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1688-1789- Please know these dates!

Restoration Literature (1600-1700) * After the restoration of the Stuart monarchy to the throne with the return of Charles II from France in

1660, the ___________________ influence diminished and English ________________ reached a low point

* The main Restoration ____________________ were William Congreve, John ________________, Sir George Etherege, and William Wycherly.

* The Restoration writers were influenced by the _____________________ literature of the court of Louis XIV, which produced the great dramatist __________________, author of Tartuffe.

* The subjects of Restoration literature were those which appealed to the cold ________________, and these were for the most part presented in satirical, didactic, and _________________________ manner.

* John Dryden, the ruling poet of the age, was typical of one who chose such subjects. * The philosopher John _______________ was an influential prose writer of this age. Locke's view of

empiricism dominated eighteenth century thought. Empiricism is the belief that argues that human beings ________________ only what they see, hear, feel, taste, or smell and what they can conclude from reflecting on their ____________________ experience.

Literature in the Eighteenth Century * The eighteenth century was known as the Age of _____________________, and the religion of reason

was ________________, a belief in an impersonal God (a _________-____________________ God), who, after creating the world, left it to run by natural laws and left man to take care of himself by using his _______________________.

* The literature of the Age of Reason was characterized by cynicism and an emphasis on _______________ rules. The style was one of formality, balance, and _________________.

* Poets of this time period shunned the tragedy and epic and preferred short poem such as the epigram. The dominant verse form was the _____________ couplet, a pair of rhymed lines in iambic pentameter.

* The first half of the eighteenth century was known as the Age of ____________, since Alexander Pope was the literary leader of the time. The Age of Pope was characterized by a return to classical standards. Alexander ________________ wrote the only poetry of note, for the eighteenth century became known as an age of ________________, and __________________, corrective ridicule, was one of the favorite forms.

* The most prominent prose satirist of the time was Jonathan ___________________. * The second half of the eighteenth century was known as the Age of ___________________ because

Samuel Johnson dominated the literary circles. * The two greatest literary contributions of the age came in the development of

______________________ (with the origin of the newspaper and the magazine) and the beginning of the ___________________. The journalistic essays of Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, and Samuel Johnson were the popular reading of the day; and the _______________, inaugurated in this century by Daniel __________________, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne, became the most enduring popular genre of modern times.

* James Boswell’s Live of Samuel Johnson, a contemporary popular ____________________; Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language; William Blackstone’s legal Commentaries, and Edward _____________________’s history, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, became classics of the century.

* Also during this time, Isaac _______________, Philip Doddridge, Charles Wesley, Augustus Toplady, John _____________________, and William Cowper contributed hymns which are still sung and enjoyed today.

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* Toward the end of the century, there was a return to lyrical ________________, which is characterized by a positive attitude toward life, an awakening to feeling, a love for _________________, and emphasis on _______________________ expression. The lyrical poets, called pre-Romantic poets because they preceded the Romantic period which began around the turn of the nineteenth century, included William Cowper, Thomas Gray, Oliver Goldsmith, Robert _________________, and William Blake.

* In summary, the eighteenth century was an age of _______________ and the only poet of note was Alexander _______________. The three most important literary contributions of the age were prose: _________________, journalism, and the novel; and the leading literary figures were Samuel Johnson, Jonathan Swift, Addison and Steele, and Daniel _________________. The great hymn writers of the time were Isaac Watts and Charles ______________________.

John Dryden 1631-1700

Anger will never disappear so long as thoughts of resentment are cherished in the mind. Anger will disappear just as soon as thoughts of resentment are forgotten.

Boldness is a mask for fear, however great.

Beware the fury of a patient man.

We first make our habits, and then our habits make us.

Words are but pictures of our thoughts.

About the author * John Dryden is remembered as the father of modern literary __________________ and is remembered

as the chief writer of the Restoration. His poetry and critical works demonstrate the ________________ method.

* __________________________ expressed that the purpose of art should be to _______________ and delight the audience.

* He wrote occasional verse and plays, perfecting his _____________ couplet. Later he wrote satirical poetry that made him politically respected and feared. He is especially know for Absalom and Achitophel, an allegorical ________________ attacking the Whigs, who wished to exclude King Charles's Catholic brother James from the throne.

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* John Dryden changed from Whig to Tory and Protestant to Catholic. * Dryden also was made poet ____________________ by Charles II but lost this position when William

and Mary came to the throne. * The _____________________--a short, highly compressed poem making a wise or humorous point--has

ancient beginnings. During this time period, they were especially used for satiric purposes. Writing an epigram was considered a good ______________________ for students needing to learn organization and compression of ideas and words. The necessary qualities were also those particularly ___________________ during the neoclassical period; economy, precision, symmetry, and clever manipulation of language and thought.

About "On Milton" * This epigram appeared under a portrait of Milton in an edition of Paradise Lost. * The epigram __________________ Milton by saying that Nature combined the loftiness of Homer's

poetry and the majesty of Virgil's writing to make Milton. About "On Tonson" * This epigram was said to have been sent to Tonson by Dryden as a humorous threat to encourage the

payment of a ______________--with the warning that there was more such wit where that had come from.

* Jacob Tonson was the leading publisher of literary materials during this time, actually the ____________ true publisher. Most books were published by booksellers, who found an author to write on a promising subject and then contracted with a printer to print the work.

* "Two left legs" is an ____________________ to Jacob who "halted upon his thigh" (Genesis 32:24-32). * Tonson is drawn with appalling asymmetry, uncoordination of parts, surface roughness, and distracting

details. We have bold strokes of ______________________ rather than restrained touches of beauty.

The Novel

* One of the most important forms of prose to develop in England during the eighteenth century was the ________________, a type of extended prose fiction, with the emergence of a literate ________________ class and improved printing presses.

* When Daniel Defoe wrote __________________________ _______________ in 1719, he laid the foundation for English realistic fiction and gave us our ___________ great novel of adventure. Earlier forerunners of the novel were the Spanish writer Cervante’s Don Quixote, a series of romantic adventures, and _____________________’s Pilgrim's Progress, a spiritual allegory.

* In 1740, Samuel Richardson wrote Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded, which had all of the characteristics of the novel as we know it today:

- ___________________ characters, - a definite ____________, and - an obvious ___________________. * From the beginning, the novel was characterized by an emphasis on realistic details describing

________________________, middle-class characters and the events of ordinary life, rather than great heroes in romantic, remote ____________________.

* The main tradition of the English novel comes from Henry Fielding, who realistically portrayed the society of his times. Two other notable eighteenth-century novelists were Anglican clergyman Laurence Sterne and Oliver _____________________. Goldsmith’s novel The Vicar of Wakefield is a wholesome domestic story emphasizing the kindness, gentleness, and contentment of a virtuous life.

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* Elements of the novel - ______________ - Setting - Characterization - Theme * The ______________ of a story or novel is the arrangement of incidents or events, or the sequence of

related actions. * Inherent in the plot is a ____________________, a struggle between opposing forces. This struggle may

be an external clash of actions, ideas, wills, or forces between the _______________________ (the main character) and an _______________________ (an opposing character or rival), or between the protagonist and some inanimate force such as nature. Conflict can be divided into two categories,

- _________________- struggle within the mind, will, or emotions of a character - _________________-outward struggle * Conflict can also be classified as - Man vs. ________________ - Man vs. ____________________(usually internal) - Man vs. a power ___________________ than self * The plot usually develops from a conflict in the beginning of the story and shows the working out of the

conflict until its resolution at the end. * The plot of ________________________ _________________ deals with the adventures of a man on a

deserted island and tells how he survives the hardship of being _______________; of defending himself against intruders and the hazards of ________________; of supplying his own food, housing, clothing, and all the necessities of life; and how he becomes reconciled to God. Robinson Crusoe is the protagonist. Nature and Crusoe’s own fallen nature are the _____________________.

* The physical background against which the events of a novel take place is the _________________. The setting is more than just the time and place. It includes precise details about the period of time, era, season, time of day, geographical location, scenery, and arrangements of objects in a room. It further takes in the general environment of the characters—the religious, mental, moral, social, and emotional conditions. The ____________________ gives the story the appearance of truth of reality and creates the atmosphere which contributes to the story. In Robinson Crusoe, the setting, a remote and unknown ___________________ on which Crusoe is providentially placed, is a vital part of the novel.

* The ____________________ in a novel are the imaginary persons who carry out the action of the ______________. When we study characters in literature, we almost automatically compare them with ourselves and with other people we know. The character created by good writers can give us _____________________ either to follow or spurn in our lives and can help us to understand others. A study of character in literature should be guided by common sense, our own _________________________, and the experiences of others and the Word of God.

* The writer may present his characters in several ways. One method of characterization is _____________ exposition, telling the reader ___________________ what the character is like.

* Another method is __________________ revelation, which allows the reader to draw his _________ conclusions from what the character himself does or thinks, or what other characters think about him.

* A ______________ character remains essentially the same throughout the story; a _____________________ character undergoes some change and is different at the end of the story.

* The best literary characters are those who accurately portray _____________ _______________; and although times have changed, human nature has been the same since Adam. Man, who was created in God’s image but has fallen through ___________, has the potential for great nobility as well as the capacity for great evil, and literature reflects these characteristics. By observing the characters in a novel or story, the reader, can learn ____________________________ (from the experiences of others).

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* The character of Robinson Crusoe is ____________________ and is developed extensively throughout the novel, demanding our almost exclusive attention. Since the novel is told in the ____________ person by Crusoe himself, the reader knows exactly what Crusoe is like and how he thinks and feels.

* The _________________ is the central idea which gives a work meaning; it is the interpretation of the events (plot) and persons (characters) in the story from which we learn truth about human _________________________. In evaluating the theme of a story, we must determine if the interpretation of life or experience is _____________. Writers who truly understand human nature will present themes that do not contradict Scriptural _____________. A reader must be careful not to allow the ideas presented in a literary work to determine his beliefs or be the basis of his perception of _____________; all ideas should be tested in light of God's Word.

* The central theme of Robinson Crusoe is the dominance of ____________ over ____________________ as he depends upon God’s providence.

Daniel Defoe

1660-1731

It is better to have a lion at the head of an army of sheep, than a sheep at the head of an army of lions.

'Tis no sin to cheat the devil.

Justice is always violent to the party offending, for every man is innocent in his own eyes.

The best of men cannot suspend their fate: The good die early, and the bad die late.

About Daniel Defoe

* Daniel Defoe was a __________________, novelist, businessman, pamphleteer, and politician. His great fiction includes his Journal of the Plague Year, a historical reconstruction of the Great Plague of 1665, written as an eyewitness account, and _______________________ __________________.

* Defoe contributed journalistic ____________________ to the novel genre. For instance, Robinson Crusoe maintains the pretense of _________________ and rambles on in the manner of extemporaneous reporting.

* Verisimilitude- the inclusion of minute, even superfluous, detail to create an illusion of actuality; like ___________; characteristic of Robinson Crusoe

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About Robinson Crusoe * This novel was the _________________ English novel to gain worldwide recognition and the first

fictional narrative in which an ordinary person’s daily activities are the center of interest. It is written with such details and straightforward style that sounds like a ___________________ account.

* In fact, the novel might have been based on the adventures of Alexander Selkirk, a __________________ sailor who was left at his own request on a desolate island off the coast of Chile for four years and four months until he was rescued and returned to England.

* Defoe, however, claims that his novel is an ______________________ of his own life. To defend himself against Puritan criticism, Defoe claimed that the story was not ________________, which they considered to be a collection of blatant lies. The book’s international success prompted Defoe to write two __________________.

* Notice the __________________________ (life-like realism) in the describing the smallest and seemingly insignificant details.

* Written in the _____________-person--This leads to a note of credibility to the account since it appears that Crusoe is recording those things which he personally observes.

* This selection shows Crusoe's resourcefulness in adjusting to adverse circumstances and provides a lesson in the complementary nature of __________________ intelligence and effort on the one hand and ___________________ providence on the other in the achievement of success. From the ship and the island Crusoe is able to obtain what he needs to ___________________--if he makes use of it reverently and gratefully. The selections show that Crusoe, with these essential provisions, is capable of foolish error but that foolhardiness can be remedied by intelligent corrective effort and the intervention of _____________.

Joseph Addison and Richard Steele

1672-1719, 1672-1729

Our real blessings often appear to us in the shape of pains, losses and disappointments;

but let us have patience and we soon shall see them in their proper figures. --Joseph Addison

Three grand essentials to happiness in this life are something to do, something to love,

and something to hope for. --Joseph Addison

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If you wish to succeed in life, make perseverance your bosom friend, experience your wise counselor, caution your elder brother, and hope your guardian genius. --Joseph

Addison

To be an atheist requires an indefinitely greater measure of faith than to receive all the great truths which atheism would deny. --Joseph Addison

A man should always consider how much he has more than he wants. --Joseph Addison

Books are the legacies that a great genius leaves to mankind, which are delivered down

from generation to generation as presents to the posterity of those who are yet unborn. --Joseph Addison

Fire and swords are slow engines of destruction, compared to the tongue of a Gossip. --

Richard Steele

Reading is to the mind what exercising is to the body. --Richard Steele About the authors * Joseph _________________ and Richard _________________ are celebrated as the two men who

turned _______________________ into literature by the perfection of the periodical essay. * Joseph Addison was an __________________ and a poet. He is famous for his work with Steele on

The Tatler and The Spectator. He also wrote several hymns such as “The Spacious Firmament on _______________.”

* Richard Steele was a soldier, dramatist, political official, and ______________, but is remembered most for his work in journalism. Later in life, he became a member of Parliament and was ___________________.

* Richard Steele first founded The Tatler and The Spectator, two popular and influential ___________________ that were critical of the political, social, and literary manners of the day and reflected the discussions of the various ________________________. The English coffeehouse flourished, especially among the middle class.

* The rise of _____________________ in the eighteenth century was largely as a result of Addison’s and Steele’s work in journalism.

About The Tatler * The Tatler contained domestic and foreign _____________, poetry, entertainment, and light satires

on miscellaneous subjects. * The motto of The Tatler was, “Whatever men ________ is the subject of this book.” * The purpose of The Tatler, said Steele, was “to _________________ the false arts of life, to pull off

the __________________ of cunning, vanity, and affection, and to recommend a general discourse in our dress, our simplicity, and our behavior” and “To stem, as far as I can the prevailing torrent of vice and __________________.

* Each ______________________ supplied a specific type of news, just as a modern __________________________________ assigns specific people and their departments to different topics (world, national, sports, entertainment, etc.).

* The first copies of his paper were ___________, and then there was a charge of one _______________.

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* In your first selection Steele considers the young man's condition deplorable since he has been so utterly overwhelmed with _______________________ for a woman he has glanced at only one time. Even though he is of a proper social standing, he has completely forsaken _____________ other interests and has lost the ability to ________________ clearly. Steele exaggerates the man's preoccupation. His exaggeration points out the neoclassical emphasis on the superiority of ______________ over emotion. The incongruity of the gentleman's being engaged in such a mundane, unromantic activity as brushing his ________________ at the time he is overcome with such powerful emotions toward the girl lends humor to the incident.

* The second selection deplores the decline of ________________ from intellectual satire to mere physical spectacle and the degeneration of ___________________________ conversation from literary discussion to gamblers' arguments.

* The third selection _____________________ astrological predictions. About The Spectator * The Spectator was formed in 1711 when The Tatler was __________________________ because of

political reasons. The Spectator was less political than The Tatler, more carefully planned, and the ____________________________ framework was replaced by a fictitious club. It contained critical and reflective essays, stories and excellent ______________________ studies (the work’s most popular feature), the most famous of which was of Roger de Coverley--all told by Mr. _______________________.

* Its influence extended across the Atlantic to the American colonies, where Benjamin ___________________ modeled his own writing after Addison's and Steele's.

* The maxim, “A penny ________________ is a penny _________________,” appears in this work, and nearly thirty years later, this maxim reappeared in ____________________, Poor Richard’s Almanac.

* Note the following descriptions of the _________ members of the Spectator’s Club. - Sir Roger de Coverley is a jovial bachelor of 56 who was hurt in ____________ earlier in life. He

grew careless in his dress after his rejection by the _________________, but is cheerful, happy at heart, and is loved and respected by everyone. He serves as a _________________ in a county court and is a Tory.

- Another bachelor is a __________________ of great character, wit, and understanding. He has read the ancient philosophers. He loves the theater and is an expert on _________________.

- Sir Andrew ____________________ is a successful, industrious ___________________ and an expert on commerce everywhere.

- Captain __________________ is a gallant courtier and a soldier of great courage and understanding. He is agreeable and modest.

- Will ___________________ is a ladies’ man who is always well dressed. His conversation and knowledge center on ____________________, but he is not to be trusted with them.

- The last character is a ______________________ who is philosophic. He has great learning and is holy. He is not in good ________________, however.

* By describing the ________________ of the club's members, Steele appeals to a broader segment of society. He makes the _________________ feel that he, too, is represented in the membership. After the clergyman encourages Mr. Spectator not to exempt any group, the other members follow suit and agree that the vices of any group can be attacked as long as no ____________________ is hurt.

* In “The Aims of The Spectator,” Addison acknowledges the work’s popularity (60,000 readers) and describes the __________________ of his audience, promising to have specific benefits for each group. He finishes by claiming that ____________________ will be most improved by reading his

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paper; his goal for them is to increase the number of “those that move in an exalted sphere of knowledge and virtue.”

* The three classes of people that make up the work’s readership are well-regulated ____________________; certain gentlemen such as contemplative tradesmen, physicians, members of the Royal Service, lawyers, statesmen, and the blanks of society who have _______ ideas of their __________; and women.

* Addison says the advantages of reading this work are that it gives people something to ____________ about and ideas to _______________ about and that it should improve entertainment. How is entertainment different today?

* Additionally, Addison wished to "enliven morality with wit and to temper wit with morality." He

wished to strengthen ______________ and discretion. How does this point to the didactic purpose of literature from this time period?

* Spectator 465 defends _________________ belief on rational grounds. The essay closes with an

____________ citing the witness of the physical universe to the existence and greatness of its Creator. This hymn is based on Psalm 19.

* How is the modern newspaper different from The Tatler and The Spectator?

Jonathan Swift 1667-1745

When a true genius appears, you can know him by this sign: that all the dunces are in a confederacy against him.

Blessed is he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.

May you live all the days of your life.

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Vision is the art of seeing what is invisible to others.

About the author * Swift was born in Dublin, ______________, and served as an Anglican priest for a time. Later, he

served as dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. However, Swift also embraced Deism at the same time as Anglicanism.

* Jonathan Swift is remembered as the greatest English prose __________________. Many of his works satirize society’s institutions—the church, government, politics, established groups such as literary clubs. He wrote _________________ to further the causes he believed in.

* Swift believed that until man recognizes his capacity for __________, he can do nothing to help society; that is, man must recognize his _________ nature and fear it.

* His most famous works are Gulliver’s Travels and “A Modest Proposal,” in which he shocked his readers by satirically proposing to kill and __________ Irish ___________________ to help alleviate the poverty caused by British rule. As a humanitarian, Swift felt it unjust for the British rulers to live lavishly while many of Ireland’s people suffered in poverty.

* Swift has received harsh criticism for his works with a _________________ tone. * Satire is the ___________________ of human folly or vice with the purpose of correcting it; it was

one of the most popular forms of eighteenth-century literature. About Gulliver's Travels * Gulliver's Travels is commonly considered the supreme neoclassical satire in prose fiction and one of

the ______________ books of world literature. * Gulliver’s Travels was published in 1726. Swift sought to expose the fallacies of and corruption

within human institutions. For example, the “Voyage to Lilliput” ridicules the pompous customs of the English _______________ and the rigid traditions of Parliament. Each character is an exaggerated ________________ of some British official of Swift’s day.

* Gulliver’s Travels is the story of the _______ voyages of Lemuel Gulliver, a ship’s physician. He goes first to Lilliput, where the people are ________ inches tall (he is 12 times taller than them); then to Brobdingnag, where giants ________________ feet tall live; next to Laputa, a flying island inhabited by wise men; and last of all to Houyhnhnmland, where the horselike Houyhnhnms and detestable men called Yahoos live.

* Gulliver’s Travels was written in a _________________, straightforward style and can be read as a simple adventure story or as a bitter ____________________ on society in general, emphasizing man’s cruelty, injustice, and stupidity.

* Swift’s portrayal of human nature agrees with Scripture (Jer. 17:9; Rom. 3:10-12; Isa. 64:6). This is evidenced in Gulliver’s last voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms. Swift graphically reveals the baseness of human nature when he describes the _________________. In this voyage, Gulliver faces his own base nature as he observes the ugly, primitive habits and practices of the Yahoos.

* Unfortunately, Swift spoke of a ___________________ toward mankind as the motivation for Gulliver's Travels. Some believe that the work portrays a constructive concern to improve mankind, and others believe it shows an obsession to vent hatred and disgust. In defense of Swift is that his satire aims at human _____________ and that humiliation is the starting point of moral and spiritual recovery. However, some believe that Swift failed to hope for a remedy.

* Summary of “A Voyage to Lilliput”- Lemuel Gulliver, a ship’s doctor, is shipwrecked on a South Seas island called Lilliput, which is inhabited by a tiny race of people just six inches tall. Thinking him a giant, they imprison him. He is a well-behaved captive, and readily joins in their entertainment, which consists of dancing on ropes and leaping over and creeping under sticks. Gulliver wins such

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favor with the Lilliputians that they allow him to make out of handkerchief a stage upon which they perform mock battles.

One day the Lilliputians find Gulliver’s hat. It takes five of their horses to drag the hat to him. Two days later, the emperor of the land asks Gulliver to act as a colossus under which his troops can march.

Meanwhile, Gulliver has been petitioning for his freedom. The emperor eventually grants it, under several severe (or ridiculous, depending on how you look at it) conditions, to which Gulliver readily agrees.

* The Lilliputians release Gulliver under the following conditions: he cannot leave their country without their ____________________ he must have an order to come into town (and the inhabitants will have two hours’ warning to stay inside); he must walk only on principal roads; he must be careful not to __________________ on any of the subjects, their horses, or carriages, nor take any subjects into his hands without their consent; he must help dispatch a messenger and horses in an emergency; he should be their ally against their enemies; he should help workmen in raising great stones; and he should within two months deliver a survey of the circumference of their land. He must observe all these articles, and he will receive a daily allowance of ____________ and drink.

* In the account of the voyage to Lilliput, Swift uses light satirical elements in describing the rope dancers who practice this diversion for high ______________ at court. The principle is that whoever jumps the _________________ without falling succeeds in favor at court. Also, the treasurer and principal secretary for private affairs are ridiculed by turning somersaults and jumping rope. Another example of satire is the ministers who leap over or creep under sticks to earn the colored threads which represent badges for the various orders of honors. Another example of satire which makes fun of form and ceremony is Gulliver’s swearing to the articles by holding his right ____________ in his _____________ hand and placing the middle finger of his right hand on the crown of his _______________ and his thumb on the tip of his right ____________.

* Notice that the origin of the conflict between the Big- and Little-Endians came from __________. The people originally broke their eggs on the larger end; however, after his Majesty's grandfather accidentally cut his __________________ on an egg, an edict was passed declaring that everyone had to break his egg on the smaller end. Swift shows the absurdity of the situation by having a totally insignificant issue such as breaking an ___________ result in grave consequences. For example, the argument caused six rebellions, the loss of eleven thousand lives, the exile of Blefuscu dissenters, the publication of many books on the subject, and an extended bloody __________.

* Lilliput is England; Blefuscu is France. The Little-Endians are Prostestant; the Big-Endians are _______________________. The 35-year war with Blefuscu encompasses William III's war with France and the War of the Spanish Succession together with later hostilities up to the time of the writing of Gulliver's Travels. The Tories generally opposed war with the Catholic powers. Swift, a ___________ neoclassicist, urges moderation, suggesting that the differences between Catholic and Protestant belief are ________________. The name Endian suggests Indian. Swift provides for this nomenclature by locating the islands in the East Indies.

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Alexander Pope 1688-1744

To err is human; to forgive, divine.

Hope springs eternal in the human breast: Man never is, but always To be Blest.

A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring.

Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

Be not the first by whom the new are tried, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside.

True ease in writing comes from art, not chance, as those who move easiest have learned to dance.

About the author * Pope suffered from spinal tuberculosis as a child and was crippled and _________________ by a

severe curvature of the spine. He never grew beyond four feet, six inches, in height. By middle life he was so ______________ he could not dress himself and had to wear three pairs of stockings to fill out his thin legs.

* He did have many famous friends such as Jonathan _____________. Pope was responsible for the printing of Gulliver's Travels.

* Alexander Pope became the leading literary figure after John Dryden and virtually the ____________poet of the early eighteenth century. Pope formulated rules of ________________ for his age, which was called the Neoclassical or Augustan Age after the golden age of Roman literature during the reign of Augustus Caesar. Neoclassicism, a European movement, was characterized by an interest in and imitation of classical works and styles, emphasizing conformity to _______________ literary forms proper patterns of outward social conduct, formality, restraint, polish, and elegance.

* Pope is remembered for his mastery of the ____________________, a concise saying that is often witty or satiric, and the heroic couplet, two rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter.

* Pope’s major works include the “Essay on Criticism,” in which he sets up poetic standards for his age and “An Essay on Man,” a pseudophilosophical summary of __________________ thought in verse.

* Pope recognizes God’s order and design in the universe, but he believed that man’s knowledge cannot extend beyond the limits of his own reason. Man’s knowledge of ____________, according to Pope, is limited to what his finite mind can deduce. Pope failed to recognize God’s Word as the

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______________ source of understanding. Natural revelation is a good starting place, but the Bible gives us the details we need to truly understand.

* Pope is also known for his translations of _________________'s works in heroic couplets and his edition of Shakespeare's plays.

Isaac Watts 1674-1748

For Satan always finds some mischief still for idle hands to do.

I would not change my blest estate for all the world calls good or great.

Talking over the things which you have read with your companions fixes them on the mind.

Satirists do expose their own ill nature.

About the author * Isaac Watts, a nonconformist pastor who became the _________________ of English hymnody,

published his Hymns and Spiritual Songs in 1707. Prior to the appearance of this collection, hymns were sung only in dissenting congregations. In Catholic services only the clergy and choir sang--in _____________. In Protestant churches the congregations sang psalms that were awkwardly fitted with meter and rhyme. They believed that Scripture have the primary role and that a hymn writer's personal feelings or interpretations had no place in worship. ________________ were sung only in private homes for personal worship.

* Many hymns were based on the ______________, but some expressed the authors’ relationships with God.

* Isaac Watts influenced Philip Doddrige, and both led in the movement to replace the singing of psalms with the singing of ________________.

* Isaac Watts wrote his hymns before the great revival period. He determined to change the entire system of hymn singing, which at the time was limited to singing Psalms. He wrote about ________ hymns.

* His great hymns include - “Alas! and Did My Savior Bleed” - “When I survey the Wondrous Cross” - “I Sing the Mighty Power of God”

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- “Jesus Shall Reign” - “Joy to the World” * To this day the hymns of Watts have set the____________________ of excellence in qualities

essential to a good hymn: simplicity, freshness, precision, progression, and biblical content.

About John and Charles Wesley John- 1703-1791

Charles- 1707-1788

Do all the good you can. By all the means you can. In all the ways you can. In all the places you can. At all the times you can. To all the people you can. As long as ever you

can. --John Wesley

Catch on fire and others will love to come watch you burn. --John Wesley

Earn all you can, give all you can, save all you can. --John Wesley

Faith, mighty faith, the promise sees, And looks to God alone; Laughs at impossibilities, And cries it shall be done. --Charles Wesley

About John and Charles Wesley * The Wesley brothers were children of a strict Anglican clergyman and his devout wife. * At Oxford the Wesley brothers conducted a society devoted to strict spiritual discipline and study.

Nicknamed "the Holy Club" because of their fervent piety and "Methodists" because of their fixed devotional ____________________, the members showed a spiritual zeal that would characterize Methodism for many years. After Oxford they were ordained into the Anglican priesthood.

* The Wesleys were ________________ through Moravian influence in the United States. They had went to America to convert the Indians.

* In 1739 they began ministries as field preachers and started the first ____________________ society in London. They also published the first edition of Hymns and Sacred Poems.

* John started Sunday _____________________ to teach the Bible to the poor and uneducated. * John Wesley was the great revival leader in England and America and the founder of

_______________________. * Wesley attributed his old age to the power of God to sustain him, to his constant

____________________ and change of air, to never losing a night’s ________________, to sleeping at command, to rising at _______________ every morning for over sixty years, to his constant

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preaching at five every morning for over fifty years, and to having little pain, sorrow, and care in his life.

* Charles Wesley wrote about ___________________ hymns and sacred songs, including "O For a Thousand Tongues to Sing," "Jesus, Lover of my Soul," "And Can It Be?" "Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus," "Christ the Lord is Risen Today," and "Hark, the Herald Angels sing." He is known as the "sweet singer" of _________________________.

About "Behold the Man!" * The title of this hymn is taken from _________________'s words to the multitude in John 19:5, with

an allusion perhaps to John 3:14-16 and Numbers 21:8-9. The hymn is almost unique in English hymnody for its dramatic allegorical narrative quality. It may be regarded, for our purposes, as a song of assurance for such sinners that answer the _______________________ call.

* The assurance offered in the hymn is grounded I the vicarious death of Christ as prophesied in _______________ 53, recorded in the Gospels, interpreted in the New Testament Epistles, and visualized in Revelation. The biblical background of these stanzas is vast. Line 6 alludes to Isaiah 49:16; line 30 to Galatians 4:6. The main ___________________ context of the hymn is Hebrews 9 and 10 and I John 2:1-2.

Samuel Johnson

1709-1784

The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely no good.

A wise man will make haste to forgive, because he knows the true value of time, and will not suffer it to pass away in unnecessary pain.

Bachelors have consciences, married men have wives.

Man alone is born crying, lives complaining, and dies disappointed.

About Samuel Johnson * Samuel Johnson was the ___________________ writer of the eighteenth century who stood

staunchly against ________________.

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* Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language became the ___________________ English dictionary in both England and America for over fifty years. This work started his career. Therefore, he is known as the ___________________ of the English dictionary.

- Sample definition: Oats- grain usually given to horses, but in Scotland, to people - If he didn’t know the definition, he wrote “I don’t know.” * Johnson was _______________ in one ear, nearly _________________ in one eye, scarred, and

obese. He also was melancholy, highly creative, lazy, very opinionated, and superstitious. * He wrote in more literary kinds than probably any other writer of his time (tragedy, biography,

periodical essay, oriental tale, travel book, political article, critical essay, book review, oration, sermon, letter, prayer, dedication, legal brief, royal petition, poetic satire, Horatian ode, elegy, theatrical prologue, epilogue, song, epitaph, epigram).

* His works include The Rambler, The Idler, Preface to Shakespeare, Lives of the Poets, and Rasselas. * The Lives of the Poets is a collection of poetic _______________________ and literary criticism. * Rasselas is a prose essay on the ________________ of human wishes. About The Rambler * The two selections show Johnson to be both serious and __________________. Johnson usually had

a serious point to make. * Rambler 4 is one of the "essays professedly serious," implying that an essay may be unprofessedly

(i. e., ____________________) serious in purpose. Johnson contends that though good literature imitates ______________ truthfully. He believes that the purpose of knowledge is a virtuous life and character. He presents the principle of ______________________: exposure to evil with the purpose of strengthening one's defenses against evil.

* The conclusion of Rambler 161 expresses an important neoclassical doctrine: the importance of common __________________________. In this selection Johnson shows his skill in fiction. It is a series of increasingly disreputable or suspicious __________________ (a dishonest tailor, a woman of questionable life, and a counterfeiter) climaxing with a author, the least tolerable of all!

James Boswell

I hate mankind, for I think myself one of the best of them, and I know how bad I am.

We must take our friends as they are.

About Boswell * Boswell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland.

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* James Boswell is remembered today for his biography of ____________________ which is the greatest _______________________ in English literature.

* ___________________________- introduces the facts of another person’s life and orders them in such a way that the reader can develop real insight into the person’s _______________________.

The Pre-Romantics

* In the second half of the eighteenth century, a group of poets later called pre-Romantics turned

away from the ______________________ of Pope and began writing poetry that was characterized by warmth of expression, a sense of mystery, a delight in wonder, a love for _______________, an interest in the past, and a concern for simple country folk.

* They used verse forms other than the ___________________, such as blank verse, the ballad stanza, and the sonnet.

* The pre-Romantic poets included William Cowper, Thomas ____________, Oliver Goldsmith, William Blake, and Robert _______________.

* Although Cowper, Gray, and Goldsmith still expressed themselves in poetic _____________ (language that is reserved for poetry only, purposefully artificial, often obscure), they wrote descriptive, melancholy poems about the simple joys of life and the beauties of ________________. Blake and Burns did not use poetic diction. Blake used a very simple, direct style to express profound ideas, and Burns used his native ____________________ to depict the life of the ___________________ peasant.

Thomas Gray

1716-1771

Where ignorance is bliss, 'Tis folly to be wise.

Poetry is thoughts that breathe, and words that burn.

Youth smiles without any reason. It is one of its chiefest charms.

About the author * Thomas Gray was an early transitional poet who led the way from Classicism to Romanticism and is

remembered for one of the best-known poems in the English language, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.” His is also known as the foremost ___________ poet of his age even though he

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published only thirteen poems during his lifetime. He revived the poetic tradition of John Milton, even though Dryden and Pope still had sway. He read extensively and was very much an _________ perfectionist. He did not want to write inconsequential works. He was extremely critical of his own works and did not want to write works that were not _______________. Additionally, he was one of the first major writer of this time period to empathize with the common man.

* He was naturally shy, welcomed solitude, disliked the city, and enjoyed __________________ and touring the countryside. He was a very learned man.

* He also wrote the “Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat, Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes” which quotes Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, “nor all, that glitters, gold.”

"Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat, Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes" 'Twas on a lofty vase's side, Where China's gayest art had dyed The azure flowers, that blow; Demurest of the tabby kind, The pensive Selima reclined, Gazed on the lake below. Her conscious tail her joy declared; The fair round face, the snowy beard, The velvet of her paws, Her coat, that with the tortoise vies, Her ears of jet, and emerald eyes, She saw; and purred applause. Still had she gazed; but 'midst the tide Two angel forms were seen to glide, The genii of the stream: Their scaly armour's Tyrian hue Through richest purple to the view Betrayed a golden gleam.

The hapless nymph with wonder saw: A whisker first and then a claw, With many an ardent wish, She stretched in vain to reach the prize. What female heart can gold despise? What cat's averse to fish? Presumptuous maid! with looks intent Again she stretched, again she bent, Nor knew the gulf between. (Malignant Fate sat by, and smiled) The slippery verge her feet beguiled, She tumbled headlong in. Eight times emerging from the flood She mewed to every watery god, Some speedy aid to send. No dolphin came, no Nereid stirred; Nor cruel Tom, nor Susan heard. A favourite has no friend! From hence, ye beauties, undeceived, Know, one false step is ne'er retrieved, And be with caution bold. Not all that tempts your wandering eyes And heedless hearts, is lawful prize; Nor all that glistens gold.

About "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" * “Elegy” has been called by scholars “one of the most __________________ poems in the English

language.” It utilizes quatrains of iambic pentameter. * An _______________ is a melancholy poem which reflects on nature and _______________. * This poem took Gray _______________ years to write and in the end the first four lines are called

the most perfect poetry in all of English poetry. * Gray’s “Elegy” can be divided into the following sections: - Stanzas 1-5 establish the peaceful ____________________ setting of the poem. - Stanzas 6-8 recall the simple, obscure lives of the villagers. - Stanzas 9-11 teach that ________________ is the common end of all people, regardless of their

social class. - Stanzas 12-20 show the hidden potential of the villagers and imagine what they might have

become under better circumstances.

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- Stanzas 21-24 illustrate the villagers’ desire for a simple memorial to mark their days on earth. - Stanzas 25-29 anticipate the speaker’s own ______________; he finishes the poem with an

epitaph for his __________________. * The details of nature that are particularly effective are the descriptions of the herds, the beetle, the

owl, the swallow, the rooster, and image of the __________________ flower blooming in the _________________.

* The theme is a memorial to the obscure, humble people who lie ________________ in this churchyard, emphasizing that these people, though not famous, are just as representative of humanity with their dreams, ambitions, and labor, as are the famous people.

* This poem has a melancholic and _________________________ mood. * Know the line, “The paths of glory lead but to the grave.” * Notice that the poem emphasizes that gems, flowers, and people are still

___________________________ even if they are not noticed. * The poem asks the question: “What will people say when I’m dead?” * This poem is mostly neoclassical in nature because it dwells on general truths and teaches while

communicating pathos. However, the subject (death), atmosphere (gloom), and setting (rural graveyard) are __________________ in nature.

* Stoke Poges Church and Churchyard were the _____________________ for this poem. Gray lived near there early in his career.

Oliver Goldsmith 1728?-1774

I love everything that's old, - old friends, old times, old manners, old books, old wine.

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All that a husband or wife really wants is to be pitied a little, praised a little, and appreciated a little.

You can preach a better sermon with your life than with your lips.

Ceremonies are different in every country, but true politeness is everywhere the same.

Be not affronted at a joke. If one throw salt at thee, thou wilt receive no harm, unless

thou art raw. About the author * Oliver Goldsmith was one of the most _____________________ writers of his age (except Samuel

Johnson). He is famous for writing The Vicar of Wakefield. * He was born in Ireland and moved to London to write. He wrote prolifically in many genres, but he

was continually poor and died in debt. * The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best-known poem. About The Deserted Village * Oliver Goldsmith wrote The Deserted Village to lament the problems of the _________________

Revolution, specifically Parliament’s abolition of the “open-field” method of farming, which allowed poor people to raise crops on any _____________________ land they could find. As a result of this Enclosure Movement, which required that all open fields be fenced in and added to larger farms, thousands of peasant farmers all over England were forced to leave their villages and work in crowded cities. Goldsmith portrays the _____________________ town of Auburn, whose villagers had been forced to leave because of the Enclosure Movement. In line 63 Goldsmith refers to the Industrial revolution as “trade’s unfeeling train.”

* The theme of the poem is a lament for the times that are no more and a glorification of the people of the past in a small, rural village in _____________________.

“Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog” Good people all, of every sort,

Give ear unto my song; And if you find it wondrous short, It cannot hold you long.

In Islington there was a man, Of whom the world might say That still a godly race he ran, Whene'er he went to pray.

A kind and gentle heart he had, To comfort friends and foes; The naked every day he clad, When he put on his clothes.

And in that town a dog was found, As many dogs there be, Both mongrel, puppy, whelp and hound, And curs of low degree.

This dog and man at first were friends; But when a pique began, The dog, to gain some private ends, Went mad and bit the man.

Around from all the neighbouring streets The wondering neighbours ran, And swore the dog had lost his wits, To bite so good a man.

The wound it seemed both sore and sad To every Christian eye; And while they swore the dog was mad, They swore the man would die.

But soon a wonder came to light, That showed the rogues they lied: The man recovered of the bite, The dog it was that died.

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William Cowper 1731-1800

No man can be a patriot on an empty stomach.

God moves in a mysterious way, His wonders to perform. He plants his footsteps in the sea, and rides upon the storm.

Knowledge is proud that it knows so much; wisdom is humble that it knows no more.

About the author * Cowper is remembered as a ________________ writer and a pre-Romantic poet. Throughout his entire life, he suffered periods of mental ______________________ (he attempted suicide at least three times) and insanity, and his only solace was found in Christ. His famous hymns include “There Is a Fountain Filled with Blood” and “O for a Closer Walk with God.” * He and John Newton, the author of "Amazing Grace," published Olney Hymns together. Newton was Cowper's spiritual advisor. * The power and simplicity of Cowper’s best poetry reflect the _______________’s influence on him. * Cowper tends to paint the peaceful, benevolent side of __________________. * The Task is his longest and most ____________________ work. About "Walking with God" * “Walking with God” is based on Genesis 5:24 and is written in _________________ meter (CM- lines of 8, 6, 8, 6 syllables). In this hymn, Cowper pleads for God’s guidance and fellowship; only walking with God can bring complete _________________. * This hymn also references the fact that sin breaks the believer's fellowship with God. * The hymn is subtitled "Genesis 5:24." About "Light Shining out of Darkness" * In “Light Shining Out of Darkness,” Cowper conveys a more ____________________ belief in God’s power than he does in most of his other works. * Be familiar with the first stanza. * Note his _____________________ of God: “mysterious,” “unfathomable,” “never-failing,” and “sovereign.” Also, notice Cowper’s unique view of God in the fourth stanza: “Behind a frowning providence / He hides a smiling face.” * The poem abounds with ________________ allusions.

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About "The Castaway" * “The Castaway,” Cowper’s last poem, is based on an account of a sailor who falls headlong into the

Atlantic from a ship. He __________________ for a while, but then his strength gives way, and he despairs of his life. He is disappointed that his mates, who can hear his cries but are afraid to stay in the storm, ________________, and do not try to help him.

* In this “melancholy theme,” as he calls it, Cowper describes the hopelessness of his own spiritual dilemma. In the last stanza, he bemoans the fact that in his ___________ spiritual storm, “No voice divine the storm allayed. / No light propitious shone.” These lines show Cowper’s lack of faith in God’s saving _________________; Cowper died a year later.

Robert Burns

Opera is where a guy gets stabbed in the back, and instead of dying, he sings.

Suspense is worse than disappointment.

There is no such uncertainty as a sure thing.

Dare to be honest and fear no labor.

About the author * Burns was the son of a struggling tenant _________________ who believed in the value of

education. * Robert Burns is ____________________’s greatest poet; he wrote his first poem at age _______. * He lived as a farmer and excise tax collector instead of on the proceeds of his writing. He wanted to

preserve his rustic identity. * His songs and poems, which are about __________________ life and use the native

__________________ are now world famous. They often deal with the humble peasants and present satirical portraits. Many of them reflect the high standards of the Bible-loving ________. He was successful because he was __________________. He is known as the national poet of _______________________.

* His famous songs and poems include “Afton Water,” “A Red, Red Rose,” “Auld Lang Syne,” “To a Mouse,” and “The Cotter’s Saturday Night.”

* _______________ literature includes the literature of Wales, Ireland, _________________, and England

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* At the end of the eighteenth century, Scotland became prominent in literature largely because of the poetry of Robert _________________. It was Robert Burns who made the Scottish _______________ popular around the world.

About “To a Mouse: On Turning Her Up in Her Nest with the Plough, November, 1785” * This poem is Burns’s most ____________________. * Its _________________ is man’s interdependence with nature. This theme shows the transition to

romanticism. No true neoclassical poet would write about a mouse, nor write so personally. * Lines 39-42 are often quoted. “The best laid schemes o’ mice an’ men, / Gang aft agley, / An’ lea’e

us nought but grief and pain / For promis’d joy!” Over a century later, the American novelist John Steinbeck borrowed one of Burns’s phrases for the title of his novel Of Mice and Men which portrayed the __________________ of two brothers’ plans to buy a farm and establish a home.

* This poem is an ______________________ to a mouse; it expresses the idea that neither mice nor men can ____________________________ their future plans.

* The ____________ is one of great emotion and sensitivity as the speaker identifies with the ______________________ of the mouse. The life of man differs from that of a mouse because the mouse need concern himself only with the present while man can remember things of the past and wonder and worry about the __________________. However, the man believes he lives a good life even though his life is hard.

About “To a Louse: On Seeing One on a Lady's Bonnet at Church” * This poem may be considered a _________________ on people who are overly conscious of their

dress. The famous last stanza presents a serious concluding lesson on pretense and _____________________ that all may profit by.

* Know the lines: “O wad some Pow’r the giftie gie us / To see oursels as others see us!” The speaker wishes that he knew what _________________ think of him.

* The _____________ is satirical and humorous. The lesson of the poem is for man to be sincere and not hypocritical and to try to look at himself _____________________ and see himself as others do.

About “A Red, Red Rose” * This poem is one of Burns’s most famous ________________; it is often heard around Valentine’s

Day. The speaker pledges his eternal devotion to his love, using such symbols of _________________ as the sea, the rocks and the sand. It is very over the top but sincere; the song expresses _____________________ emotion.

* Burns was the one who first compared __________ to a rose. * The word still carries its older meaning of "____________________." * What are some of the similes in this poem? About “John Anderson, My Jo” * The speaker, an ________ woman, reflects on her ____________ life with her husband. Instead of

wishing that they could be young again, she __________________ in the time they have spent together and acknowledges that they must “totter down” and meet death “hand in hand.”

* The word jo, "sweetheart," is the Scottish dialectal variant of _________.