitterly debated among Americans and around the world. However, most in the global community welcomed the holding of free democratic elections in Iraq in early 2005, hoping that a democratic Iraq might positively influence the largely authoritarian Middle East.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bin_Laden_Poster2.jpeg

Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden Arabic: الدن بن عوض بن محمد بن (March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011) ,أسامةwas a member of the prominent Saudi bin Laden family and the founding leader of the terrorist organization a l-Qaeda, best known for the September 11 attacks on the United States and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian targets. Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's list of FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.Since 2001, Osama bin Laden and his organization had been major targets of the United States' War on Terror. Bin Laden and fellow Al-Qaeda leaders were believed to be hiding near the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Navy SEALs took him out.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bin_Laden_Poster2.jpeg

New Security Measures Take Shape

Over the years that followed September 11, the United States made increasing security a top priority. It strengthened and reorganized its intelligence services. The government created a new Department of Homeland Security and instituted more rigorous security measures at airports and public buildings. A long-term effort was launched to find out how terrorist groups were funded, with the goal of cutting off terrorists’ money supply and thus limiting terrorist activity.

A Risky Situation Vials of the bacteria that cause plague were left improperly secured in Kazakhstan by Soviet scientists.

Important Industrialized Regions

Influential Technology of the Twentieth Century

Which of the following is true? a) The Global South has 75 percent of the world’s population. b) The Global North has 75 percent of the world’s population. c) Most nations in the Global North have basically socialist economies. d) Most people in the Global South enjoy a high standard of living.

The country with the lowest infant mortality rate in 1999 was a) Angola. b) Japan.

c) the United States. d) Guatemala.

Section 2 Assessment2


Which of the following is true? a) The Global South has 75 percent of the world’s population.

b) The Global North has 75 percent of the world’s population. c) Most nations in the Global North have basically socialist economies. d) Most people in the Global South enjoy a high standard of living.

The country with the lowest infant mortality rate in 1999 was a) Angola. b) Japan. c) the United States.

d) Guatemala.

Changing Patterns of Life

• How are new ways of life replacing old ways?

• How has modernization affected the lives of women?

• What are the benefits and limits of modern science and technology?

• What forces have shaped a new global culture?

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How Are New Ways of Life Replacing Old Ways?

UrbanizationSince 1945, people in the developing world have flocked to the cities to find jobs and escape rural poverty.In the cities, the extended family of rural villages is giving way to the nuclear family.

WesternizationIn cities, people frequently adopt western fashions and ideas.

Village LifeWesternization and technology are transforming villages. Changes such as roads, clinics, and television can enrich life, but they also weaken traditional cultures.

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New Rights and Roles for Women

By 1950, women had won the right to vote in many countries. A small number of women won elected office. In the industrialized world, more and more women worked

outside the home. By the 1970s, the feminist movement sought greater access for

women to jobs and promotions, equal pay for equal work, and an end to sexual harassment on the job.

In emerging nations, women worked actively in nationalist struggles.

HOWEVER……

After 1945, women’s movements brought changes to both western and developing nations.

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New roles for women raised difficult social issues. Working women had to balance jobs with child rearing and household work.

Science and Technology

The computer brought an information revolution.Technology has improved life for people everywhere.Medical advances have wiped out some diseases and prevented others. New technology increased food production for the world’s growing population.

Technology has not been able to solve such basic problems as hunger or poverty.

Technology widened the gap between the global North and South.

Technology has threatened many kinds of jobs. For example, one computer can process thousands of telephone calls that were once handled by human operators.

Since 1945, technology has transformed human life and thought.

BENEFITS DRAWBACKS

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Important Industrialized Regions

Influential Technology of the Twentieth Century

A New Global Culture

• The driving force behind this global culture has been the United States. American fashions, products, and entertainment have captured the world’s imagination.

• The western world has also been influenced by nonwestern traditions and culture.

• In the last 100 years, the western world has gained a new appreciation for the arts of other civilizations.

Modern communication technology has put people everywhere in touch and has helped create a new global culture.

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Which of the following was true of women in 1950? a) Many women were elected to public office. b) Women had won the right to vote in many countries. c) The feminist movement had ensured women equal pay for equal work.

d) Women were working outside the home while men had taken over traditional household duties.

Benefits of the technology age include all of the following except a) increased food production. b) an information revolution. c) the prevention of some diseases.

d) an end to hunger and poverty.


Europe and North America(1945–Present)

Europe and North America(1945–Present)

Section 1: The Western World: An Overview

Section 2: The Western European Democracies

Section 3: North American Prosperity

Section 4: The Soviet Union: Rise and Fall of a Superpower

Section 5: A New Era in Eastern Europe

The Western World: An Overview• What issues troubled Europe after the Cold War?

• How have recent economic and political trends affected the West?

• How has Europe moved toward greater unity?

• How have social trends changed the West?

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In a speech at Harvard University in June 1947, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall made the case for the Marshall Plan, a United States assistance program for Western Europe.“Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of . . . conditions in which free institutions can exist.”

Europe After the Cold War• Russia and the nations of Eastern Europe turned to the West for

loans and investments to build capitalist economies.

• Ethnic clashes, especially in the Balkans, created conflicts that threatened European peace.

• The nuclear peril, although reduced, still remained.

• NATO faced the debate as to whether it should become Europe’s peacekeeper and protector of human rights.

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Economic and Political Trends

The West faced growing competition from other parts of the world, causing many factories to close.

Economies changed when most new jobs were created in service industries.

The gap between the rich and the poor grew.

In 1973, OPEC cut oil production and raised prices. The higher prices caused inflation and slowed economic growth.

In 1979, OPEC again raised prices, triggering a severe recession, in which business slowed and unemployment rates rose.

After 1945, governments extended the welfare state. Governments took on a larger role in national economies.

Conservatives condemned the drift from the free enterprise system toward socialism.

ECONOMIC SHIFTS

THE OIL SHOCKTHE WELFARE STATE

Postwar governments in France, Italy, and Germany adopted many policies favored by the left.

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Welfare-State

Spending in Britain,

1975 – 1980

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Toward European Unity

• In 1952, six nations — France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg — set up the European Coal and Steel Community. This agency set prices and regulated the coal and steel industries of member states.

• In 1957, the same six nations formed the European Community (EC) or Common Market. Its goal was free trade. It also set up the European Parliament.

• In 1973, Britain, Denmark, and Ireland were admitted to the Common Market.

• In the 1980s and 1990s, the Common Market expanded and took on the name European Union (EU). The EU pushed for complete economic unity and greater political unity.

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European Union• In Europe, the Maastricht Treaty, which succeeded the Treaty of Rome and called for the

creation of a union (and hence the change in name from European Community to European Union), created a monetary union and has the ultimate goal of creating a political union, with member countries switch adopting a common currency and a common central bank. A monetary union represents the fourth level of integration among politically independent countries.

• The European Union (EU) consists of fifteen countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). On January 1, 1999, the eleven countries of the so-called euro-zone (excluding EU members Denmark, Greece, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) embarked on a venture that created the world's second-largest economic zone, after the United States. The seeds for the euro were sown three decades ago. In 1969, Pierre Werner, a former prime minister of Luxembourg, was asked to chair a think-tank on how an European monetary union (EMU) could be achieved by 1980. The Werner Report, published in October 1970, outlined a three-phase plan that was very similar to the blueprint ultimately adopted in the Maastricht Treaty, signed on February 7, 1992. Like the Maastricht Treaty, the plan envisioned the replacement of local currencies by a single currency. However, the EMU was put on hold following the monetary chaos created by the first oil crisis. The next step on the path to monetary union was the creation of the European monetary system (EMS) in the late 1970s. Except for the United Kingdom, all member states of the European Union joined the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), which determined bilateral currency exchange rates. Currencies of the, by then, nine member states could still fluctuate, but movements were limited to a margin of 2.25 percent. The EMS also led to the European currency unit (ecu)—in some sense the predecessor of the euro. Note the ecu never became a physical currency.

European Union, 1957 – 2000

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Social Trends

Class lines blurred as prosperity spread.

More and more people joined the middle class. Most people faced greater

opportunities.

Since the 1950s, many immigrants from former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean had settled in Europe. Some Europeans resented the newcomers.

Many immigrants faced discrimination and segregation.

Women in the West made progress toward legal and economic equality.

Women narrowed the gender gap in hiring, promotion, and pay.

Western families had fewer children than in the past.

Children stayed in school longer.The divorce rate climbed.

Social change speeded up after 1945.

SOCIAL CLASSES ETHNIC DIVERSITY

WOMEN FAMILY LIFE

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Migration to Western

Europe

When OPEC raised oil prices, European economies a) thrived.

b) restructured so as not to be dependent on OPEC oil. c) slowed. d) were unaffected.

Which of the following was an original member of the European Union? a) Britain b) Spain

c) Finland d) West

Germany


The Western European Democracies

• How did Britain’s policies change after World War II?

• How did French power and prosperity revive?

• How did Germany reunify?

• What problems have other democratic nations faced?

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Britain: Changing Policies

British nationalism led some leaders to reject greater European unity.

Britain joined the Common Market.

Britain gave up global leadership to the United States, but remained a leader in the UN and NATO.

WORLD ROLE

Voters elected the Labour party, which pledged to follow a “third way” between the traditional right and left.

Voters elected the Conservative party and reduced social welfare programs.

Voters elected the Labour party and created the welfare state.

THE WELFARE

STATE

1990s1970s

POST WORLD WAR

II

2

Limiting the Welfare StateIn 1979, British voters turned to the Conservative Party, which denounced the welfare state as costly and inefficient. The Conservatives were led by Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher’s government reduced social welfare programs and returned government-owned industries to private control. Faced with soaring costs, other European nations also moved to limit social welfare benefits and to privatize state-owned businesses during the 1980s and 1990s.

Building the Welfare StateIn the postwar decades, Europeans worked to secure their economic prosperity. From the 1950s through the 1970s, European nations expanded social benefits to their citizens. During this time, many European nations also moved toward greater economic cooperation.Many European political parties, and particularly those representing workers, wanted to extend the welfare state. A welfare state is a country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people. The welfare state had its roots in the late 1800s. During that period, Germany, Britain, and other nations had set up basic old-age pensions and unemployment insurance.

Northern Ireland’s difficulties began when Ireland won independence in 1922. Six northern counties, which had a Protestant majority, voted to remain part of Britain as Northern Ireland. Minority Catholics in Northern Ireland faced economic and political discrimination. Many Catholics demanded civil rights and unification with the rest of Ireland, which had a Catholic majority.Beginning in the 1960s, extremists on both sides turned to violence and terrorism. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) attacked Protestants, and armed Protestant militias targeted Catholics.Peace talks dragged on for years. Finally, in 1998, Protestants and Catholics signed a peace accord, known as the Good Friday Agreement. However, lasting peace was threatened by distrust on both sides, occasional acts of violence, and the IRA’s reluctance to turn over weapons.

Northern Ireland’s Troubles

France: Revival and ProsperityFrance emerged from World War II greatly weakened.

The Fourth Republic, set up in 1946, was ineffective. Bloody colonial wars in Algeria and Vietnam drained and demoralized the country.

In 1958, Charles de Gaulle set up the Fifth Republic. He made peace with Algeria and gave up other French colonies and worked to restore French prestige and power.

In the 1980s, French socialists, led by Francois Mitterand, won power as a global recession hit. The economic crisis forced Mitterand to encourage the growth of private business.

In 1995, Jacques Chirac took a very conservative approach and cut government spending. Over the years, France has built the fourth largest economy in the world.

Sarkozy is currently the President of France.

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Nicolas Sarkozy• Nicolas Sarkozy was elected President of France in 2007, taking office on 16

May 2007. Sarkozy heads the Union Pour un Mouvement Populaire ("Union for a Popular Movement," or UMP) and is known as a high-energy, blunt-talking conservative whose favorite issues include immigration reform, jobs, law and order, and French national identity. Sarkozy was only 28 when he became mayor of the well-to-do suburb Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1983; he won national acclaim in 1993 after schoolchildren in Neuilly were taken hostage by a man calling himself the Human Bomb, and Sarkozy negotiated directly with the man for their release. In 2002 he was installed as France's minister of the interior, and became known for his hard-line approach to crime among inner-city youth. He was made finance minister in 2004, and the same year took over leadership of the UMP, the party of then-President Jacques Chirac. He succeeded Chirac in 2007, defeating Socialist candidate Ségolene Royal in national elections to win a six-year term as president.

• Extra credit: Sarkozy's name is pronounced SAR-ko-zee... His nickname is "Sarko"... The name of the "Human Bomb" kidnapper was Eric Schmitt; he was killed in a police raid that ended the incident... As a conservative, Sarkozy has sometimes been compared with ultra-rightist French politician Jean Marie Le Pen... Sarkozy has been married thrice: to the former Marie-Dominique Culioli from 1982-96, to model Cécilia Ciganer-Albeniz from 1996 to 2007 (the couple were divorced five months after Sarkozy took office as president), and to model Carla Bruni on 2 February 2008.

Born: 28 January 1955Birthplace: Paris, FranceBest known as: President of FranceSince 2007-

How Did Germany Reunify?

• In 1969, West German chancellor Willy Brandt tried to ease tensions with East Germany.

• In 1989, as Soviet communism declined, Germany was able to move toward reunification. Without Soviet backing, East German leaders were ousted. People from both Germanys tore down the Berlin Wall.

• In 1990, German votes approved reunification.

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Wartime Destruction in Germany Berlin and other German cities suffered serious wartime damage. In this photo, civilians walk through the rubble left by wartime bombing in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945. What challenges would residents of a city face after such heavy destruction?

The Iron Curtain Divides Germany While the Berlin Wall divided the city of Berlin, a much longer series of concrete walls, barbed wire, and watchtowers ran along the border between East and West Germany, forming part of the Iron Curtain. Why might East Germany have built a fortified border such as this?

West Germany’s “Economic Miracle”Early in the Cold War, the United States rushed aid to its former enemy through the Marshall Plan and other programs. It wanted to strengthen West Germany against communist Eastern Europe. From 1949 to 1963, Konrad Adenauer was West Germany’s chancellor, or prime minister. He guided the rebuilding of cities, factories, and trade. Because many of its old factories had been destroyed, Germany built a modern and highly productive industrial base. Despite high taxes to pay for the recovery, West Germans created a booming industrial economy.

Other Democratic Nations

In 1967, military rulers came to power.

Greece and Turkey almost went to war over Cyprus.

In 1975, Greece returned to democratic rule.

Portugal was economically underdeveloped with a large peasant population. When the authoritarian government finally collapsed, Portugal adopted a democratic government. Portugal’s economy grew rapidly.

Spain was economically underdeveloped with a large peasant population.

When Francisco Franco finally died, Spain adopted a democratic government.

The Spanish economy grew rapidly.

Political divisions and regional differences led to instability. Corruption, financial scandals, and the Mafia added to the instability.Despite these problems, Italy made economic gains and ranked as a leading industrial nation.

ITALY SPAIN

PORTUGAL GREECE

2


Which French leader set up the Fifth Republic? a) Jacques Chirac

b) Francois Mitterand c) Charles de

Gaulle d) Napoleon

Which nations almost went to war over Cyprus? a) Turkey and Spain b) Italy and Turkey

c) Greece and Portugal d)

Turkey and Greece

2


Which French leader set up the Fifth Republic? a) Jacques Chirac

b) Francois Mitterand c) Charles de

Gaulle d) Napoleon

Which nations almost went to war over Cyprus? a) Turkey and Spain b) Italy and Turkey

c) Greece and Portugal d)

Turkey and Greece

North American Prosperity

• What actions has the United States taken as a global superpower?

• What developments have shaped the economy, government, and society of the United States?

• What issues has Canada faced in recent years?

3

The United States: A Global Superpower

The United States built bases overseas and organized military alliances from Europe to Southeast Asia.

The United States provided economic aid to help Europe rebuild and to assist emerging nations.

The United States became involved in the Korean and Vietnam wars in hopes of preventing the spread of communism.

As conflicts erupted in various regions, the United States tried to resolve some of them:• In 1991, it led a multinational force against Iraqi invaders of Kuwait.• It provided peacekeeping forces to end bloody civil wars in Bosnia and

Kosovo.

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American Economy and Government

In the postwar decades, American businesses expanded into markets around the globe.

American industries faced competition from Asian and other nations.The government’s role in the economy grew.

In the 1980s, government spending and tax cuts greatly increased the national budget deficit.In the 1990s, the economy rebounded until 2006-7.

During the 1960s, the government expanded social programs to help the poor and disadvantaged.

In the 1980s, conservatives challenged the growth of government and reduced spending on social programs. At the same time, military spending increased.

America entered the twenty-first century enjoying peace, prosperity, and unrivaled military power.

ECONOMY GOVERNMENT

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Levittown—little pink houses for you and me— @$9,000!

Little boxes on the hillside,Little boxes made of ticky tacky,Little boxes on the hillside,Little boxes all the same.There's a green one and a pink one And a blue one and a yellow one,And they're all made out of ticky tackyAnd they all look just the same.

Civil Rights and Society

• Many states denied equality to various minority groups. They faced legal segregation, or separation, in education and housing, and discrimination in jobs and voting.

• By 1956, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement. King organized boycotts and led peaceful marches to end segregation in the United States.

• Congress outlawed segregation. Despite this, racial prejudice survived and poverty and unemployment still plagued many African Americans.

During the 1950s and 1960s, many social changes took place. Some were linked to the civil rights movement that set out to end discrimination and ensure equal rights for all Americans.

3

What Issues Has Canada Faced in Recent Years?

• Many Canadians have resented the cultural domination of their neighbor, the United States.

• Economic competition with the United States led to the creation of the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA).

• Canada and the United States agreed to work together for a common solution to the problem of pollution.

3

• Since the 1950s, Canada has become increasingly diverse, with newcomers from Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

• Quebec’s French-speaking people demanded more autonomy within Canada. Some Canadians favored separatism.

Canada

• Medical Marijuana is legalized in 2001

• and Gay Marriage is legalized in 2005.

• Prime Minister Stephen Harper• Inuit homeland given and

named Nunavut , which means “Our Land”. It is the top, middle island area closest to Greenland.


During the 1980s, social programs in the United States were a) expanded. b) reduced.

c) left unchanged. d) completely eliminated.

Economic competition between Canada and the United States led to the creation of

a) NAFTA. b) an independent Quebec.

c) the UN. d) the European Union.

3


During the 1980s, social programs in the United States were a) expanded. b) reduced.

c) left unchanged. d) completely eliminated.

Economic competition between Canada and the United States led to the creation of

a) NAFTA. b) an independent Quebec.

c) the UN. d) the European Union.

The Soviet Union: Rise and Fall of a Superpower

• What ideas guided Soviet political, economic, and foreign policy?

• Why did the Soviet Union collapse?

• What problems have Russia and the other republics faced since the fall of the Soviet Union?

4

Soviet Nuclear Missiles Every year on May 1, the Soviet Union demonstrated its military strength, including nuclear weaponry, in a parade through Moscow’s Red Square. Why might the Soviet Union have wanted to show off its nuclear might?

Soviet Government and Economy

Khrushchev pursued a policy of de-Stalinization and sought a thaw in the Cold War.

Brezhnev suppressed dissidents, people who spoke out against the government.

The Soviet Union rebuilt its shattered industries.

Citizens enjoyed benefits such as low rent, cheap bread, free health care, and day care for children.

Collectivized agriculture remained unproductive.

The Soviet Union could not match the free-market economies of the West in producing consumer goods.

People spent hours waiting on line to buy food and other goods.

Because workers had lifetime job security, they had little incentive to produce better-quality goods.

GOVERNMENT ECONOMY

4

Soviet Foreign Policy

Soviet-American relations swung back and forth between confrontation and détente.

The Soviet Union sought allies among the developing nations.

The Soviets offered military and economic aid in order to win and keep allies.

Stalin and his successors asserted Soviet control over Eastern Europe.

Khrushchev set up the Warsaw Pact to suppress dissent within Eastern Europe.

UNITED STATESDEVELOPING

WORLDEASTERN EUROPE

4

Collapse of the Soviet Union: Cause and Effect

4

Low output of crops and consumer goods

Cold War led to high military spending

Ethnic and nationalist movements

Denial of rights and freedoms

War with Afghanistan

Food and fuel shortages

Demonstrations in the Baltic states

Gorbachev’s rise to power

Soviet Union breaks up into 15 republicsRussian republic approves a new constitution

Changeover to market economy in RussiaCold War endsWar in Chechnya

EffectsImmediate

CausesLong-Term

Causes

Problems in The Russian Republic

• The changeover to a market economy caused unemployment to soar and prices to skyrocket.

• Criminals flourished, and gangs preyed on the new business class. In Russian slang, protection is called krysha (literally the roof). ...

• In 1998, Russia defaulted, or failed to make payments, on much of its foreign debt.

• The value of Russia’s currency collapsed. People lost their savings and their jobs.

• Minorities within Russia sought greater autonomy or independence.

4

The Other Republics

• The new nations faced unrest, corruption, and political divisions.

• In some countries, authoritarian rulers gained power.

• Ethnic conflict erupted in republics with a mix of national groups.

• Other conflicts arose over border disputes.

• The new nations endured hard times as they switched to market economies.

4

Who pursued a policy of de-Stalinization? a) Brezhnev

b) Khrushchev c)

Stalin d) Yeltsin

Which of the following was not a cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union? a) war with Afghanistan

b) the end of the Cold War c) Gorbachev’s rise to power

d) food and fuel shortages



Who pursued a policy of de-Stalinization? a) Brezhnev b) Khrushchev

c) Stalin d)

Yeltsin

Which of the following was not a cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union? a) war with Afghanistan

b) the end of the Cold War c)

Gorbachev’s rise to power d) food and fuel shortages

A New Era in Eastern Europe

• How did Eastern European nations oppose Soviet domination and strive for democracy?

• What were the effects of the fall of communism?

• What were the causes and effects of civil war in Yugoslavia?

5

Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe

1945 After World War II, Soviet armies occupy much of Eastern Europe.

1949 Most Eastern European countries are under communist rule.

1956 Hungary withdraws from Warsaw Pact and ends one-party rule; Soviet troops crush Hungarian uprising.

1968 Czechoslovakia introduces reforms; Soviets use force to restore communist dictatorship.

1980 Polish government, under Soviet pressure, cracks down on trade union movement and arrests its leaders.

Fall of Communist Governments

Eastern European countries withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and requested that Soviet troops leave.

Eastern European nations set out to build stable governments and free-market economies.

The many changes contributed to rising inflation, high unemployment, and crime waves.

Consumer goods became more plentiful, but many people could not afford them.

Former communists were sometimes returned to office when people became disillusioned with reform.

In the 1990s, Eastern European nations looked to the West for aid. Ethnic tension arose is some areas.

5

The Crumbling Soviet UnionThis cartoon shows Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev with an egg-shaped head sitting on a wall marked with the national symbol of the Soviet Union. The cartoon draws on the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty.

What does the cartoon suggest about the state of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev?What does it imply about Gorbachev’s future?How does this cartoon communicate ideas without using any words?

Defending Lithuania’s Independence

Soviets Have Their Own “Vietnam” in AfghanistanIn 1979, the Soviet Union became involved in a long war in Afghanistan, an Islamic country just south of the Soviet Union. A Soviet-supported Afghan government had tried to modernize the nation. Its policies included social reforms and land redistribution that would reduce the power of regional landlords. Afghan landlords—who commanded armed men as warlords—and Muslim conservatives charged that both policies threatened Islamic tradition. When these warlords took up arms against the government, Soviet troops moved in.Battling mujahedin or Muslim religious warriors, in the mountains of Afghanistan, however, proved as difficult as fighting guerrillas in the jungles of Vietnam had been for Americans. By the mid-1980s, the American government began to smuggle modern weaponry to the mujahedin. The Soviets had years of heavy casualties, high costs, and few successes. Like America’s Vietnam War, the struggle in Afghanistan provoked a crisis in morale for the Soviets at home.

In 2000, Vladimir Putin was elected president in Russia’s second free election. Putin projected toughness and competence, promising to end corruption and build Russia into a strong market economy. He also secured Russia a consulting status with NATO. However, Putin repeatedly came under fire for increasing the power of the central government at the expense of people’s civil liberties. The international community began to question his policies, concerned that he was becoming more autocratic than democratic.

Protesting Putin Demonstrators gather in Moscow in 2004 to protest Putin’s policies.

What point do you think the protesters were making by holding up photos likening Putin to Adolf Hitler?

In 2000, Vladimir Putin was elected president in Russia’s second free election. Putin projected toughness and competence, promising to end corruption and build Russia into a strong market economy. He also secured Russia a consulting status with NATO.

Protesting Putin Demonstrators gather in Moscow in 2004 to protest Putin’s policies.

What point do you think the protesters were making by holding up photos likening Putin to Adolf Hitler?

Dmitry Medvedev current President of the Russian Federation. He won the presidential election held on 2 March 2008

However, Putin repeatedly came under fire for increasing the power of the central government at the expense of people’s civil liberties. The international community began to question his policies, concerned that he was becoming more autocratic than democratic.

Medvedev & Putin

Poland Embraces SolidarityPoland led the way in the new surge of resistance that shattered the Soviet satellite empire. In 1980, economic hardships ignited strikes by shipyard workers. Led by Lech Walesa , they organized Solidarity, an independent labor union. It won millions of members and demanded political as well as economic change.Under pressure from the Soviet Union, the Polish government outlawed the union and arrested its leaders, including Walesa. Still, unrest continued. Walesa became a national hero, and the Polish government eventually released him from prison. Pope John Paul II visited Poland, met with Solidarity leaders, and criticized communist policies. The pope was the former Karol Wojtyla, archbishop of the Polish city of Cracow.

The dissolution of Czechoslovakia, which took effect on 1 January 1993, was an event that saw the self-determined separation of the federal state of Czechoslovakia. The Czech Republic and Slovakia, entities which had arisen in 1969 within the framework of Czechoslovak federalization, became immediate subjects of the international law in 1993. It is sometimes known as the Velvet Divorce, a reference to the bloodless Velvet Revolution of 1989 that led to the end of the rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the formation of a democratic government.

New Nations in Eastern Europe

5

Civil War in Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia consisted of a broad mixture of ethnic and religious groups.

Tito had silenced nationalist and religious unrest for decades. When he died, nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart.

Communism fell.

Four of the six republics declared independence.

Tens of thousands of Bosnian Muslims were killed in a campaign of ethnic cleansing. The Balkan region remained unstable.

New nations needed massive aid to rebuild.

Large numbers of refugees remained in temporary shelter for years after the war.

Ethnic feuds were hard to contain.

CAUSES EFFECTS

5

A boy dodging sniper fire to get water, Sarajevo, Bosnia, 1993

Zlata Filipovic was 11 years old in 1992 when she began a diary about her life in war-torn Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Here is an excerpt:

“Today a shell fell on the park in front of my house, the park where I used to play and sit with my girlfriends. A lot of people were hurt . . . AND NINA IS DEAD . . . She was such a sweet, nice little girl.”—Zlata Filipovic, Zlata’s Diary

Bosnia is just one of the nations that have faced ethnic, religious, or national conflicts in recent decades.

Grozny in Ruins Grozny, the capital of Chechnya, lay in ruins in 2000 after Russian troops won a battle for control of the city.

Ethnic, nationalist, and religious tensions tore Yugoslavia apart during the 1990s. Before 1991, Yugoslavia was multiethnic, or made up of several ethnic groups. These groups included Serbs, Montenegrins, and Macedonians, who were Orthodox Christians; Croats and Slovenes, who were Roman Catholics; and the mostly Muslim Bosniaks and Albanians. A majority of Yugoslavians—including the Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, and Bosniaks—all spoke the same language, Serbo-Croatian, but these groups had different religions. Albanians, Slovenes, and Macedonians spoke minority languages.Yugoslavia was made up of six republics, similar to states in the United States.

These were Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (often known as Bosnia for short), Montenegro, and Macedonia. Each republic had a dominant ethnic group but also was home to ethnic minorities. Serbs formed the majority in Serbia but were an important ethnic minority in several of the other republics. Serbs dominated Yugoslavia, which was held together and controlled by its Communist Party.

Former Yugoslavia in 2005

However, NATO air strikes eventually forced Yugoslavia to withdraw its forces from Kosovo. UN and NATO forces restored peace. As Kosovo rebuilt, tensions remained high between ethnic Albanians and Serbs living there. Although Kosovo remained part of Serbia in theory, the region was under UN control after 1999. The majority ethnic Albanians sought independence, while ethnic Serbs wanted

The Fight for KosovoAs Bosnia reached a tense peace, a crisis broke out in the Serbian province of Kosovo. Ethnic Albanians made up about 90 percent of Kosovo’s population. The rest of the population was mostly Serbian.

In 1989, Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic (an extreme Serbian nationalist, had begun oppressing Kosovar Albanians.

Peaceful protests led to more repression. In the mid-1990s, a small guerrilla army of ethnic Albanians began to respond with armed attacks on Serbian targets. Milosevic, however, rejected international peace efforts. In 1999, NATO launched air strikes against Serbia. Yugoslav forces attempted ethnic cleansing of Albanian civilians.

Conflicts in Former Yugoslavia

What happened when Hungary withdrew from the Warsaw Pact? a) The Soviet Union granted Hungary’s

independence. b) Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian uprising. c) Other Eastern European countries also withdrew. d) Hungary was permitted to install a democratic government.

Which of the following was not a former territory of Yugoslavia? a) Slovenia b) Croatia

c) Bulgaria d) Bosnia-Herzegovina


East Asia and Southeast Asia(1945–Present)

East Asia and Southeast Asia (1945–Present)

Section 1: Japan Becomes an Economic Superpower

Section 2: From Revolution to Reform in China

Section 3: The Asian Tigers

Section 4: Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim

Japan Becomes an Economic Superpower

• What factors made Japan’s recovery an economic miracle?

• How did Japan interact economically and politically with other nations?

• How are patterns of life changing in Japan?

1

Recovery and Economic MiracleIn 1945, Japan lay in ruins. What factors allowed Japan to recover and produce an economic miracle?

• Japan’s success was based on producing goods for export. At first, the nation manufactured textiles. Later, it shifted to making steel, and then to high

technology. • While Japan had to rebuild from scratch, the nation had successfully

industrialized in the past. Thus, it was able to quickly build efficient, modern factories and adapt the latest technology.• Japan benefited from an educated, highly skilled work force. • Japanese workers saved much of their money. These savings gave banks the capital to invest in industrial growth.• Japan did not have to spend money on maintaining a large military force.

1

Peace Comes to Japan A 1945 poster printed by a Japanese bank encourages people to “make a bright future for Japan.”

Land Reform Benefits Japanese Farmers Japan’s postwar land reform redistributed land from wealthy landlords to small farmers such as the ones in this photo. How would ownership of land benefit farmers?

In 1952, the United States ended the occupation and signed a peace treaty with Japan. Still, the two nations kept close ties. American military forces maintained bases in Japan, which in turn was protected by American nuclear weapons. The two countries were also trading partners, eventually competing with each other in the global economy.

Japan’s Economic MiracleBy the 1970s and 1980s, Japan prospered by manufacturing products to be sold overseas, such as the televisions being assembled in this photo.

Japanese Motor Vehicle Exports,

1997

1

Economic and Political Interaction

• The oil crisis of the 1970s brought home Japan’s dependence on the world market. In response to the economic challenge the oil crisis presented, Japan sought better relations with oil-producing nations of the Middle East.

• Japan has had to deal with nations that still held bitter memories of World War II. Japan was slow to apologize for its wartime actions. In the 1990s, Japanese leaders offered some public regrets for the destruction of the war years.

• For many years, Japan took a back seat in international politics. More recently, it has taken on a larger world role. Today, Japan ranks as the world’s largest donor of foreign aid.

1

Changing Patterns of Life

• In the 1990s, Japan faced a terrible economic depression. Many workers lost the security of guaranteed lifetime employment, and confidence was undermined.

• In the 1990s, charges of corruption greatly weakened Japan’s dominant political party, the LDP. Some younger, reform-minded politicians broke with the LDP, threatening its monopoly on power.

• Today, most Japanese live in crowded cities in tiny, cramped apartments.

• While women have legal equality, traditional attitudes keep them in subordinate positions in the workplace.

• For decades, Japanese sacrificed family life to work long hours. Many younger Japanese, however, want more time to enjoy themselves. Some older Japanese worry that the old work ethic is weakening.

1

The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai

Tsunami A deadly 8.9 earthquake struck Japan, one of the largest earthquakes in the history of Japan.A massive 23-foot tsunami also hit the coast killing hundreds, leveling homes, and sweeping away cars and boats. 200 to 300 bodies were found in the northeastern coastal city of Sendai, according to the AP.

Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3rqPPJPwLg

Which of the following contributed to Japan’s economic recovery? a) Japan was industrializing for the first time. b) Japan’s large military helped revitalize the economy.

c) Japan had an educated, highly skilled work force. d) Japanese people spent most of their earnings.

In 1997, Japan exported the vast majority of the motor vehicles it produced to a) Britain. b) Germany.

c) Saudi Arabia. d) the United States.



Which of the following contributed to Japan’s economic recovery? a) Japan was industrializing for the first time.

b) Japan’s large military helped revitalize the economy.

c) Japan had an educated, highly skilled work force. d) Japanese people spent most of

their earnings.

In 1997, Japan exported the vast majority of the motor vehicles it produced to a) Britain. b) Germany.

c) Saudi Arabia. d) the

United States.

From Revolution to Reform in China

• What were the effects of communist policies in China?

• What challenges did China face during the Cold War?

• How did calls for political reform lead to repression?

• What challenges face China today?

2

Communist PoliciesAlthough some reforms did result in more access to education and greater equality, people in China paid a heavy cost for Mao’s programs. During the 1950s and 1960s, two efforts in particular led to economic disaster and tremendous loss of life.

In the “Great Leap Forward,” Mao urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm output. • Food output slowed and backyard industries turned out low-

quality, useless goods.• A terrible famine occurred. Between 1959 and 1961,

up to 30 million Chinese starved to death.

The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to purge China of “bourgeois” tendencies. • The Cultural Revolution convulsed China. Schools and factories closed. The economy slowed, and civil war threatened.

2

How the Communists WonMao’s Communists triumphed for several reasons. Mao had won the support of China’s huge peasant population. Peasants had long suffered from brutal landlords and crushing taxes. The Communists redistributed land to poor peasants and ended oppression by landlords.While support for the Communists grew, the Nationalists lost popularity. Nationalist policies had led to widespread economic hardship. Many Chinese people also resented corruption in Jiang’s government and the government’s reliance on support from Western “imperialist” powers. They hoped that the Communists would build a new China and end foreign domination.Widespread support for the Communists in the countryside helped them to capture rail lines and surround Nationalist-held cities. One after another, these cities fell, and Mao’s People’s Liberation Army emerged victorious. After their victory against the Nationalists, the Communists conquered Tibet in 1950. In 1959, Tibet’s most revered religious leader, the Dalai Lama, was forced to flee the country.

During the mid-1950s, divisions arose within the Communist party in China. In response, Mao Zedong (1893–1976) launched a campaign under the slogan “Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred thoughts contend.” Mao hoped that by offering people the opportunity to openly express their views he would gain more support. When people began to criticize the Communist party, however, Mao ended the campaign. Of the nearly 550,000 Chinese who had spoken out, thousands were executed and hundreds of thousands were exiled to the countryside to “rectify their thinking through labor.”

What methods did Mao use to keep power for himself?

The Great Leap Forward FailsFrom 1958 to 1960, Mao led a program known as the Great Leap Forward. He urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output. In an attempt to make agriculture more efficient, he created communes. A typical commune brought together several villages, thousands of acres of land, and up to 25,000 people. Rural communes set up small-scale “backyard” industries to produce steel and other products.

Promoting the Cultural RevolutionThe Cultural Revolution poster above shows soldiers holding “little red books” and urges them to “destroy all enemies.” The photo to the left shows Chinese soldiers waving their “little red books” during this same period.

What do these images suggest about freedom of speech and freedom of thought during the Cultural Revolution in China?

China and the Cold War

Stalin sent economic aid and technical experts to China, but he and Mao disagreed on many issues.

China and the Soviet Union competed for influence in developing nations.

By 1960, border disputes and clashes over ideology led the Soviets to withdraw all aid and advisers from China.

At first, the United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China and for years tried to isolate China.

Slowly, relations improved.

In 1979, the United States set up formal diplomatic relations with China.

RELATIONS WITH THE SOVIET UNION

RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES

2

Communism and Democracy in China

• Massive, pervasive policies of economic and cultural engineering – Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)– Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

• Both huge failures• Deng Xiaopeng (1904-1997) comes to power in

1981, moderates Maoism• Tiananmen Square pro-democracy rallies

ruthlessly subdued, 1989

Tiananmen Square

By the late 1980s, some Chinese were demanding greater political freedom and economic reform.

The crackdown showed that China’s Communist leaders were determined to maintain control. To them, order was more important than political freedom.

In 1989, thousands of demonstrators occupied Tiananmen Square and called for democracy.

The government sent in troops and tanks. Thousands of demonstrators were killed or wounded.

2

Tank Man

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrQqDqOx3KY

Challenges China Faces TodayChina’s human rights abuses have brought strong pressure from trading partners such as the United States. Copyright laws, Internet stuff…Population growth strained the economy and posed a challenge for the future. Male children preferred under one child law.

Hong Kong’s fate in ten years…China still claims Taiwan. Using more and more energy and resources in industrialization.Many state-run industries were inefficient, but could not be closed without risking high unemployment and economic chaos.Inequalities between rich and poor urban and rural Chinese continued to grow.As communist ideology weakened, government corruption became a growing problem. Hu Jintao is ruler now

2

China Builds on Deng’s ReformsGorbachev had urged the leaders of other communist states to consider both political and economic changes. Leaders of the People’s Republic of China accelerated the compromises with capitalism that Deng Xiaoping had introduced in the 1980s. The result was an amazing economic boom, including double-digit growth rates for more than a decade.China’s Communist Party, however, undertook no political reforms. Watching communist power unravel in Eastern Europe, China’s leaders worked to preserve one-party Communist rule—and their own power.

Chinese workers assemble electronic parts.

Limiting a Huge PopulationChina’s population, now more than 1.3 billion, is the largest in the world. In the 1980s, the government’s one-child policy, which limited urban families to a single child, aimed to keep population growth from hurting economic development. Rural families were allowed two children. However, these measures worked better in urban areas than in rural areas. Rural families who wanted more than two children to help on the farm often just paid fines. Even so, population growth slowed overall after 1980.

When did the United States set up formal diplomatic relations with China?

a) 1945 b) 1995

c) 1979d) 1950

The demonstrators who occupied Tiananmen Square were calling fora) increased farm output.

b) the strengthening of communism.c) a purging of bourgeois tendencies.

d) democracy.


The Asian Tigers

• How has China influenced Taiwan and Hong Kong?

• How did Singapore modernize?

• Why has Korea remained divided for more than 50 years?

3

Asian Tigers

The term “Asian tigers” refers to Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea.

• All four are small Asian lands that became “newly industrialized countries” by the 1980s. • They are known for their aggressive economic growth. • Although they differ in important ways, all followed similar roads to modernization after 1945.• All four were influenced by China.• In each, the Confucian ethic shaped attitudes about work. • All four had stable governments that invested in education.

3

The Asian Tigers and JapanFor decades, Japan dominated the Asian Pacific Rim. This small island nation rebuilt itself after World War II to become an economic powerhouse, modernizing and excelling at Western economics while at the same time preserving its own traditions. By the 1990s, however, Japan began to suffer from a long economic downturn.In the meantime, Japan’s neighbors—including Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea—surged ahead. Although they differ in terms of culture and history, all had quickly modernized and industrialized by the 1980s. All four were influenced to some degree by China and its Confucian traditions of education, loyalty, and consensus. Each stressed education as a means to increase worker productivity.Because of their economic success, they earned nicknames such as the “Asian tigers” or the “four tigers.” The Asian tigers first focused on light industries such as textiles. As their economies grew, the tigers concentrated on making higher-priced exports, such as electronics, for developed nations. Their extraordinary growth was due in part to low wages, long hours, and other worker sacrifices.

Taiwan and Hong Kong

Taiwan was ruled by China until 1895, when it fell to Japan.

The Japanese built some industry, providing a foundation for later growth.

Taiwan first set up light industries and later, developed heavy industry. After the Cold War, Taiwanese businesses invested in companies on the Chinese mainland.

Britain won Hong Kong from China after the Opium War.

Hong Kong’s prosperity was based largely on trade and light industry.

Hong Kong also became a world financial center.

Hong Kong’s amazing growth was due in part to its location on China’s doorstep.

In 1997, Britain returned Hong Kong to China.

Both Taiwan and Hong Kong have deep cultural and historical links to China.

TAIWAN HONG KONG

3

How Did Singapore Modernize?During his 30 years in power, Prime Minister

Lee Kwan Yew:

• supported a free-market economy• attracted foreign capital by keeping labor

costs low• expanded Singapore’s seaport into one of

the world’s busiest harbors • welcomed skilled immigrants• insisted on education for all of Singapore’s

people

3

• encouraged high-tech industries, manufacturing, finance, and tourism

• followed a Confucian model of development, emphasizing hard work and saving money

The Two Koreas

After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States divided Korea along the 38th parallel.

Before long, North Korea became a communist ally of the Soviet Union. The United States backed noncommunist South Korea.

In 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea. The war turned into a stalemate.

In 1953, both sides signed an armistice, or end to fighting. The armistice has held for 50 years, but no peace treaty has ever been negotiated.

3

Korean War,

1950 – 1953

3

A Divided NationKorea was an independent kingdom until Japan conquered it in the early twentieth century. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, Soviet and American forces agreed to divide Korea temporarily along the 38th parallel of latitude. However, North Korea, ruled by the dictator Kim Il Sung, became a communist ally of the Soviet Union. In South Korea, the United States backed the dictatorial—but noncommunist—leader, Syngman Rhee.

Winter Battle Scene in KoreaU.S. soldiers rest after winning a battle for a snowy hill in Korea, February 1951.

Based on the photograph, what advantage did these soldiers gain by winning control of this hill?

South Korea RecoversAfter the war, South Korea slowly rebuilt its economy. By the mid-1960s, South Korea’s economy had leapt ahead. After decades of dictatorship and military rule, a prosperous middle class and fierce student protests pushed the government to hold direct elections in 1987. These elections began a successful transition to democracy. Despite the bloody Korean War, most South Koreans during the Cold War years wanted to see their ancient nation reunited, as did many North Koreans. All Koreans shared the same history, language, and traditions. For many, this meant more than Cold War differences.

North Korea Digs InUnder Kim Il Sung, the command economy increased output for a time in North Korea. However, in the late 1960s, economic growth slowed. Kim’s emphasis on self-reliance kept North Korea isolated and poor. The government built a personality cult around Kim, who was constantly glorified as the “Great Leader” in propaganda. Even after its Soviet and Chinese allies undertook economic reforms in the 1980s, North Korea clung to hard-line communism.

Kim Jong Il

Kim Il Sung

Kim Jong Un at left front, Kim Jong Il at right front

“Asian tigers” refer to all of the following except

a) Singapore. b) Taiwan.

c) North Korea. d)

South Korea.

Which of the following correctly describes the Korean War? a) The United States backed the noncommunist north

while the Soviet Union backed the communist south. b) The United States backed the communist north while the Soviet Union backed the noncommunist south.

c) The United States backed the noncommunist south while the Soviet Union backed the communist north. d) The United States backed the communist south while the Soviet Union backed the noncommunist north.


Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim

• How did war affect Vietnam and Cambodia?

• What challenges faced the Philippines and the developing nations of Southeast Asia?

• Why is the Pacific Rim a vital region?

4

War in Vietnam and Cambodia

Communists fought against non-communists supported by the United States for control of Vietnam.

After the United States withdrew from the war, the North Vietnamese reunited the country under communist rule.

The communist victors imposed harsh rule in the south.

Vietnam had to rebuild a land destroyed by war.

During the Vietnam War, fighting spilled over into neighboring Cambodia. In 1970, the United States bombed and then invaded Cambodia.

When the United States left, communist guerrillas called Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, slaughtered more than a million Cambodians.

In 1979, Vietnam invaded and occupied Cambodia. They left in 1992, but troubles still abound:• King: Norodom Sihamoni (2004) ballet

dancer and choreographer• Prime Minister: Hun Sen (1998) who

has tried coup after coup

In mainland Southeast Asia, an agonizing liberation struggle tore apart the region once known as French Indochina.

VIETNAM CAMBODIA

4

Vietnam War, 1968 –

1975

4

Tragedy in Cambodia

During the Vietnam War, fighting had spilled over into neighboring Cambodia. In 1970, the United States bombed North Vietnamese supply routes in Cambodia and then briefly invaded the country. Afterwards, the Khmer Rouge ,a force of Cambodian communist guerrillas, gained ground in Cambodia. Finally, in 1975, the Khmer Rouge overthrew the Cambodian government.Led by the brutal dictator Pol Pot the Khmer Rouge unleashed a reign of terror. To destroy all Western influences, they drove people from the cities and forced them to work in the fields. They slaughtered, starved, or worked to death more than a million Cambodians, about a third of the population.In the end, it took a Vietnamese invasion in 1979 to drive Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge back into the jungle. Vietnam imposed an authoritarian government on Cambodia, but they at least ended the genocide.

Haing S. Ngor won his Supporting Oscar in 1984 for playing Dith Pran, a journalist's assistant trapped in Cambodia during the civil war. His real life was even scarier than that.

"Haing Ngor: A Cambodian Odyssey.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-SI8RF6wDE&feature=player_embedded#at=61

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-SI8RF6wDE&feature=player_embedded#at=61

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y541yRMDaiE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ZJ7Lljvug&feature=related








http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9FgzH4xizU&feature=related

Fleeing Communist Control

These South Vietnamese refugees are fleeing their country after communist forces took control in April 1975. Refugees who fled in small boats like this one were known as “boat people.”

Vietnam Under the CommunistsIn the newly reunited Vietnam, the communist victors imposed a harsh rule of their own on the south. Hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese fled their country, most in small boats. Many of these “boat people” drowned. Survivors landed in refugee camps in neighboring countries. Eventually, some settled in the United States. Meanwhile, Vietnam had to rebuild a land destroyed by war. Recovery was slow due to a lack of resources and an American-led embargo, or blockage of trade. For years, the country remained mired in poverty.

Why might people choose to flee across the open ocean in a small boat like this one?

The PhilippinesIn 1946, the Philippines gained freedom after almost 50 years of American rule.

In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos was elected president. Marcos promised reform but became a dictator.

In 1986, the people of the Philippines forced Marcos to leave in what was called the “people power” revolution.

Corazón Aquino became president and restored the fragile democracy.

Challenges:

• The country enjoyed economic growth during the 1990s, but many people remained poor.

• Government corruption and guerrilla wars threatened the nation’s stability.

• The Philippines experienced rapid urbanization.• Natural disasters caused setbacks.• Many enterprising Filipinos left the country.

4

Like Indonesia, the Philippines is a group of islands with a diversity of ethnic groups. Catholics are the predominant religious group, but there is a Muslim minority in the south. In 1946, the Philippines gained freedom peacefully after almost 50 years of American rule. The United States, however, continued to influence the country through military and economic aid.

Marcos Becomes a DictatorAlthough the Filipino constitution set up a democratic government, a wealthy elite controlled politics and the economy. The peasant majority was poor. For a time, the government battled Huks , local Communists with strong peasant support. Ferdinand Marcos, elected president in 1965, abandoned democracy. He became a dictator and cracked down on basic freedoms. He even had Benigno Aquino, a popular rival, murdered.

Filipinos Demand DemocracyWhen Marcos finally held elections in 1986, voters elected Corazon Aquino, widow of the slain Benigno. Marcos tried to deny the results, but the people of Manila held demonstrations that forced him to resign during the “people power” revolution. Under Aquino and her successors, this fragile democracy struggled to survive. The economy grew during the 1990s but then slowed. Poverty persisted. Another corrupt president, Joseph Estrada, tried to cling to power. Once again, in 2001, popular protests forced him from office. As urbanization increased, unrest grew in crowded slum neighborhoods.

Developing Nations of Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asian nations faced many problems after independence.They lacked experience in self-government.They faced complex ethnic and religious conflicts. Demands for political freedom and social justice were frequent.

For years, repressive military rulers battled rebel ethnic minorities. They isolated the country and imposed state socialism.

In 1990, the government held elections. The opposition party won, but the military rejected the election results.

Geography posed an obstacle to unity in Indonesia.

Under authoritarian rule, Indonesia made great economic progress.

The 1997 Asian financial crisis led to riots against the government.

A new government was elected and faced many problems.

MYANMAR INDONESIA

4

Myanmar SuffersBritain granted independence to its former colony of Burma in 1948. Burma was renamed Myanmar in 1989. Ethnic tensions have plagued Myanmar. The majority, Burmans, have dominated other ethnic groups. The military government has limited foreign trade, and living standards remain low.Under mounting foreign pressure, elections were held in 1990. A party opposed to military rule won. It was led by Aung San Suu Kyi, whose father had helped Burma win independence. The military rejected the election results and jailed, killed, or exiled many opponents. Suu Kyi was held under house arrest. In 1995, Suu Kyi won the Nobel Peace Prize for her “nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights,” but she remained a prisoner in her own country.

Aung San Suu Kyi 1945–, is a Burmese political leader; grad. Oxford Univ. The daughter of assassinated (1947) nationalist general U Aung San, who is regarded as the founder of modern Myanmar,

Aung San Suu Kyi was released in November after spending most of the past 20 years under house arrest in Myanmar (AFP/File, Soe Than Win)

Sukarno, Indonesia’s first president

Flag of the Southeast Asian nation of Malaysia

Southeast Asia’s Oil Wealth Oil and gas reserves have been an important source of wealth for Indonesia and its neighbors. This oil well is in the oil-rich monarchy of Brunei. Brunei is on the island of Borneo, which is divided among Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

Ethnic Conflicts and Natural DisastersReligious and ethnic conflicts fueled violence in parts of Indonesia. In the Moluccas, a group of eastern islands, fighting between Muslims and Christians claimed thousands of lives. Discrimination against Chinese on the island of Java led to vicious attacks on their businesses. Rebels in Papua, on the island of New Guinea at the eastern end of Indonesia, sought independence from Indonesia, as did conservative Muslim rebels in Aceh (ah chay), at the northwestern end of Indonesia.

Natural disasters have added to Indonesia’s troubles. In 2004, an earthquake caused a tsunami, or giant wave, that devastated the coast of Aceh and left over 100,000 dead. Related tsunamis ravaged Thailand, Sri Lanka, and other countries around the Indian Ocean.

The Pacific Rim

• By the 1990s, the volume of trade across the Pacific Rim was greater than that across the Atlantic. The region has potential for further growth.

• Countries on the Pacific Rim formed a huge market that lured investors, especially multinational corporations.

• The development of the Pacific Rim promises to bring the Americas and Asia closer together.

In the modern global economy, Southeast Asia and East Asia are part of a vast region known as the Pacific Rim. It includes countries in Asia and the Americas that border the Pacific Ocean.

4

Pacific Powerhouse The countries of the Pacific Rim have geographic, cultural, and economic ties. The region is a major center of ocean trade routes, shown on the map above.


After the United States withdrew from the Vietnam War, a) the North Vietnamese united the country.

b) South Vietnam invaded North Vietnam. c) Vietnam remained divided. d)

the Soviet Union occupied the country.

The Pacific Rim refers to countries in a) Asia and the Americas that border the

Pacific Ocean. b) East Asia and India that border the Pacific Ocean. c) North and South America that border the Pacific Ocean. d) East Asia and South Asia that border the Pacific Ocean.

4


After the United States withdrew from the Vietnam War, a) the North Vietnamese united the country.

b) South Vietnam invaded North Vietnam. c) Vietnam remained divided. d)

the Soviet Union occupied the country.

The Pacific Rim refers to countries in a) Asia and the Americas that border the

Pacific Ocean. b) East Asia and India that border the Pacific Ocean. c) North and South America that border the Pacific Ocean. d) East Asia and South Asia that border the Pacific Ocean.

South Asia and the Middle East

(1945–Present)

South Asia and the Middle East (1945–Present)

Section 1: Nations of South Asia

Section 2: Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East

Section 3: Nation Building in the Middle East: Three Case Studies

Section 4: The Middle East and the World

187

Decolonization in Asia

Nations of South Asia

• Why was India partitioned?

• How has India dealt with political, economic, and social change?

• What problems did Pakistan and Bangladesh face?

• How is South Asia linked to world affairs?

1

Why Was India Partitioned?After World War II, Britain finally agreed to Indian demand for independence.

Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan.

Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to partition, or divide, the subcontinent.

In 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.

As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted in Northern India.

Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people, including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed.

Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions persisted.

1

Partition of India,

1947

1

“Vivisection” of India (Gandhi)

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League• Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party• 1947 partition

– 500,000 killed– 10 million refugees

• India moves toward nonalignment position– The “third path”

Cause and Effect: Partition of India1

Muslim conquest of northern India in 1100s

British imperialism in India

Nationalists organize the Indian National Congress in 1885

Muslim nationalists form separate Muslim League in 1906

Long-TermCauses

World War II weakens European colonial empires

Pressure from Indian nationalists increases

Insistence by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League that Muslims have their own state

Rioting between Hindus and Muslims throughout northern India

Short-TermCauses

Violence erupts as millions of Hindus and Muslims cross the border between India and Pakistan

Gandhi is assassinated by Hindu extremists

India and Pakistan become centers of Cold War rivalry

Establishment of the state of Bangladesh

Effects

Continuing clash between India and Pakistan over Kashmir

Nuclear arms race as both India and Pakistan refuse to sign Non-Proliferation Treaty

Connections to Today

Bangalore: A Customer Support Center

Workers in Bangalore, India, serve as customer service operators for American and European companies. To make callers feel more comfortable, the operators are trained in English and American slang. How do you expect the customer service industry to change as more countries develop?

India’s population boom and the labor-saving methods of the Green Revolution resulted in millions of rural families migrating to cities. But overcrowded cities like Kolkata (or Calcutta) and Mumbai (or Bombay) could not provide jobs and basic services for everyone. To help the urban poor, Mother Teresa, a Roman Catholic nun, founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta. This group provides food and medical care to thousands. Still, millions more remained in desperate need.The Indian government backed family planning, but did not adopt the harsh policies that China did. Efforts to slow population growth had limited success. Poorer Indians, especially in rural areas, still see children as an economic resource who help work the land and care for parents in old age.

Combating PovertyMother Teresa worked with the poor in Calcutta, India.

Muslims leave India, 1947

Cities Rapidly GrowIn African, Asian, and Latin American nations, people have flooded into cities such as São Paulo, Brazil, and Mumbai, India, to find jobs and escape rural poverty. Besides economic opportunities, cities offer attractions such as stores, concerts, and sports. However, with no money and few jobs, newcomers must often settle in shantytowns. These slums of flimsy shacks are as crowded and dangerous as the slums of Europe and North America were in the 1800s and early 1900s. They lack basic services, such as running water, electricity, or sewers. Drugs and crime are constant threats.

Mumbai, India, a poor slum contrasts sharply with an affluent suburb.

Hat worn by Indian border guards along the border with Pakistan

Refugees Flee Amid ViolenceHowever, Hindus and Muslims still lived side by side in many cities and rural areas. As soon as the new borders became known, millions of Hindus on the Pakistani side of the borders packed up their belongings and fled to the new India. At the same time, millions of Muslims fled into newly created Pakistan. An estimated 10 million people fled their homes, most of them on foot.Muslims fleeing along the crowded roads into Pakistan were slaughtered by Hindus and Sikhs , members of an Indian religious minority. Muslims massacred Hindu and Sikh neighbors. Around one million people died in these massacres. Others died of starvation and exposure on the road.

Democracy: The Global Spread of DemocracyThis chapter describes the spread of democracy to West Germany and Japan and later to Eastern Europe. Using an encyclopedia, research the move to democracy in an Eastern European country. Then research a move to democracy in a country in Latin America, East Asia, or Africa. How was the transition to democracy similar or different in these two countries?

The Kashmir QuestionIn 1947, British India was partitioned into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. Kashmir is claimed by both India and Pakistan and has been a battleground between the two countries. The documents below help to show why the “Kashmir problem” remains worrisome today.

The Two Pakistans Grow ApartFrom the beginning, West Pakistan tended to dominate the nation’s government, even though East Pakistan had a larger population. The government concentrated most economic development programs in West Pakistan, while East Pakistan remained mired in poverty. Most people in East Pakistan were Bengalis, while West Pakistanis came from other ethnic groups. Many Bengalis resented the central government’s neglect of their region.

Bangladesh Breaks AwayIn 1971, Bengalis declared independence for East Pakistan under the new name of Bangladesh, or “Bengali Nation.” Pakistan’s military ruler ordered the army to crush the rebels. India supported the rebels by attacking and defeating the Pakistani army in Bangladesh. Pakistan was eventually compelled to recognize the independence of Bangladesh.

Struggles Over KashmirFollowing independence, India and Pakistan fought a war over Kashmir, a state in the Himalayas with Muslim and Hindu populations. Its Hindu ruler sought to join India even though much of the state’s Muslim majority wanted to be part of Pakistan. In 1949, India and Pakistan agreed to stop fighting.The peace between the two nations was short-lived. In 1965, Pakistan and India fought another war over Kashmir and have had several brief clashes since then. Over the years, Muslim Kashmiri separatists, supported by militants from neighboring Pakistan, have fought Indian troops. Indian forces, in turn, have attacked Muslim Kashmiris.

202

Indian Democracy

• Indian democracy flourishes under Indira Ghandi (1917-1984)– Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to

Mohandas– “Green Revolution” increases

agricultural yields– Repressive policies to slow population

growth, including forced sterilization• Assassinated by Sikh bodyguards

after attack on Sikh extremists in Amritsar, 1984

Sikhs RebelSome Indian Sikhs wanted independence for the prosperous and largely Sikh state of Punjab. In 1984, armed Sikh separatists took dramatic action. They occupied the Golden Temple, the Sikh religion’s holiest shrine. When talks failed to oust them, Indira Gandhi sent troops. Thousands of Sikhs died in the fighting, and the Golden Temple was damaged. A few months later, Gandhi’s Sikh bodyguards assassinated her, igniting more religious violence.

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi led India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984.

Urbanization undermined some traditions, but most Indians continued to live in villages.

The government tried to end discrimination based on caste. However, deep prejudice continued.

India adopted a socialist model to expand agriculture and industry.

Rapid population growth hurt efforts to improve living conditions.

An economic slowdown forced India to privatize some industries and make foreign investment easier.

India’s constitution set up a federal system.For 40 years after independence, the Nehru family led India.

India’s size and diversity have contributed to religious and regional divisions.Today, India is the world’s largest democratic nation.

SOCIALECONOMICPOLITICAL

India: Political, Economic, and Social Change1

Pakistan and Bangladesh

After independence, military leaders seized power and ruled as dictators.

When civilian leaders were finally elected, the military continued to intervene.

The country lacked natural resources for industry.

Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts.Severe economic problems and corruption plagued the government.

Forty percent of the nation’s budget goes to repaying foreign debt.

In 1971, Bengalis declared independence for Bangladesh.

Geography has made it difficult to rise out of poverty.

Explosive population growth has further strained resources.

Since the early 1990s, civilian governments have worked to encourage foreign investments.

PAKISTAN BANGLADESH

1

Bangladeshi Laily Begum used to sleep in a cow shed and spend her days begging. Then she got a loan for $119 from Grameen Bank, a Bangladesh-based organization that lends money to the poor. She bought a cow and began to build her own business selling milk. Today she and her husband own several shops and a restaurant.“People now come to me for help . . . I can feed myself and my family, and now other people look at me and they treat me with respect.”—Laily Begum, February 12, 1998

A loan recipient poses with the cows she bought to help generate income.

Conflict Divides Sri LankaThe British colony of Ceylon, an island just south of India, gained independence in 1948. It changed its name to Sri Lanka in 1972. A majority of Sri Lankans are Buddhists who speak Sinhalese. However, a large Tamil-speaking Hindu minority lives in the north and east. Sri Lanka adopted policies that favored the Sinhalese majority. These policies angered many Tamils. In the late 1970s, Tamil rebels began a military struggle for a separate Tamil nation. After years of fighting, Sri Lanka’s government and the Tamil rebels signed a peace agreement in 2002. The rebels agreed to stop fighting, and the government agreed to give the Tamil region some freedoms. However, it was uncertain whether this agreement would hold.

Bangladesh Breaks AwayIn 1971, Bengalis declared independence for East Pakistan under the new name of Bangladesh, or “Bengali Nation.” Pakistan’s military ruler ordered the army to crush the rebels. India supported the rebels by attacking and defeating the Pakistani army in Bangladesh. Pakistan was eventually compelled to recognize the independence of Bangladesh.

Floods Ravage Bangladesh Devastating floods often occur in Bangladesh after the summer rains. In this photo, relief workers are delivering supplies to a family trapped on their roof. How might frequent floods make it more difficult to improve the economy of Bangladesh?

How is South Asia Linked to World Affairs?

• India and Pakistan achieved their independence as the Cold War began.

• Pakistan accepted military aid from the United States, while India signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union.

• When the Cold War ended, both India and Pakistan sought aid from the western powers.

• Regional conflicts bred global concern after both India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons.

• Non-aligned countries Like India, Pakistan, & Latin America were referred to as the Third World.

1

Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India?a) British imperialism in Indiab) World War II

c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh d) the organization of the Indian National

Congress

Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after independence?

a) lack of natural resourcesb) government corruption

c) ethnic tensionsd) failed socialist economic policies


Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East

• How have diversity and nationalism shaped the Middle East?

• What political and economic patterns have emerged?

• Why has an Islamic revival spread across the region?

• How do women’s lives vary in the Middle East?

2

Most people in the Middle East today are Muslims, but Jews and Christians still live there.

Middle Eastern people speak more than 30 different languages.

Every country is home to minority groups.

Muslims share the same faith but belong to different national groups. Often, such differences have created divisions.

After World War I, Arab nationalists opposed the mandate system that placed Arab territories under European control.

The Pan-Arab dream of a united Arab state foundered, but the Arab League continued to promote Arab solidarity.

DIVERSITY NATIONALISM

2

Political and Economic Patterns

Some nations turned to socialism to end foreign economic control and modernize rapidly.

To get capital, governments took foreign loans.

Heavy borrowing left many nations deeply in debt.

Most of the region has limited rainfall.

Oil-rich countries have built desalinization plants.

Individual nations have built dams to supply water.Nations must seek ways to use water cooperatively.

Oil-rich nations built roads, hospitals, and schools. Poorer countries lacked the capital needed for development.

Most Middle Eastern nations developed authoritarian governments.

GOVERNMENT

WATER

OIL

ECONOMICS

2

World Crude Oil

Production

2

Water Resources

in the Middle

East

2

Islamic RevivalFor more than 1,300 years, the Quran and Sharia provided guidance on all aspects of life.

During the Age of Imperialism, westerners urged Muslim nations to modernize and to adopt western forms of secular government and law.

Some Middle Eastern leaders adopted western models of development, promising economic progress and social justice.

By the 1970s, in the face of failed development and repressive regimes, many Muslim leaders called for a return to Sharia.

Islamic reformers, called fundamentalists by the West, did not reject modernization, but they did reject westernization.

2

Women in the Muslim WorldConditions for women vary greatly from country to country in the modern Middle East.

Since the 1950s, women in most countries have won voting rights and equality before the law. In other countries, though, laws and traditions emerged that limited women’s right to vote, work, or even drive cars.

The changes have taken place at different rates in different places:• In Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, many urban women gave up long-held practices such as wearing hejab, or burqa cover.• Conservative countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran have opposed the spread of western secular influences among women.•France has banned this fashion claiming security reasons.

2

In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by OPEC nations? a) 10 percent

b) 100 percent c) 61 percent

d) 59 percent

Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected a) modernization. b)

westernization. c) desalinization.

d) Pan-Arabism.



In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by OPEC nations? a) 10 percent b) 100 percent

c) 61 percent d)

59 percent

Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected a) modernization. b) westernization.

c) desalinization. d)

Pan-Arabism.

Nation Building in the Middle East:

Three Case Studies

• What issues has Turkey faced?

• Why was Egypt a leader in the Arab world?

• What were the causes and results of the revolution in Iran?

3

What Issues Has Turkey Faced?

• At the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviets tried to expand southward into Turkey.

• Turkey struggled to build a stable government.

• Modernization and urbanization brought social turmoil.

• In 1999, a series of powerful earthquakes shook western Turkey, including major industrial areas.

• Kurdish nationalists fought for autonomy.

• Turkey waged a long struggle over Cyprus.

• Turkey was divided politically, with secular politicians on one side and Islamic reformers on the other.

3

A yurt with a satellite dish.

Home sweet home

Turkish people hold red and blue balloons, symbolizing Europe and Turkey, to celebrate Turkey’s decision to apply to the EU.

Egypt: A Leader in the Arab WorldIn the 1950s, Gamal Abdel Nasser set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination. He:• nationalized the Suez Canal• led two wars against Israel• employed socialist economic policies, which had limited

success built the Aswan High Dam

Anwar Sadat came to power in the 1970s. He:• opened Egypt to foreign investment and private business • became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel

Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak:• reaffirmed the peace with Israel• mended fences with his Arab neighbors • faced serious domestic problems

3

Oops!

Iran’s Ongoing Revolution

Because of its vast oil fields, Iran became a focus of western interests.

In 1945, western powers backed Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, despite opposition from Iranian nationalists.

In the 1970s, the shah’s enemies rallied behind Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who condemned western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law.

The shah was forced into exile and Khomeini’s supporters proclaimed an Islamic Republic.

Revolutionaries bitterly denounced the West. They attacked corruption, replaced secular courts with religious ones, dismantled women’s rights, and banned everything western. While, at first, they allowed some open discussion, before long they were suppressing opponents.

3

Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus? a) Turkey

b) Iran c) Iraq

d) Egypt

Who nationalized the Suez Canal? a) Hosni Mubarak

b) Anwar Sadat c) Gamal Abdel

Nasser d) Ayatollah Khomeini



Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus? a) Turkey b) Iran

c) Iraq d) Egypt

Who nationalized the Suez Canal? a) Hosni Mubarak

b) Anwar Sadat c) Gamal Abdel

Nasser d) Ayatollah Khomeini

The Middle East and the World

• How did the Cold War increase tensions in the Middle East?

• Why has the Arab-Israeli conflict been difficult to resolve?

• Why did conflicts arise in Lebanon and the Persian Gulf?

4

Kurds Seek Freedom

An ethnic group called the Kurds lives in the northern Middle East. Borders drawn by Europeans and others divided their homeland among Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. In each country, the Kurds are a minority and have faced discrimination, particularly in Iraq and Turkey.During the decades after World War II, the Turkish government harshly ruled the Kurdish minority in the east. For example, it became illegal for Kurds to speak their language in public. Beginning in the 1970s, Kurdish rebels fought Turkish forces. During the 1980s and 1990s, thousands of Kurds died in the fighting. In 1991, however, Turkey legalized the use of the Kurdish language, and in 1999 the main Kurdish rebel force gave up the use of violence, though tensions continue.Kurds also faced brutal treatment in Iraq. After Iraq’s defeat in the 1991 Gulf War, Kurds in northern Iraq rebelled and set up their own governments with British and American military support.

Islam Confronts ModernizationSome Middle Eastern nations adopted Western forms of secular, or nonreligious, government and law, keeping religion and government separate. Many Middle Eastern leaders also adopted Western economic models in a quest for progress. In the growing cities, people wore Western-style clothing, watched American television programs, and bought foreign products. Yet life improved very little for many people.By the 1970s, some Muslim leaders were calling for a return to Sharia, or Islamic law. These conservative reformers, often called Islamists, blame social and economic ills on the following of Western models. Islamists argue that a renewed commitment to Islamic doctrine is the only way to solve the region’s problems. The Islamist movement appeals to many Muslims. Some have used violence to pursue their goals. However, many Muslims oppose the extremism of the Islamists.

An Islamist GovernmentIran’s political leaders, who are Muslim clergymen, gather in 2003 to commemorate the death of Ayatollah Khomeini, a religious leader and the founder of Iran’s Islamist government. The leaders are seated beneath a giant portrait of Khomeini. How does promoting the memory of Khomeini help to justify rule by religious leaders?

In the 1970s, the shah’s foes rallied behind one of these exiles, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The ayatollah, a religious leader, condemned Western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law. In 1979, massive protests finally drove the shah into exile. Khomeini returned to Iran, and his supporters proclaimed an Islamic republic.The new government was a theocracy, or government ruled by religious leaders. They replaced secular courts with religious ones and abolished women’s rights. They also brutalized opponents, just as the shah had. The government allowed Islamists to seize the American embassy in 1979 and hold 52 hostages for more than a year. In the early 2000s, concern grew that Iran might try to develop nuclear weapons.

Oil, Religion, and Threats to StabilitySaudi Arabia, a vast desert land, has the world’s largest oil reserves. It also includes Islam’s holy land. Since the 1920s, kings from the Sa’ud family have ruled Saudi Arabia. They justify their rule by their commitment to the strict Wahhabi sect of Sunni Islam.However, Saudi Arabia’s economic development after World War II depended on massive oil exports to the Western world. In return, Saudi leaders relied on the military support of the United States. Although Saudi Arabia joined the OPEC oil embargo in 1973, the nation’s rulers quickly returned to their cooperative relationship with the West.To build support within the country, the royal family backed fundamentalist religious leaders. However, some of these leaders and their followers criticized the kingdom’s close ties to the West. They also charged that Western influence in the kingdom violated Islamic principles.Increasingly, opponents of the kingdom’s Western ties adopted violent or terrorist tactics. Attacks on western targets included an attack on a U.S. military compound in 1996 and another on a U.S. consulate in 2004. These attacks threatened to disrupt the Saudi oil industry, which depends on Western expertise. Some feared that growing unrest could threaten the country’s ability to supply oil vital to the world’s economy.Other oil-rich monarchies along the Persian Gulf, such as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, face similar threats. In Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE, foreign citizens are a majority of the population. In Bahrain, there has been growing opposition among the majority of the people, who follow Shiite Islam, toward Bahrain’s royal family, who follow the Sunni branch of Islam.

Saddam Hussein’s DictatorshipSaddam Hussein, shown here in a propaganda poster in 1982, turned Iraq into a brutal police state, in which critics were tortured and killed.

Iraq Has an ElectionIraqis line up to vote in the election of January 2005, the country’s first free election in more than 35 years. The barbed wire in the foreground is a sign of security concerns. There was widespread concern about possible attacks by Sunni Arabs, many of whom boycotted the election.

Conflicts in Iraq

New Nations Emerge

The Cold War and the Middle East

• In their global rivalry, each of the superpowers tried to line up allies in the Middle East.

• Each superpower sold arms to its ally in the region.

• In the Arab-Israeli conflict, the United States helped Israel, while the Soviet Union gave aid to the Arabs.

• During and after the Cold War, the development of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East became a global concern.

During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought access to the oil and waterways of the Middle East. Superpower rivalries had a far-reaching impact on the region.

4

Arab-Israeli Issues

Palestinians demanded the right to return to lands they fled during the Arab Israeli wars.

Many Israelis insisted on the survival of Israeli settlements that had been built on these occupied lands.

Palestinians demanded that part of Jerusalem become the capital of a future Palestinian nation.Israeli conservatives insisted that Jerusalem remain undivided as the capital of Israel.

After years of fighting and negotiations, peace in Israel remains an elusive goal. A number of specific issues continue to divide the two sides.

4

Arab-Israeli

Conflict, 1948 – 1995

4

An Israeli soldier and a Palestinian Arab pass each other in the street.

Many Israelis believe that the quote from the Bible below promises the land of Israel to the Jewish people—the descendants of Abram, or Abraham. Palestinian Arabs, who have lived in the region for centuries, also believe that the land is theirs. The land that they call Palestine includes what is now Israel.“On that day the LORD made a covenant with Abram, saying, ’To your descendants I give this land . . .’”—Genesis 15:18

Two Peoples Claim the Same Land

“Palestine is the homeland of the Arab Palestinian people . . .”—The Palestinian National Charter, Article 1

A City Sacred to Many Jerusalem is dotted with many places that are sacred to Muslims, Christians, and Jewish people. This photograph shows the Western Wall, a Jewish holy place. In the background is the Dome of the Rock, an important Islamic shrine.

How might Jerusalem’s sacred status make it harder to resolve competing Israeli and Palestinian Arab claims to the city?

246

The Issue of Palestine

• After World War II, Arab states increasingly gain independence

• Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars

• Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917)

• Growing Jewish immigration from Europe from 1880s

• Arab protests in 1920s and 1930s

Creation of the State of Israel

• Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for the Balfour resolution

• Partition Plan of 1947 divides Palestine into seven regions: 3 Jewish, 3 Arab, Jerusalem internationalized

• May 1948 Jews declare independence of State of Israel

• Arab states invade, Israel successfully defends itself

Civil War in Lebanon

• The Muslim population began to increase, disturbing the balance among Maronites (a Christian sect) and Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This led to unrest.

• Palestinian refugees entering Lebanon from occupied territories strained resources.

• PLO guerrillas in refugee camps in Lebanon crossed into Israel to attack civilian and military targets.

In 1975, Lebanon was plunged into seemingly endless civil war. • Christian and Muslim militias battled for control of Beirut, the capital city. • Israel invaded the south, while Syria occupied eastern Lebanon.

By 1990, Lebanese leaders finally restored some measure of order.

In the 1970s, the Arab-Israeli conflict fueled tensions in nearby Lebanon.

4

Wars in the Persian Gulf

Border disputes, oil wealth, foreign intervention, and ambitious rulers fed tensions along the Persian Gulf.

In 1980, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein invaded Iran.• The resulting war dragged on for eight years, ending in astalemate. For both nations, the human and economic toll was enormous.

In 1990, Iraqi troops invaded the oil-rich nation of Kuwait.• In the Gulf War, the United States organized a coalition of

American, European, and Arab powers to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.

4

Wars in the Persian Gulf, 1980

– 1991

4

Which region was granted limited self-rule in 1994? a) Jerusalem

b) the Sinai Peninsula c) the

Golan Heights d) the Gaza Strip

In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded a) Kuwait. b) Iran.

c) Israel. d) Lebanon.

4


4

Which region was granted limited self-rule in 1994? a) Jerusalem

b) the Sinai Peninsula c) the

Golan Heights d) the Gaza Strip

In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded a) Kuwait. b) Iran.

c) Israel. d) Lebanon.


Common Themes in New Nations

Borders drawn by European colonial powers left nations with diverse religions and ethnic groups.

Ethnic and religious conflicts brought instability.

Military coups, one-party systems, and dictatorships kept some countries from achieving democracy.

Citizens and foreign lenders have forced former dictatorships to hold elections and transition to democracy.

Natural resources such as oil have been a source of wealth for some nations but have fueled conflicts in Africa.

During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union competed for influence, particularly in regions with natural resources such as oil, or locations near strategic waterways.

Leaders of New NationsJawaharlal Nehru, first prime minister of IndiaIndira Gandhi, first female prime minister of India

Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of Myanmar democracy movement

Sukarno, founder and first president of Indonesia

Suharto, military dictator of Indonesia

Corazon Aquino, democratic president of the Philippines

Kwame Nkrumah, founder and first president of Ghana

Jomo Kenyatta, founder and first president of Kenya

Gamal Abdel Nasser, an Arab nationalist and first president of Egypt

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, shah of Iran

Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the religious government of Iran

Chapter

Africa(1945–Present)

Chapter : Africa (1945–Present)

Section 1: Achieving Independence

Section 2: Programs for Development

Section 3: Three Nations: A Closer Look

Section 4: Struggles in Southern Africa

Achieving Independence

• How did colonialism contribute to a growing spirit of nationalism?

• What routes to freedom did Ghana, Kenya, and Algeria follow?

• How did the Cold War affect Africa?

1

A fallen statue of Saddam Hussein, the dictator of Iraq, who was overthrown by American troops

Nelson Mandela, who led a struggle against racial discrimination and became president of South Africa

Zlata’s Diary, a teenage girl’s account of the conflict in Bosnia

Eritreans celebrate independence in 1993 at the end of their long war for freedom.

Decolonization in Africa

262

Decolonization in Africa

• 19th century “scramble for Africa”• Legacy of colonial competition• Internal divisions

– Tribal– Ethnic– Linguistic– religious

263

France and North Africa

• Abandonment of most territories– 1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13

other colonies in 1960• But determination to retain Algeria

– Longer period of French colonization– 2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria

by WW II

264

Négritude: “Blackness”

• Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA• Revolt against white colonial values,

reaffirmation of African civilization• Connection with socialism, Communism• Geopolitical implications

African needs unity. OAU Organization of African Unity states goals as:1. To educate Africans about Africa.2. To foster pride in African culture.3. To encourage actions that will improve the standard of living in Africa.

But strong leaders who value the welfare of their people are the foremost and main ingredient.

265

Post-Independence Difficulties

• Pax Romana of European colonists• Civil wars in Rwanda--, Burundi, Angola• Economic hardship• Instability of democratic regimes

Afrocentrism • Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana

• Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961, affirmation of Ghanese independence and equality.

Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence Celebrations

The Colonial Legacy

• After liberation, the pattern of economic dependence established during the colonial period continued.

• During the colonial period, Europeans undermined Africa’s traditional political system.

• Colonial doctors addressed some diseases, such as yellow fever, smallpox, and malaria. Colonial governments did not emphasize general health care, however.

• At independence, African nations inherited borders drawn by colonial powers. These borders often caused immense problems.

Western imperialism had a complex and contradictory impact on Africa. Some changes brought real gains. Others had a destructive effect on African life that is felt down to the present.

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A Growing Spirit of Nationalism

Most were western educated. Leaders organized political parties, which published newspapers, held rallies, and mobilized support for independence.

After the war, most Europeans had had their fill of fighting.

In response to growing demands for independence, Britain and France introduced political reforms that would lead to independence.

Japanese victories in Asia shattered the West’s reputation as an unbeatable force.

Africans who fought for the Allies resented the discrimination and second-class status they returned to at home.

Nationalist Leaders

The Global Setting

Impact of World War II

In 1945, the rising tide of nationalism was sweeping over European colonial empires. Around the world, liberation would follow this tide.

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Routes to Freedom

Muslim Algerian nationalists used guerrilla warfare to win independence from France.

During eight years of fighting, hundreds of thousands of Algerians, and thousands of French, were killed.

In 1962, Algeria won independence.

Before World War II, Jomo Kenyatta became a spokesman for the Kikuyu, who had been displaced by white settlers.

Radical leaders turned to guerrilla warfare.

The British imprisoned Kenyatta and killed or imprisoned thousands of Kikuyu.In 1963, Kenya won its independence.

Kwame Nkrumah tried to win independence for the British trading colony Gold Coast. He organized strikes and boycotts.

Nkrumah was imprisoned.In 1957, Gold Coast won independence.Nkrumah named the new country Ghana, after the ancient West African empire.

ALGERIAKENYAGHANA

During the great liberation, each African nation had its own leaders and its own story.

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Clashes With Rebels Drag OnRebel guerrillas have fought across the Philippines for decades, taking many lives. Some rebels are Communists. Others belong to Muslim separatist groups in the south. Some Muslim rebels have ties to international terrorism. As part of its war on terrorism, the United States has aided the Filipino government in its fight against Muslim rebels.

Britain’s Prince Philip and Queen Elizabeth II congratulate Jomo Kenyatta as his nation, Kenya, gains independence in 1963.

The Union Jack, the flag of the United Kingdom, flew over many African countries before independence.

Jomo Kenyatta

Jomo Kenyatta (c. 1894–1978) was born in a small Kikuyu village and educated at a Christian mission. Moving to Nairobi, he was quickly drawn to the first stirrings of the nationalist cause. He became a prominent anticolonial organizer and was eventually elected president of the Kenya Africa Union. The British arrested Kenyatta in 1952 and convicted him in 1953 on charges of inciting the Mau Mau uprising against the British. Released in 1961, he resumed leadership of the movement for independence, which was finally granted in December 1963. When Kenya became a republic in 1964, Kenyatta was elected its first president. Under his 15-year rule, Kenya enjoyed political stability and economic advances. Each year, October 20, the date of his arrest, is celebrated as Kenyatta Day. What role do you think national heroes play in helping to form a nation’s identity?

Africa’s Mineral Wealth A miner in the West African country of Sierra Leone rinses and sifts gravel from a pit in an effort to find rough diamonds. Rich mineral deposits are important to the economies of many African nations.

Many early leaders established one-party political systems. Multiparty systems, these leaders declared, encouraged disunity. Many one-party states became dictatorships. Dictators often used their positions to enrich themselves and a privileged few.When bad government policies led to unrest, the military often seized power. More than half of all African nations suffered military coups . A coup, or coup d’état , is the forcible overthrow of a government. Some military rulers were brutal tyrants. Others sought to improve conditions. Military leaders usually promised to restore civilian rule once they had cleaned up the government. In many cases, however, they gave up power only when they were toppled by other military coups.

The Cold War and Africa

• By supplying arms to rival governments, the superpowers boosted the power of the military in many countries and contributed to instability.

• Cold War rivalries affected local conflicts within Africa. The Soviet Union and the United States supported rival groups in the liberation struggles.

• Weapons supplied by the superpowers enabled rival clans, militias, or guerrilla forces to spread violence across many lands.

African nations emerged into a world dominated by rival blocs led by the United States and the Soviet Union.

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Although African nations gained political independence, colonial powers often retained control of businesses in their former colonies. Many new nations thus remained dependent economically on their former colonizers.During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the United States competed for military and strategic advantage through alliances with several African countries. For example, the United States supported Mobutu Seso Seko, the dictator of Zaire (now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo), to counter Soviet support for the government of neighboring Angola. Likewise, during the 1970s, the United States had an alliance with the government of Somalia, while the Soviet Union supported neighboring Ethiopia. These countries attracted superpower interest because they controlled access to the Red Sea, a vital shipping route connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa. Each superpower wanted to make sure that the other did not gain an advantage.

Foreigners Jostle for Influence

The British trading colony Gold Coast was later renamed a) Kenya.

b) Zaire. c) Congo.

d) Ghana.

Which of the following was not a way that the Cold War impacted Africa?

a) The superpowers boosted the power of African military leaders.

b) The superpowers cooperated to resolve regional conflicts. c) The superpowers provided weapons to clans and militias. d) The superpowers supported rival groups in liberation

struggles.

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Section 1 AssessmentSection 1 Assessment

An Election Celebration Citizens of Mauritania, in West Africa, celebrate the reelection of the country’s president in 2003. What signs of democracy do you see in this photograph?

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The British trading colony Gold Coast was later renamed a) Kenya.

b) Zaire. c) Congo.

d) Ghana.

Which of the following was not a way that the Cold War impacted Africa? a) The superpowers boosted the power of African military leaders.

b) The superpowers cooperated to resolve regional conflicts. c) The superpowers provided weapons to clans and militias. d) The superpowers supported rival groups in liberation struggles.


Market Women in GhanaIn West African countries such as Ghana, many of the businesspeople are women. The woman in this photo runs a grocery stand in a local market.Why might West African political candidates seek to win the favor of local market women?

Programs for Development

• What were barriers to unity and stability in Africa?

• What economic choices did African nations make?

• What critical issues affect African nations today?

• How has modernization affected patterns of life?

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Barriers to Unity and Stability

• Once freedom was won, many Africans felt their first loyalty to their own ethnic group, not to a national government.

• Civil wars, some of which were rooted in colonial history, erupted in many new nations.

• Faced with divisions that threatened national unity, many early

leaders turned to a one-party system.

• When bad government led to unrest, the military often seized power.

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Economic Choices

Lenders required developing nations to make tough economic reforms before extending new loans.

In the short term, these reforms increased unemployment and led to higher prices the poor could not pay.

Many governments kept food prices artificially low to satisfy poor city people. As a result, farmers used their land for export crops or produced only for themselves. Many governments neglected rural development in favor of industrial projects.

Governments pushed to grow more cash crops for export.

As a result, countries that once fed their people from their own land had to import food.

Many new nations chose socialism. Some nations set up mixed economies, with both private and state-run enterprises.

SOCIALISM OR CAPITALISM CASH CROPS OR FOOD

URBAN OR RURAL NEEDS THE DEBT CRISIS

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Critical Issues

The AIDS epidemic spread rapidly across parts of Africa. In 1998,it was estimated that more than 21 million people were infected with the virus.

Once forests were cleared, heavy rains washed nutrients from the soil and destroyed its fertility.

The rising population put a staggering burden on Africa’s developing economies.

In the 1970s and 1980s, prolonged drought contributed to famine in parts of Africa.

POPULATION EXPLOSION DROUGHT AND FAMINE

DEFORESTATION AIDS

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Displaced by Drought A Sudanese mother and children escape famine caused by years of drought. How can geography affect migration patterns?

Drought Brings Starvation: Desertification is a real threat.

AIDS Kills MillionsSince the 1980s, the devastating disease AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) has taken a heavy toll on Africa's people. AIDS is caused by a deadly virus commonly called HIV. HIV damages the body’s ability to fight off infections.AIDS spread rapidly across Africa. In nations such as South Africa and Botswana, up to one third of adults were infected with HIV. In the early 2000s, the UN estimated that more than 2 million Africans died of the disease each year. Their deaths left millions of orphaned children. The loss of so many skilled and productive workers also damaged many countries’ economies.

Population Pyramids

Kenya

Nigeria

South Africa

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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Males Females

Males

Males

Females

Females

Percentage of male population Percentage of female population


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Desertification in Africa

Desertification is the spread of desert areas.

Overgrazing and farming remove topsoil and speed up the process of desertification.

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Old and New Patterns

Messages of reform based on Islamic traditions and the call for social justice were welcomed by many Islamic Africans.

In some areas, it stimulated deeper religious commitment.

Christianity has grown since its introduction to Africa centuries ago. Christian churches often combine Christian and traditional African beliefs.

As men moved to cities, rural women took on the sole responsibility of providing for their children. Most constitutions promised women generous rights. In reality, most women’s lives continued to be ruled by traditional laws.

Urbanization contributed to the development of a larger national identity.

However, it weakened traditional cultures and undermined ethnic and kinship ties.

In Africa, as elsewhere, modernization disrupted old ways.

URBANIZATION WOMEN

CHRISTIANITY ISLAMIC REVIVAL

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What happened when governments pushed to grow more cash crops for export?

a) These countries had a surplus of food.b) These countries had to import food to feed their populations. c) These countries became increasingly wealthy.d) These countries were able to produce adequate food in addition to

the cash crops.

Messages of Islamic reforme) were rejected by many Islamic Africans.f) weakened Islamic religious commitment.g) were repressed by African governments.h) were welcomed by many Islamic Africans.

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Section 2 AssessmentSection 2 Assessment2

What happened when governments pushed to grow more cash crops for export?

a) These countries had a surplus of food.b) These countries had to import food to feed their populations. c) These countries became increasingly wealthy.d) These countries were able to produce adequate food in

addition to the cash crops.

Messages of Islamic reforma) were rejected by many Islamic Africans.b) weakened Islamic religious commitment.c) were repressed by African governments.d) were welcomed by many Islamic Africans.

Three Nations: A Closer Look

• What were some pressures for change in Nigeria?

• What effects did dictatorship have on the Congo?

• What was the outcome of Tanzania’s experiment in socialism?

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A Nigerian child stands in front of the massive trunk of a felled ironwood tree.

Plundering Forests at Gunpoint

In Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d’Ivoire , civil war has allowed armed gangs to log trees that have taken hundreds of years to grow. This is having a devastating effect on local economies. Village chief Kouadio Yao told a United Nations worker of watching a nearby grove of valuable teak trees being completely destroyed. He was helpless to save it.“If someone came with a gun, would you be able to stop them and demand that they pay for the trees? What I do know is that because of the conflict, we have lost everything.”—Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), December 23, 2004

Pressures for Change in Nigeria

At independence, Nigeria drew up a constitution to protect various regional interests. The system did not work and ethnic rivalries increased. When Ibo leaders declared the independent state of Biafra, civil war broke out. By the time Biafra surrendered, almost a million people had died.

During the 1970s oil boom, Nigeria set up industries and borrowed heavily from the West.

Between 1960 and 1985, rural people flooded to the cities. While the cities grew, Nigeria ignored its farmers. Once a food exporter, Nigeria began importing expensive grain.

When oil prices fell, the economy almost collapsed.

During Nigeria’s debt crisis in the 1980s, General Ibrahim Babangida imposed harsh economic reforms to restore economic stability.

In 1993, elections were held, but Babangida and his military successors set aside election results and cracked down on critics.

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Dictatorship in Democratic Republic of the Congo

After World War II, Belgium was determined to keep the Congo and did nothing to prepare the colony for freedom.

In 1960, Belgium suddenly rushed the Congo to independence.

With some 200 ethnic groups and no sense of unity, the new nation quickly split apart.

Civil war raged for almost three years.

In 1965, Mobutu Sese Seko seized power and renamed the country Zaire.

For the next 30 years, Mobutu built an increasingly brutal dictatorship.

In the late 1990s, ethnic violence in neighboring countries spilled into Zaire. Mobutu was at last overthrown.Continuing power struggles within the country led to continuing violence.

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Laurent Kabila Topples Mobutu, but…• The country was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997, which had

been its name before Mobutu changed it to Zaire in 1971. But elation over Mobutu's downfall faded as Kabila's own autocratic style emerged, and he seemed devoid of a clear plan for reconstructing the country. In Aug. 1998, Congolese rebel forces, backed by Kabila's former allies, Rwanda and Uganda, gained control of a large portion of the country until Angolan, Namibian, and Zimbabwean troops came to Kabila's aid. In 1999, the Lusaka Accord was signed by all six of the countries involved, as well as by most, but not all, of the various rebel groups. Continuing power struggles within the country led to continuing violence.

• In Jan. 2001, Kabila was assassinated, allegedly by one of his bodyguards. His young and inexperienced son Joseph became the new president.

• In August 2007, a rebel general, Laurent Nkunda, led battles between his militia, made up of fellow Tutsis, and the Congolese Army. The fighting continued throughout the year, driving hundreds of thousands of people from their homes in eastern Congo and threatening to spiral the already fragile country back into civil war. Nkunda claimed he was protecting Tutsis from extremist Rwandan Hutus.

• A report released in January 2008 by the International Rescue Committee found that despite billions in aid, the deployment of the world's largest peacekeeping force, and successful democratic elections, some 45,000 people continue die each month in Congo, mostly from starvation and disease.

• Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga resigned in September 2008, citing health reasons. He was succeeded by Adolphe Muzito.

Tanzania: A Closer LookTanzania has been very poor since it gained independence in the early 1960s. Fifty percent of its population lives below the poverty line. This means that half of Tanzanians do not make enough money to meet their basic needs. In 2003, the per capita income was estimated at $290 per year.When the country gained independence, most Tanzanians were farmers or herders. To improve life, the new government embraced what was called “African socialism.” This was based on African village traditions of cooperation and shared responsibility. The government took over banks and businesses. Farmers were encouraged to move to large villages and farm the land collectively. The goal was to increase output and sell surplus crops to towns or for export.The government’s experiment failed, partly because farmers refused to leave their land. Farm output did not rise. This experiment also resulted in a huge and inefficient government bureaucracy. The expense of this huge bureaucracy and high oil prices plunged Tanzania into debt. In 1985, new leaders introduced economic reforms, including cutting the size of government, promoting a market economy, and encouraging foreign investment.

Today, Tanzania remains overwhelmingly agricultural. About nine tenths of Tanzanian workers work in agriculture. Over half of Tanzania’s GDP comes from agriculture. The government continues to make attempts to develop a more profitable, mixed economy. However, the country has had to rely on loans from international lenders to avoid economic crisis.Although Tanzania remains poor, its economy also received a boost in the early 2000s from the opening of a huge new gold mine. The government planned to use profits from gold, along with foreign aid, to reduce poverty and improve services such as clean water, schools, and healthcare.

Wangari MaathaiWhile working with a women’s rights group, Kenyan activist Wangari Maathai (born in 1940) came up with the idea of getting ordinary women involved in tree-planting projects. In 1977, she launched the Green Belt Movement (GBM). This grassroots organization promotes reforestation and controlled wood cutting to ensure a sustainable supply of wood fuel. The group also sought jobs for women in Kenya, Tanzania, and other East African countries. In 2004, Maathai became the first African woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Today, Maathai continues to work with the GBM. She is also a member of Kenya’s government.In what ways might planting trees help improve women’s lives?

Tanzania’s first president, Julius Nyerere, sought to improve rural life, build a classless society, and create a self-reliant economy.

To carry out his programs, Nyerere embraced “African socialism.” Nyerere claimed that this system was based on African village traditions of cooperation and shared responsibility.

Under African socialism, rural farmers were encouraged to live in large villages and farm the land collectively.Under this arrangement, Nyerere believed farm output would increase.

Nyerere’s experiment did not work as planned. Many families had to be forcibly moved to the village collectives, farm output did not rise, and high oil prices, inflation, and a bloated bureaucracy plunged Tanzania into debt.

Nyerere’s successor, Ali Hassan Mwinyi moved Tanzania toward a market economy. These moves brought some improvement.

Tanzania’s Experiment in Socialism3

Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda….

• Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts .

Since 1994, peace has returned to Rwanda. This recent photo shows Rwandan boys running home after school.

Although other African nations suffered brutal ethnic conflicts and civil wars, Rwanda’s 1994 genocide was one of the most deadly. However, as UN Secretary General Kofi Annan points out, Rwanda’s recovery in the years since offers hope that the continent’s conflicts can be resolved.“Rwanda has much to show the world about confronting the legacy of the past and is demonstrating that it is possible to reach beyond tragedy and re- kindle hope.”— Tribute by Kofi Annan on the tenth anniversary of genocide in Rwanda

The neighboring nation of Burundi has a similar population and history. As in Rwanda, tensions between Tutsis and Hutus led to civil war during the 1990s. While the fighting did not lead to a genocide like that in Rwanda, guerrilla groups fought for much longer in Burundi. Although several guerrilla groups signed a peace treaty in 2000, fighting continued in the years that followed.

Rwanda and Burundi Face Deadly DivisionsThe small nation of Rwanda, in Central Africa, faced one of Africa’s deadliest civil wars. The Rwandan people included two main groups. Hutus were the majority group, but the minority Tutsis had long dominated Rwanda. Both groups spoke the same language, but they had different traditions. After independence, tensions between these two groups simmered.

After independence, Sudan’s Arab Muslim north dominated the non-Muslim, non-Arab south. Arab-led governments enacted laws and policies that discriminated against non-Muslims and against other ethnic groups. For example, the government tried to impose Islamic law even in non-Muslim areas. For decades, rebel groups in the south battled northern domination. War, drought, and famine caused millions of deaths and forced many more to flee their homes. However, in 2004, southern rebels signed a peace agreement with Sudan’s government. The southern rebels agreed to stop fighting, and the government agreed to give the south limited self-government, power in Sudan’s national government, and freedom from Islamic law.

Sudan’s Ethnic Strife

However, by 2004, ethnic conflict had also spread to Sudan’s western region of Darfur. This conflict raised fears of a new genocide. Arab militias, backed by the government, unleashed terror on the non-Arab Muslim people of Darfur. They burned villages and drove hundreds of thousands of farmers off the land that fed them and into refugee camps, where they faced the threat of starvation. The UN, the United States, and other nations organized a huge aid effort to help refugees.


What kind of government did Mobutu create in Zaire? a) a limited democracy b) a dictatorship

c) a constitutional monarchy d) an oligarchy

Which African leader embraced “African socialism”? a) Mobutu b) Nasser c) Babangida d) Nyerere

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What kind of government did Mobutu create in Zaire? a) a limited democracy b) a dictatorship

c) a constitutional monarchy d) an oligarchy

Which African leader embraced “African socialism”? a) Mobutu b) Nasser c) Babangida d) Nyerere

In 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the nation of Zimbabwe. The new nation faced severe challenges after years of war:

• International sanctions had damaged the economy.• Droughts had caused problems. • Recovery was slowed by a power struggle between nationalist leaders, Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo.• When Mugabe prevailed and became president, he called for a one-party system and tolerated little opposition.• In 2000, tensions over land ownership led to renewed violence.

What Challenges Faced Zimbabwe?4

• President Bush joined with a chorus of world leaders who condemned the election and the government-sponsored crackdown on the opposition. China and Russia, however, blocked the U.S.-led effort in the UN Security Council to impose sanctions on Zimbabwe. Bush responded in July by expanding existing U.S. sanctions against Mugabe, companies in Zimbabwe, and individuals.

• As if life weren't unbearable enough in Zimbabwe, with its residents facing hunger, empty store shelves, a nonexistent health system, rampant unemployment, inflation a staggering 231 million percent, and the obvious political instability, a cholera epidemic broke out in August 2008. At least 565 people died from the disease by the end of the year, and another 12,000 were infected.

• Tsvangirai agreed in January 2009 to enter into a power-sharing government with Mugabe, and he was sworn in as prime minister in February. I’m just amazed he’s still alive!

Struggles in Southern Africa

• What challenges faced Zimbabwe?

• How did the long struggle to end apartheid lead to a new South Africa?

• How did the Cold War affect nations of southern Africa?

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South Africa’s Long Struggle

APARTHEID BLACK RESISTANCE

TOWARD REFORM

4

From the beginning, black South Africans protested apartheid. In 1912, the African National Congress (ANC) was set up to oppose white domination. Nelson Mandela mobilized young South Africans to take part in acts of civil disobedience against apartheid laws. As protests continued, government violence increased.

In 1910, South Africa won self-rule from Britain. Over the next decades, the white minority government imposed apartheid, a system of racial laws which separated the races and kept the black majority in a subordinate position.

In the late 1980s, President F. W. de Klerk abandoned apartheid, lifted the ban on the ANC, and freed Mandela. In 1994, Mandela was elected president in South Africa’s first multiracial elections. Mandela welcomed longtime political foes into his government.

Apartheid Divides South Africa

After 1948, the government expanded the existing system of racial segregation, creating what was known as apartheid, or the separation of the races. Under apartheid, all South Africans were registered by race: Black, White, Colored (people of mixed ancestry), and Asian. Apartheid’s supporters claimed that it would allow each race to develop its own culture. In fact, it was designed to protect white control over South Africa.

The Sharpeville MassacreWhen South African police opened fire on peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville in 1960, many demonstrators ran for their lives. How might this police action lead anti-apartheid activists to give up on peaceful methods?

Other Nations of Southern Africa

Portugal was unwilling to relinquish its colonies in Angola and Mozambique. In 1975,after fifteen years of fighting, Angola and Mozambique won independence. After independence, bitter civil wars raged, fueled by Cold War rivalries. The United States and South Africa saw the struggles in southern Africa as a threat because some of the liberation leaders were socialists. The end of the Cold War helped stop the conflict.

Instead of preparing the territory for independence, South Africa backed the oppressive regime run by the white minority.

By the 1960s, the Southwest African People’s Organization (SWAPO) turned to armed struggle to win independence.The struggle became part of the Cold War, with the Soviet Union and Cuba lending their support to the independence movement.

When the Cold War ended, Namibia was finally able to win independence.

PORTUGUESE COLONIES

NAMIBIA

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Outlook and Gains

In literature, film, and the arts, Africans made major contributions to global culture.

Africa has enormous potential for growth.

With free-market reforms, countries such as Ghana enjoyed economic growth.

Most African nations sought to improve health care and created family planning programs.

Governments recognized the profound effect population growth had on standards of living.

As governments set up more schools, literacy rates rose. Universities trained a new generation of leaders.A few countries promoted higher

education for women.

Despite many setbacks, African nations have made progress.

EDUCATION HEALTH CARE

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY CULTURE

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How did Nelson Mandela resist apartheid? a) He organized violent protests against the white

government. b) He tried to form a new state, separate from South Africa. c) He mobilized young South Africans to take part in acts of civil disobedience.

d) He set up a separate government in exile.

Angola and Mozambique were colonies of a) Britain. b) Portugal.

c) Spain. d) the United

States.

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How did Nelson Mandela resist apartheid? a) He organized violent protests against the white

government. b) He tried to form a new state, separate from South Africa. c) He mobilized young South Africans to take part in acts of civil disobedience.

d) He set up a separate government in exile.

Angola and Mozambique were colonies of a) Britain.

b) Portugal. c) Spain.

d) the United States.

Independence did not end the fighting, however. Bitter civil wars, fueled by Cold War rivalries, raged for years. South Africa and the United States saw the new nations as threats because some liberation leaders had ties to the Soviet Union or the ANC. The United States and South Africa aided a rebel group fighting the new government of Angola. South Africa aided a rebel group in Mozambique.The fighting did not stop until 1992 in Mozambique and 2002 in Angola, where tensions remained even after a ceasefire. Decades of war had ravaged both countries. Slowly, however, they have begun to rebuild.

Most African nations achieved independence through peaceful means during the 1950s and 1960s. In southern Africa, however, the road to freedom was longer and more violent. For many years, the apartheid government of South Africa supported white minority rule in neighboring Namibia and Zimbabwe.Meanwhile, as Britain and France gave up their African possessions, Portugal clung fiercely to its colonies in Angola and Mozambique. In response, nationalist movements turned to guerrilla warfare. Fighting dragged on for 15 years, until Portugal agreed to withdraw from Africa. In 1975, Angola and Mozambique celebrated independence.

Arggggh! And real pirates! Mainly dealing with nations on the east and west sides of Africa — Nigeria and Somalia

Latin America(1945–Present)

Section 1: Forces Shaping Modern Latin America

Section 2: Latin America, the United States,and the World

Section 3: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean

Section 4: Focus on Argentina and Brazil

Forces Shaping Modern Latin America

• Why is Latin America a culturally diverse region?

• What conditions contributed to unrest in Latin American countries?

• What forces shaped political, economic, and social patterns in Latin America?

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A woman at a municipal dump in Mexico collects garbage to sell.

Carolina Maria de Jesus faced a life of hardship in the slums of São Paulo Brazil. Like millions of other poor, rural people, she came to the city hoping to improve her life. Instead, to buy food, she spent her days combing through garbage for paper, cans, and other scraps to sell. In her diary, de Jesus described her daily struggle against poverty:“July 16. . . . I went to Senhor Manuel, carrying some cans to sell. . . . He gave me 13 [coins]. I kept thinking that I had to buy bread, soap, and milk. . . . The 13 [coins] wouldn’t make it. I returned . . . to my shack, nervous and exhausted. I thought of the worrisome life that I led. Carrying paper, washing clothes for children, staying in the street all day long.”—Carolina Maria de Jesus, Child of the Dark

Why Is Latin America a Diverse Region?

Conquest• After 1492, Europeans imposed their civilization on Native

Americans.

Immigration• Since the late 1800s, immigrants from Europe and Asia have

contributed to the diversity.

Intermarriage• As Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans mingled, they

created new cultures.

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Ethnic Diversity in Latin America1

Sources of Unrest

• A growing gulf between the rich and the poor fueled discontent in the postwar era.

• A population explosion contributed to poverty.

• Pressure on the land contributed to a great migration that sent millions of peasants to the cities.

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Political Forces in Latin America

Most Latin American states had constitutions modeled on those of France and the United States. Yet, real democracy seemed difficult to achieve in nations plagued by poverty and inequality.• Conflict between conservatives and reformers contributed to political instability in many nations.• Military leaders held power in many Latin American nations. • During the 1960s and 1970s, guerrillas and urban terrorists battled repressive governments in many Latin American countries. • By the mid-1980s, inflation, debt, and growing protests led repressive leaders to step aside. • A number of countries held elections to replace military governments with civilian governments. • Heavy debt burden and economic slowdowns have threatened the success of elected rulers, putting the stability of democratic governments in the region in doubt.

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Economic DevelopmentBy the 1960s, Latin America faced growing competition from African and Asian nations.

To reduce dependence on imported goods, many governments encouraged the development of local industries. This policy, called import substitution, had mixed success.

Over the past 60 years, large areas of land were opened up to farming. Much of the best farmland belonged to agribusiness. Commercial agriculture increased the need to import food.

In the 1980s, the region was rocked by economic crisis.

In the 1990s, free trade organizations, such as NAFTA, opened Latin American economies to larger markets. The mutual support and expanded markets of these organizations did bring some economic growth in the years around 2000.

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Changing Social Patterns

The Catholic Church has remained a powerful force. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Church crusaded for social justice and an end to poverty. This movement became known as liberation theology.

Upper-class women had access to education and careers.

Rural women often faced hardship and poverty.

Women struggled to win change.

City life weakened the extended family.

The struggle to make a living caused some families to fall apart.

In large cities, thousands of abandoned or runaway children roamed the streets.

RELIGIONWOMENURBANIZATION

In Latin America, as elsewhere, urbanization brought social upheaval.

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Latin America, the United States, and the World

• How did communist rule affect Cuba?

• What policies did the United States follow in Latin America?

• What global issues have linked Latin America to other regions in the world?

2

Communism in CubaIn the late 1950s, Fidel Castro turned Cuba into a communist state. Castro:• nationalized foreign-owned sugar plantations and other businesses• put most land under government control• distributed land to peasants

Effects of communist rule:Castro imposed harsh authoritarian rule.Conditions for the poor improved, basic health care was provided for all, the literacy rate increased, and equality for women was promoted.Critics were jailed or silenced and hundreds of thousands fled to the United States. When the Cold War ended, Soviet aid disappeared, and Cuba’s economy collapsed.

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The United States and Latin America

• The United States was the leading investor and trading partner for most nations in Latin America.

• During the Cold War, the United States intervened repeatedly in Latin America to protect its interests and to prevent the spread of communism.

• The United States saw itself as the defender of democracy and capitalism and the source of humanitarian aid. Many Latin Americans, however, resented living under the shadow of the “colossus of the north.”

• Latin American nations and the United States worked together in the Organization of American States (OAS). The organization was formed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, and human rights.

2

Regional and Global Issues

Poverty, civil war, and repressive governments caused Latin American immigration to the United States to increase rapidly after the 1970s.

Pressure increased in the United States to halt illegal immigration.

Developing nations insisted that they needed to exploit their land and other resources if they wanted economic growth. This came at the expense of the environment.

Drug cartels in Latin America began exporting ever-larger quantities of cocaine and other drugs.

In the 1980s, the United States declared a “war on drugs,” pressing Latin American governments to cooperate with these efforts.

Regional trading blocs gained importance in the 1990s. Such groups created larger markets by lowering trade barriers among neighboring countries. Examples: NAFTA, Mercosur

REGIONAL TIES THE DRUG WARS

MIGRATIONDEVELOPMENT VERSUS ENVIRONMENT

2

Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean

• What conditions have changed and what conditions have remained the same in Mexico?

• Why did Central American countries suffer civil wars?

• What were the causes of Haiti’s political and economic struggles?

3

Continuity and Change in MexicoAfter the Mexican Revolution, government officials became committed to improving conditions for the poor. At the end of the 1900s, however, Mexico remained a disturbing mix of poverty and prosperity.

Since the Mexican Revolution, a single party — the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) — dominated Mexican politics. In the 1990s, the PRI began to lose its monopoly on power.

In the 1930s, the Mexican government distributed millions of acres of land to peasants. Over the years, as economic conditions worsened, many peasants migrated to towns and cities. The population of Mexico City mushroomed from 1.5 million in 1940 to about 20 million in 1995.

3

A Vote for DemocracyVicente Fox, standing with his daughter, is inaugurated as president in 2000 (bottom). A boy stands next to an anti-PRI sign in Chiapas, Mexico (top). What effect might Fox’s election have on the participation of young people in Mexican politics?

War and Peace in Central America

During a vicious civil war, right-wing death squads slaughtered anyone thought to sympathize with the leftists.

The United States pressed for reform, but at the same time provided weapons and other aid to help the military battle rebel guerrillas.

Fearing communist influence, the United States helped oust Guatemala’s reformist government in 1954.

While the military regained power, decades of civil war ensued, during which the government routinely tortured and murdered critics.

In 1979, revolutionaries called Sandinistas ousted the ruling Somoza family.

Fearing that Nicaragua would become socialist, the United States secretly backed the “contras” in a long civil war against the Sandinistas.

EL SALVADORGUATEMALANICARAGUA

In Central America, unrest threatened and discontent grew. Fearing the spread of communism, the United States intervened repeatedly in the region.

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The Impact of Hurricanes

Hurricane Mitch dealt a devastating social and economic blow to Central America, whose nations were just recovering from decades of civil war.

3

Struggle in Haiti

Haiti is the poorest state in the Western Hemisphere, lacking adequate roads, electricity, and other services.

The weakness of the government discouraged foreign investment.

A skewed distribution of wealth put most of the productive land in the hands of one or two percent of the citizens. Devastation of an earthquake in 2010

Haiti endured brutal dictatorial rule from 1957 until 1986.

A succession of military leaders then ruled the nation until 1990. In 1990, in its first free elections, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was chosen as president. Aristide was overthrown by a military coup, but restored to power by the United States.

ECONOMIC STRUGGLES

POLITICAL STRUGGLES

3

Focus on Argentina and Brazil

• What challenges has democracy faced in Argentina?

• How did Brazil’s government change in recent times?

• Why did Brazil’s “economic miracle” have limited success?

4

From Dictatorship to Democracy in Argentina •From 1946 to 1955, the authoritarian government of Juan Perón stifled opposition.•In 1955, Perón was ousted by a military coup.•For two decades, the military was in and out of power. •In 1973, Perón returned to power. When he died the next year, his second wife, Isabel Perón, became president. When she faced economic and political crises, the military took over.•To combat leftist guerrillas, the army waged a “dirty war,” torturing and murdering as many as 20,000 people. •In 1983, an elected government restored democracy. Despite some setbacks, democratic rule survived.•But by the end of 2001, Argentina was on the verge of economic collapse. Rioters protesting government austerity measures forced De la Rua to resign in Dec. 2001. Argentina then defaulted on its $155 billion foreign debt payments, the largest such default in history.•After more instability, Congress named Eduardo Duhalde president on Jan. 1, 2002. Duhalde soon announced an economic plan devaluing the Argentine peso, which had been pegged to the dollar for a decade. •The devaluation plunged the banking industry into crisis and wiped out much of the savings of the middle class, plunging millions of Argentinians into poverty.

4

Economic Activity in Argentina

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Protesting the MilitaryThe Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo protest government policies in 1985 (above) and 2002 (left).

Argentine Economy on the Rebound

• Peronist Néstor Kirchner became Argentina's president in May 2003, after former president Carlos Menem abandoned the race. Kirchner vowed to aggressively reform the courts, police, and armed services and to prosecute perpetrators of the dirty war. Argentina's economy has been rebounding since its near collapse in 2001, with an impressive growth rate of about 8% since Kirchner took office. In March 2005, Kirchner announced that the country's debt had been successfully restructured. In Jan. 2006, Argentina paid off its remaining multi-million IMF debt early, a dramatic move that not all economists thought was beneficial.

• In October 2007, First Lady Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was elected president.• On December 10, 2007, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner took over the presidency from her husband,

Néstor Kirchner, in a ceremony at Argentina's Congress. She kept many of her husband's ministers, but implied that she will introduce changes to the country during presidency. Fernandez said she will create a new ministry for science and technology to boost innovation, and stated that she would make "necessary corrections" to help the inflation problem in Argentina. Although she is as much a nationalist as her husband and refuses to get involved with the IMF, Fernández has shown interest in forging closer ties with the United States, Europe, and Brazil.

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• On April 2, 2008, farmers called for a temporary halt to the 21-day-long strike in order to enter into negotiations with the government. The strike, which began in response to increased taxes on export goods, has caused highways to be shut down and severe food shortages nationwide. On July 17, 2008, the government, led by Vice President Cobos, sided with the farmers and voted against the president's proposed increase on the agricultural export tax. On October 3, 2008, farmers resumed the nationwide strike against the government, claiming they had not received adequate support.

• In November 2008, the lower house of Parliament approved President Fernandez's controversial plan to nationalize more than $25 billion in private pension funds. President Fernandez asserted the move would protect pensioners' assets during the global financial crisis, while Vice President Cobos continued to disagree, stating it would create doubts among investors about Argentina's investment market stability.

Government in BrazilBetween 1930 and 1945, dictator GetúlioVargas allied himself with the working poor.

In 1945, the military overthrew Vargas.

The military allowed elected presidents to rule for the next 20 years.

In 1964, economic problems and fear of communism led the military to take over again.

In the mid-1980s, the military eased their grip on power. Brazilians voted directly for a president for the first time in 29 years.

4

Urbanization in Brazil4

The term “slum” is defined by the United Nations as “a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security.” In Brazil, the term used for slum is “favela,” where these communities are often overrun by crime and drug. Drug lords control these parts of town and very few outsiders ever dare to venture through these streets.

Rio Offers a New Tourist Attraction – A Tour of the Slums

Brazil’s Economic Miracle

Beginning in the 1930s, Brazil diversified its economy and, for a time, chalked up impressive growth. Brazil’s prosperity enriched only a few. To most Brazilians, it brought little or no benefit.

In the 1980s, Brazil faced a host of economic problems — from inflation to a staggering debt. One of the greatest economic problems was the unequal distribution of land.

In the 1990s, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, provided strong leadership for Brazil. His policies promoted rapid economic growth and helped limit inflation. He promised to distribute land to 300,000 families.

4

Dilma Vana Rousseff is the 36th and current President of Brazil. She is the first woman to hold the office.

Lula has been indicted on corruption scandal charges at least twice, and barely won re-election in 2006.

• In Jan. 2003, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a former trade union leader and factory worker widely known by the name Lula, became Brazil's first working-class president. As leader of Brazil's only Socialist party, the Workers' Party, Lula pledged to increase social services and improve the lot of the poor. But he also recognized that a distinctly non-socialist program of fiscal austerity was needed to rescue the economy.

• Lula has been indicted on corruption scandal charges at least twice, and barely won re-election in 2006.

• A new oil field, called Tupi, was discovered 16,000 feet below the ocean's floor in November 2007. Tupi will yield five to eight billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas, making it the largest oil field discovered since Kashagan Field in Kazakhstan in 2000.

• After a three-year decline, the National Institute for Space Research reported that the deforestation rate in Brazil during 2008 increased 228% over 2007.

• In October 2009, Rio de Janeiro won the bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics, becoming the first South American city to host the Games. Tokyo, Madrid, and Chicago, Ill. were the other finalists in the running.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization designed by its founders to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1947.

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chapters 18 22 nb

Documents

new nations

world bank

world economy

world disputes

world healthorganization

new countries

latin american nations

aid organizations