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Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century

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Page 1: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Chapter Seven

The Eighteenth Century

Page 2: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Historical Background

Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓Monarchy became a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the aristocrats.

↓The monarch was deprived of ruling power by Parliament

※

※

England became a powerful naval country.

Page 3: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The war of Spanish Succession (1702—1714)

The war of Austrian Succession

(1740– 1748)

The Seven Years’ War with France (1756 – 1763) Powerful Navy

Page 4: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The remarkable changes in bourgeoisie cultural life

1. Political writings

2. Newspapers and journals

3. Coffeehouses

4. The new morality

5. Science and technology

6. The French influence

Men of all classes met in coffeehouses.

reason ﹥emotion

Newton, John Locke

Page 5: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

In the precious ages, authors depend on the patrons.

↓

Writing became an independent job.

→ Patrons depends on writers.

Page 6: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

A new mass media appeared:

｛ 1.Both parties printed newspapers.2. The middle class rose.

↙

entertainment and education

↘

express their opinions on political and moral problems

Prose -- predominant writing genre

Page 7: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The same profession gather at certain coffeehouse.

Will’s in Covent Garden

Dryden and literary men

Spectator Club

Addison and friends

Pickwick Club

Dickens in 19th Cen.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.poetrysociety.org.uk/cafe/cafepic.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.poetrysociety.org.uk/cafe/cafeind.htm&h=308&w=440&sz=171&hl=zh-CN&start=1&tbnid=adkkEEDH9Iz6gM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DWill%2527s%2Bin%2BCovent%2BGarden%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dickensmuseum.com/vtour/firstfloor/stairs/images/full/pickwick.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dickensmuseum.com/vtour/firstfloor/stairs/pickwick-full.php&h=418&w=580&sz=88&hl=zh-CN&start=20&tbnid=BIVnUhvau0vARM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPickwick%2BClub%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG
Page 8: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Newton The great scientist profound significance in the history of thought --- Law of gravitation.

John Locke

The father of a new theory of knowledge

The Age of Reason

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://swift.sonoma.edu/education/newton/newton_4/newpost4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://swift.sonoma.edu/education/newton/newton_4/gravitation.html&h=2100&w=1575&sz=1922&hl=zh-CN&start=1&tbnid=13AUXbCpNsJGRM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNewton%2527s%2Blaw%2Bof%2Bgravitation%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG
Page 9: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The influence of Neo – classicism from France

The classicists believed that those Roman writers had established the perfect art and rules of art for future generations to follow.

Such as: heroic couplet instead of blank verse,

the three unities of time, place and action.

Page 10: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The characteristics of Neo-classicism

• ---emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.

• ---stress reason, most of the writings of the age were didactic and satirical.

• ---poet prefer closed couplet for elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint

• ---cater to the interests of the society in great cities instead of town.

• --- lack in those elements related with the romantic.

Page 11: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The outline of the Literature in the 18th century

Essayists: Addison and Steele---- start the periodical essay

Samuel Johnson---- the man of letter and the

composer of dictionary

Poets: Alexander Pope--- neo-classicism

Thomas Gray---- derived from neo-classicism,

sentimentalism, elegy

Robert Burns---- Scottish folk songs

William Blake---break with neo-classicism but

with more romantic elements

Page 12: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Dramatist: Sheridan--- the most important English playwright

of the 18th century

Novelist: Daniel Defoe--- Robinson Crusoe

Fielding---playwright novelist Joseph Andrews

Richardson---Pamela

Swift--- prose and novel, esp. for satire

Page 13: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)

• Born in London in 1661• His father was a poor and hard-working

Presbyterian butcher.• His father wanted Defoe to be a clergyman.

In fact, Defoe is a pioneer novelist of England

a prolific writer of books and pamphlets

Page 14: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

A versatile man

merchanteconomist

politicianjournalist

pamphleteer

novelist

shop

kiln

writing

principletrade

spyperiodical

articles

6 novels

Page 15: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Defoe’s two important novels

• Robinson Crusoe (1720)

--- The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures

of Robinson Crusoe

• Moll Flanders (1722)

---The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders

Page 16: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

a real incident in 1704

read

interview embellish

Alexander Selkirk was thrown onto a desolate island by the mutinous crew of his ship because of the conflict with captain.

Robinson Crusoeadventurous story

Robinson’s experience

Go abroad for business

Caught Moor

Escaped to Brazil

Became a planter

Bought slaves in Africa

accident on the seadesolated island for 28 years

met “Friday” – his slave

helped captain to get the ship back

go back home

Page 17: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

the daughter of a woman (theft)

was born in prison

was brought up by a stranger

became a maid

was seduced

married for five times

steal and cheat

was caught to prison

met her cared husband

got a plantation left by her mother

Moll Flanders

Her prospect

the function of her mother

Page 18: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Jonathan Swift (1667—1745)

1. Born in Dublin, English parents

2. Worked as a private secretary

3. Political pamphlets

4. The Dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral

Page 19: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Two satirical essays during the 2nd period

The Battle of Books ----- a satire or the controversy concerning the values of ancients and moderns

Mock ---heroic epic

A Tale of the Tub ----- a satire on the various churches of the time

Allegory:3sons {Roman Catholic

dissenter

England church

Page 20: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Two political pamphlets in the 3rd period

The Drapier’s Letter

----- under the pseudonym of Mr. Drapier

A Modest Proposal ----- bitter satire on the policy of the English government toward Irish

Page 21: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

In 1726, his masterpiece was published :

----- Gulliver’s Travels

Four parts: about the four voyages of its hero to strange places

Writing style: travel literature

Page 22: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between
Page 23: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Defoe Swift

*businessman *churchman

*have little knowledge *university graduate

*a dissenter *a member of the Anglican Church

*aimed to improve the morals of his time

*viewed human society, cynic , misanthropic

The Comparison between Defoe and Swift

Page 24: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Joseph Addison

(1672--- 1719)

Richard Steele

(1672---1729)

Page 25: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Periodical essays: started by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele during the early 18th century and were the most characteristic genre of the 18th century.

Similarities of two essayists

*born in the same year, study in the same school and university

*both are the periodical essayists and educators

*similar topics: light topics--- fashions, head dresses

*writing style: wit humor, satire

*describe lively pictures of men and manners in the ordinary society of the time

Page 26: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The Tatler

Three times a week

The Spectator

daily

Page 27: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The same purposes

To educate the newly risen middle class the morals and modes

To bridge the gap between the small circle of London and the large Puritan middle class

To interest the general reader, to guide and develop their tastes

Page 28: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

• Family----- London draper

• Religion ----- Roman Catholics

• Health ----- handicapped, less than 5 feet

• Marriage ----- never

• Education ----- self-educated

Alexander Pope (1688--- 1744)

Page 29: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Pope’s three creative periods

1st period (1709--- 1720):

Pastorals--- a collection of poems

Essay on Criticism --- a number of quotable lines

The Rape of the Lock --- attract public attention

The Windsor Forest --- a patriotic poem

Page 30: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

the 2nd period (1720--- 1726) :

Translation --- Homer’s epic Iliad and Odyssey

in free manner

Comedy --- Three Hours After Marriage

Edition of Shakespeare

Page 31: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

The 3rd period (1728 --- 1735):

The Dunciad --- three books of long poem

Four Epistles --- moral and philosophical nature

An Essay on Man --- a collection of poems

Imitations of Horace --- a collection of poems

Page 32: Chapter Seven The Eighteenth Century. Historical Background Parliament set up the constitutional monarchy in 1688 ↓ Monarchy became a compromise between

Quotable lines in Pope’s poem

• To err is human, to forgive is divine.

• For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

• The proper study of mankind is man.

• A little learning is a dangerous thing.

对人类的真正研究就在于其本身。

人皆有错，难能宽恕

只有傻瓜才去那些天使不敢涉足的地方。

知识少是很危险的事。


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