Chapter 8Chapter 8

BIGBIGBusiness and CitiesBusiness and Cities

Lesson 1Lesson 1

Timeframe: 1856-1900Timeframe: 1856-1900 Vocabulary: corporation, competition, Vocabulary: corporation, competition,

monopoly, labor union, strikemonopoly, labor union, strike Main Ideas: Inventions changed Main Ideas: Inventions changed

people’s lives. Businesses produced people’s lives. Businesses produced more goods, hired more people, and more goods, hired more people, and earned more money than ever. earned more money than ever. Workers united to improve working Workers united to improve working conditions. conditions.

Inventions of the 1800sInventions of the 1800s

Saved time and money and improved Saved time and money and improved life for many peoplelife for many people

Elijah McCoy-oil cup-kept trains Elijah McCoy-oil cup-kept trains runningrunning

Remington-typewriter-saved time with Remington-typewriter-saved time with letters and reportsletters and reports

Margaret Knight-paper bags-easier to Margaret Knight-paper bags-easier to carry items carry items

Inventions Inventions

Alexander Graham Bell-phone-made Alexander Graham Bell-phone-made communication easier and fastercommunication easier and faster

Thomas Edison-electric light +Thomas Edison-electric light +

clean, safe, and brighter lights kept clean, safe, and brighter lights kept city factories and stores open after city factories and stores open after darkdark

*Business grew and changed with these *Business grew and changed with these inventions. inventions.

Big Business MenBig Business Men

Henry Bessemer-Bessemer process-Henry Bessemer-Bessemer process-made steel in an inexpensive waymade steel in an inexpensive way

Andrew Carnegie-used Bessemer Andrew Carnegie-used Bessemer process to make steel railroads-also process to make steel railroads-also bought other businesses to help his bought other businesses to help his businessbusiness

John D Rockefeller-Standard Oil John D Rockefeller-Standard Oil Company-a corporation Company-a corporation

CorporationCorporation

Other people give money to run Other people give money to run business-called owning “shares” and business-called owning “shares” and corporation pays other people part of corporation pays other people part of their profittheir profit

Raised money by selling shares but Raised money by selling shares but buying shares was riskybuying shares was risky

Competition between companies led Competition between companies led to monopolies-when a company has to monopolies-when a company has no competitionno competition

MonopolyMonopoly

Competition keeps prices low and Competition keeps prices low and quality of items good because people quality of items good because people have a lot of choiceshave a lot of choices

In 1879, 90% of the US oil belonged In 1879, 90% of the US oil belonged to Rockefeller-he had eliminated his to Rockefeller-he had eliminated his competition and became one of the competition and became one of the richest people in the world richest people in the world

PhilanthropistPhilanthropist

Carnegie and Rockefeller gave lots of Carnegie and Rockefeller gave lots of time and money to charitytime and money to charity

Carnegie paid for libraries Carnegie paid for libraries Rockefeller paid for schools, Rockefeller paid for schools,

churches and hospitals churches and hospitals

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Machines made goods at lower pricesMachines made goods at lower prices People bought large amounts of People bought large amounts of

goodsgoods Factories grew larger and more Factories grew larger and more

productiveproductive Many people were hired to work in Many people were hired to work in

the factories the factories

Factory Life Factory Life

Same thing for 10-12 hours a day for Same thing for 10-12 hours a day for 6 days a week6 days a week

Unsafe and dirtyUnsafe and dirty Children (age 10-15) dropped out of Children (age 10-15) dropped out of

school to work and make money school to work and make money Poor paychecksPoor paychecks Fired if you complained Fired if you complained

Labor UnionLabor Union

Workers united to demand better Workers united to demand better working conditions and better payworking conditions and better pay

Knights of Labor-1Knights of Labor-1stst labor union- labor union-worked to make it illegal for children worked to make it illegal for children to work in factoriesto work in factories

Workers used strikes (refusing to Workers used strikes (refusing to work) to get business to make work) to get business to make changeschanges

AFL Samuel Gompers AFL Samuel Gompers

Lesson 2 Lesson 2

Timeframe: 1890-1924Timeframe: 1890-1924 Vocabulary: persecution, ethnic Vocabulary: persecution, ethnic

group, tenementgroup, tenement Main Ideas: Millions of immigrants Main Ideas: Millions of immigrants

moved to the US. Immigrants moved moved to the US. Immigrants moved to large cities and worked in to large cities and worked in factories. factories.

ImmigrationImmigration

Immigrant is a person that leaves their Immigrant is a person that leaves their homeland to live elsewhere-usually to homeland to live elsewhere-usually to make their life bettermake their life better

In 44 years, 25 MILLION immigrants In 44 years, 25 MILLION immigrants came to the United States from all over came to the United States from all over the world. They were looking for work. the world. They were looking for work. Some escaped persecution. Most Some escaped persecution. Most received greater political freedom. received greater political freedom.

Ellis Island Ellis Island

Immigrants from Europe arrived at Immigrants from Europe arrived at Ellis Island in New York Harbor. They Ellis Island in New York Harbor. They had to have plans for a home and had to have plans for a home and work. They also had to pass a work. They also had to pass a medical physical. medical physical.

Almost all European immigrants were Almost all European immigrants were eventually allowed to enter the USeventually allowed to enter the US

Angel Island Angel Island

Immigrants from Asia arrived at Angel Immigrants from Asia arrived at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay, CAIsland in the San Francisco Bay, CA

Faced prejudice Faced prejudice About 25% were forced to return home About 25% were forced to return home

to their original countriesto their original countries U.S. became known as the “melting pot” U.S. became known as the “melting pot”

with many different cultures mixed in it with many different cultures mixed in it

Welcome to the United Welcome to the United StatesStates

Immigrants settled near family or Immigrants settled near family or friends and developed immigrant friends and developed immigrant communities in big citiescommunities in big cities

Ethnic neighborhoods were made up Ethnic neighborhoods were made up of people that practiced the same of people that practiced the same culture and languageculture and language

Living conditions were dangerous Living conditions were dangerous and dirty in tenement housing and dirty in tenement housing

Hard Times Hard Times

Very little payVery little pay Crowded, dirty and unsafe which Crowded, dirty and unsafe which

brought sickness and diseasebrought sickness and disease Prejudice about different culturePrejudice about different culture Prejudice about possibility of loosing Prejudice about possibility of loosing

jobs to immigrants that accept less jobs to immigrants that accept less paypay

Immigration Laws Immigration Laws

1882 Congress limited immigration 1882 Congress limited immigration with Chinese Exclusion Act-kept out with Chinese Exclusion Act-kept out almost all new Asian immigrantsalmost all new Asian immigrants

1920s Congress limited the number 1920s Congress limited the number of European immigrantsof European immigrants

But immigrants brought great ideas But immigrants brought great ideas and inventions to make our country and inventions to make our country uniqueunique

Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty

Gift from France Gift from France Sculpted by Frederic Auguste BartholdiSculpted by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi Symbol of friendship and freedomSymbol of friendship and freedom 151 feet high and 225 tons in the 151 feet high and 225 tons in the

center of NY Harborcenter of NY Harbor Poem by Emma Lazarus engraved on itPoem by Emma Lazarus engraved on it Torch uses 13,000 watts of light Torch uses 13,000 watts of light

symbolizing freedom symbolizing freedom

Lady LibertyLady Liberty

Seven spikes stand for the seven seas Seven spikes stand for the seven seas and seven continents and seven continents

Tablet in her hand is engraved July 4, Tablet in her hand is engraved July 4, 1776 in Roman numberals1776 in Roman numberals

““Give me your tired, your poor, your Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe huddled masses yearning to breathe free”free”

Lesson 3 Lesson 3

Timeframe: 1880-1924Timeframe: 1880-1924 Vocabulary: stockyard, skyscraper, Vocabulary: stockyard, skyscraper,

rapid transit, slum, settlement houserapid transit, slum, settlement house Main Ideas: Cities grew quickly Main Ideas: Cities grew quickly

thanks to technology. Crowded cities thanks to technology. Crowded cities increased problems. increased problems.

Living in the CityLiving in the City

Immigrants moved to cities and Immigrants moved to cities and Americans left the rural farms for the Americans left the rural farms for the city life alsocity life also

Farms used machines instead of peopleFarms used machines instead of people In 1880, 72% US population lived in In 1880, 72% US population lived in

rural America. rural America. In 1920, 49% US population lived in In 1920, 49% US population lived in

rural America.rural America.

Great Locations Great Locations

Chicago grew due to transportation Chicago grew due to transportation routes, natural resources and Lake routes, natural resources and Lake MichiganMichigan

Goods could be shipped or put on a Goods could be shipped or put on a train to deliver all over Americatrain to deliver all over America

Cities with great resources and good Cities with great resources and good transportation became very popular transportation became very popular

City Changes City Changes

Skyscraper-1Skyscraper-1stst one in Chicago in 1885 one in Chicago in 1885 Growth of steel and electricity made Growth of steel and electricity made

it possible to build skyscrapersit possible to build skyscrapers Rapid transit-system of trains to Rapid transit-system of trains to

move people quicklymove people quickly Problems: noisy, slums, unsafe, firesProblems: noisy, slums, unsafe, fires

Great Chicago FireGreat Chicago Fire

Burning oil lamps used in barns and a Burning oil lamps used in barns and a cow knocked it over and most of cow knocked it over and most of town burnedtown burned

No fire escapes on buildings so many No fire escapes on buildings so many people diedpeople died

Laws were changed about building Laws were changed about building materials and fire escapesmaterials and fire escapes

Jane AddamsJane Addams

Opened Hull House in Chicago in 1889Opened Hull House in Chicago in 1889 11stst settlement house ever settlement house ever A settlement house is a community A settlement house is a community

center that helped people get an center that helped people get an education, medical care, and find jobseducation, medical care, and find jobs

Provided day care for kids Provided day care for kids

Steel City Steel City

Pittsburgh was right place due to Pittsburgh was right place due to location, resources and 3 rivers and location, resources and 3 rivers and the railroadthe railroad

Steelers represents the historySteelers represents the history Today steel mills are closed and the Today steel mills are closed and the

city is focusing on “going green” city is focusing on “going green”

Lesson 4Lesson 4

Timeframe: 1900-1920Timeframe: 1900-1920 Vocabulary: progressive, muckrakerVocabulary: progressive, muckraker Main Ideas: Progressives tried to Main Ideas: Progressives tried to

improve life in the US. Women and improve life in the US. Women and African Americans worked hard to African Americans worked hard to gain equal rights. gain equal rights.

Progressives Progressives

Due to young children working in Due to young children working in factories and lots of pollution, factories and lots of pollution, progressives worked hard to make progressives worked hard to make factories cleaner and saferfactories cleaner and safer

Convinced lawmakers to protect Convinced lawmakers to protect workers and keep children from workers and keep children from workingworking

MuckrakerMuckraker

Muck is unpleasant dirtMuck is unpleasant dirt Progressives who wrote about the Progressives who wrote about the

need for change were called need for change were called muckrakersmuckrakers

Upton Sinclair-a muckraker-wrote Upton Sinclair-a muckraker-wrote The Jungle The Jungle about unsafe and dirty about unsafe and dirty meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

President Roosevelt worked with President Roosevelt worked with Congress to pass Pure Food Act and Congress to pass Pure Food Act and Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act

These laws protected the consumer These laws protected the consumer by stating that medicine and foods by stating that medicine and foods had to be made without harmful had to be made without harmful chemicals chemicals

National Parks National Parks

Roosevelt wanted to preserve Roosevelt wanted to preserve wilderness areas wilderness areas

Created Yosemite National ParkCreated Yosemite National Park

Equal Rights: WomenEqual Rights: Women

Discriminated in jobs and educationDiscriminated in jobs and education Carrie Chapman Catt-gave speeches, Carrie Chapman Catt-gave speeches,

wrote letters to law makers and wrote letters to law makers and marched in protest about inequalitymarched in protest about inequality

1919thth Amendment-guaranteed women Amendment-guaranteed women the right to votethe right to vote

Equal Rights: RacialEqual Rights: Racial

Many organizations fought for equal Many organizations fought for equal rights for African, Mexican and Asian rights for African, Mexican and Asian AmericansAmericans

NAACP-African American equalityNAACP-African American equality Leaders: W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T Leaders: W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T

Washington Washington

Great MigrationGreat Migration

Hate organizations formed to spread Hate organizations formed to spread fear and encourage prejudicesfear and encourage prejudices

Life became very difficult for Life became very difficult for southern African Americanssouthern African Americans

Many moved to the North to get Many moved to the North to get equality in the factories up North equality in the factories up North

Look at map on textbook page 283Look at map on textbook page 283

Review for TestReview for Test

Know vocabulary and important Know vocabulary and important namesnames

Relate inventions and businesses to Relate inventions and businesses to changing American culturechanging American culture

Advantages and disadvantages of city Advantages and disadvantages of city lifelife

Describe women’s suffrageDescribe women’s suffrage Why is US known as a “melting pot” Why is US known as a “melting pot”