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Cells Chapter 7

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Page 1: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

CellsChapter 7

English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature.

Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope.

He observed small geometric shapes, and named them cells.

Robert Hooke

Page 3: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Dutch trader that made

simple light microscopes.

His lenses were 10x more powerful than those that Hooke used.

First person to observe living cells

Page 4: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Matthias Schleiden (1838) – all plants are composed of cells.

Theodor Schwann (1839) – all animals are composed of cells.

Rudolf Virchow – all cells come from other cells.

These three observations helped form the cell theory

The Cell Theory

Page 5: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. The cell is the basic unit of organization

3. All cells come from preexisting cells

The Cell Theory

Page 6: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Microscopes

Compound Light Microscope

Electron Microscope

Use a series of lenses to magnify objects.

Magnify up to 1500x

Uses a beam of electrons to magnify objects

Magnify up to 500,000x their actual size

Scanning electron (SEM)

Transmission electron (TEM)

Page 7: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Prokaryotes – cells that do not have internal membrane-bound structures or a nucleus

ex. Bacteria

Eukaryotes – cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound structures.

ex. Animal cells and plant cells

- the membrane-bound structures are called organelles

Two Basic Cell Types

Page 8: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

Page 9: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

The boundary between the cell and its environment.

Controls what enters and exits the cell (selective permeability)

- nutrients, wastes

Cells, like our bodies, like constant environment. The process of maintaining this environment is called homeostasis.

Plasma Membrane

Page 10: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Page 11: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Has two layers of phospholipids back-to-back (phospholipid bilayer)

- polar heads face out (like water)- nonpolar tails face in (hate water)

Cholesterol – helps stabilize the phospholipids (stops it from sticking

together) Transport proteins – regulate which molecules enter and leave the cell. Carbohydrate chains – stick out from cell surface and helps cells identify each other.

Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Page 12: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Control center of the cell (contains directions to make proteins)

Master set of directions for making proteins is contained in chromatin (strands of DNA)

Inside the nucleus is another organelle called the nucleolus (makes ribosomes)

Ribosomes exit through nuclear pores

Nucleus

Page 13: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Page 14: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Cytoplasm – clear fluid inside the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – site of cellular chemical

reactions - Rough ER (has ribosomes attached)- Smooth ER (no ribosomes)

Golgi apparatus – modifies and packages proteins

Organelles

Page 15: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Vacuoles – temporary storage of materials (food, enzymes, waste)

Lysosomes – digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses and bacteria

Mitochondria – produce energy for the cell

Organelles

Page 16: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Cytoskeleton – cells support structure made of microtubulues and micro-

filaments.

Cilia – short, hair-like projections that aid in movement and feeding

Flagella – longer projections that move with a whip-like motion (movement)

Organelles

Page 17: Chapter 7. English scientist who used an early light microscope to study nature. Looked at cork (dead plant cells) under a microscope. He observed

Comparing Animal/Plant Cells

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Centriole (only animal cells)

Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large Vacuole

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