chapter 7: central america and the caribbean islands · applying map skills central america and the...

CentralAmerica and the CaribbeanIslands

CentralAmerica and the CaribbeanIslands

Chapter

77

To learn more about the people andplaces of Central America and theCaribbean, view The World and ItsPeople Chapter 7 video.

210

Chapter Overview Visit The World andIts People Web site at twip.glencoe.comand click on Chapter 7—ChapterOverviews to preview information aboutCentral America and the Caribbean islands.

Social StudiesSocial StudiesSocial StudiesSocial Studies

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Guadeloupe, an island inthe Lesser Antilles

▼ Guadeloupe, an island inthe Lesser Antilles

▼

Building Trust In 1823 the Monroe Doctrine

warned European nations againstinterfering with the affairs ofcountries in the Americas. Eversince, U.S. presidents have worked to develop a special relationshipwith our near neighbors.

Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in halffrom top to bottom.

Step 2 Fold it in half again, from side toside.

CentralAmerica CaribbeanIslands

Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Sketchan outline of Central America and theCaribbean islands across both tabs andlabel them as shown. CentralAmerica CaribbeanIslands

This cut willmake two tabs.

Step 4 Cut along the fold of the topflap only.

Compare-Contrast Make this foldable to help you determine howCentral America and the Caribbean islands are similar and different.

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write facts under theappropriate tabs of your foldable. Use what you write to compare and contrastthe people and places of Central America and the Caribbean islands.

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212 CHAPTER 7

11

Unusual animals found nowhere else

on the earth roam the floor and

canopy of Central America’s

rain forests. The small frog

here seems as if it would

be a snack for other,

larger animals. Do not

be fooled by the

enlargement of the

photo, however. Many

frogs like this one

hold a deadly poison in

their skin, which would

quickly kill anything that

tried to eat them.Country Key Facts

Central America is an isthmus, or a narrow piece of land that linkstwo larger areas of land—North America and South America. Most ofthe countries on the isthmus have two coastlines—one on the PacificOcean and one on the Caribbean Sea.This narrow region is actuallypart of North America. Seven countries make up Central America:Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, CostaRica, and Panama.

A Rugged LandLike Mexico, Central America sits where plates in the earth’s crust

meet.The collision of these plates produces volcanoes and earthquakesin the region. The Central Highlands, which curve like a backbonethrough inland Central America, are actually a chain of volcanic moun-tains.Because of their ruggedness, the Central Highlands are difficult tocross.This causes serious problems for transportation and communica-tion and has also kept many of the region’s people isolated from oneanother. The volcanoes of the Central Highlands do bring some benefitsto farmers, though.Volcanic material has made the soil very fertile.

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

Central America ismade up of sevennations that are hometo a variety of peoples,exotic animals, anddiverse landforms.

Terms to Know

• isthmus• canopy• ecotourist • literacy rate• republic• parliamentary

democracy

Reading Strategy

Create a chart like this one. List severalcountries in CentralAmerica, and writetwo key facts abouteach country.

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90°W

25°N

20°N

15°N

10°N

5°N

85°W 80°W 75°W 70°W 65°W 60°W

TROPIC OF CANCER

Gulf of MexicoATLANTIC OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

C a r i b b e a n S e aTegucigalpa

GuatemalaCity

San Salvador

San Jos´e

Managua

Panama City

Belmopan

Havana

Nassau

Port-au-PrinceSan

JuanSantoDomingo

Roseau

St. John'sBasseterre

Bridgetown

Castries

Kingstown

St. George's

Port-of-Spain

KingstonBELIZE

DOMINICA

ANTIGUA ANDBARBUDA

ST. KITTS ANDNEVIS

BARBADOS

ST. VINCENT ANDTHE GRENADINES

ST. LUCIA

GRENADA

TRINIDADANDTOBAGO

JAMAICA

HAITIDOMINICANREPUBLIC

C U B A

COSTA RICA

ELSALVADOR

P A N A M A

GUATEMALAH O N D U R A S

NICARAGUA

M E X I C O

BA

H

AM

AS

CAYMAN ISLANDSU.K.

TURKS AND CAICOSISLANDS U.K.

PUERTORICOU.S.

GUADELOUPEFr.

MARTINIQUEFr.

ANGUILLA U.K.

ARUBA Neth.

NETHERLANDSANTILLES

Neth.

MONTSERRATU.K.

VIRGIN ISLANDSU.S. & U.K.

Coco R.

St. Croix U.S.

St. ThomasU.S.

Hispaniola

G r e a t e rA n t i l l e s

Lesser

Antilles

Azimuthal Equidistant projection500

5000 mi.

0 km

N

S

EW

National capitalTerritorial capital

Applying Map Skills

Central America and the Caribbean Islands: Political

Central America is mostly tropical, although the mountains remaincool. Lowlands along the Caribbean side receive about 100 inches(254 cm) of rain year-round. Lowlands along the Pacific, however,are drier from December through April. Cooling breezes from theCaribbean Sea can become deadly hurricanes during the summer andfall. Remember that hurricanes are fierce storms with heavy rains andhigh winds of more than 74 miles (119 km) per hour.

How have the volcanoes in Central America been helpful?

Central American EconomiesThe economies of the Central American countries depend on farm-

ing and harvesting wood from their rain forests. Central America hastwo kinds of farms. Wealthy people and companies own plantations,which, as you learned in Chapter 6, are commercial farms that growcrops for sale. Major crops include coffee, bananas, cotton, and sugar-cane. Plantations export their harvest to the United States and otherparts of the world. Farmers in Guatemala and Costa Rica also growflowers and ornamental plants for export.

1. Which countries in Central Americaborder only one body of water?

2. What two countries occupy theisland of Hispaniola?

Find NGS online map resources @www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

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90°W25°N

20°N

15°N

10°N

5°N

85°W 80°W 75°W 70°W 65°W 60°W

TROPIC OF CANCER

Gulf ofMexico

ATLANTIC OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

C a r i b b e a n S e a

PanamaCity

Havana

San JuanCAYMAN ISLANDS

TURKS ANDCAICOS

ISLANDS

PUERTORICO

GUADELOUPE

MARTINIQUE

ANGUILLA

ARUBA

NETHERLANDSANTILLES

MONTSERRAT

VIRGIN ISLANDS

BELIZE

DOMINICA

ANTIGUA ANDBARBUDA

ST. KITTSAND NEVIS

BARBADOS

ST. VINCENT ANDTHE GRENADINES

ST. LUCIA

GRENADATRINIDADANDTOBAGO

JAMAICA

HAITIDOMINICANREPUBLIC

CUBA

COSTARICA

EL SALVADOR

PANAMA

GUATEMALA

HONDURAS

NICARAGUA

M E X I C O

BA

HA

MA

S

SOUTHAMERICA

G r e a t e rA n t i l l e s

Lesser

Antilles

Sugarcane

Sugarcane

Sugarcane

SugarcaneBananas

Bananas

Coffee

Sugarcane

Rice

CornCoffee

Corn

Sugarcane

Coffee

Sugarcane

Coffee

SugarcaneBananas

Sugarcane

Bananas

Bananas

Bananas

Tourism

Tourism

Tourism

Tobacco

Bananas

Tourism

Tourism

N

N


5000 mi.

0 km

N

S

EW

Applying Map Skills

Many farms in Central America are not plantations but subsistencefarms. These are small plots of land where poor farmers grow onlyenough food to feed their families. Subsistence farmers typically raiselivestock and grow corn, beans, and rice.

Rain Forests Beneath Central America’s green canopy, or topmostlayer of the rain forest that shades the forest floor, lie many treasures.Ancient ruins of past empires can be found as well as valuableresources. The dense forests offer expensive woods—mahogany androsewood, for example. Unusual animal and plant species also thrivehere. Scientists research the plants to develop new medicines.

Both local and foreign-owned companies have set up large-scaleoperations in the rain forests.Lumber companies cut down and exportthe valuable trees. Other companies and local farmers also cut or burnthe trees to clear land for farming. Without trees to hold the soil inplace, rains wash the soil and its nutrients away. As a result, the landsoon becomes poor.The businesses and farmers then move on, clear-ing trees from another piece of land.

Many Central Americans worry about the rapid destruction of therain forests. Some countries are responding to this crisis by helpingworkers replant cleared areas.Costa Rica has set aside one-fourth of its

Central America and the Caribbean Islands: Economic Activity

Bauxite

Fishing

Forest

Gold

Lead

Nickel

Petroleum

Silver

Resources

N

Commercial farmingSubsistence farmingManufacturing area

Land Use1. Which countries haveforest industries?

2. How do most people inHaiti earn a living?

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Central America and the Caribbean Islands 215

forests as national parks. It uses the rainforests to attract ecotourists, or peoplewho travel to other countries to enjoy natural wonders.

Industry Missing from the skylines ofmost major Central American cities are thesmokestacks of industry.The few industriesthat exist generally focus on food processing.In Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua,some factories produce clothing for export.

Guatemala,which has some oil reserves,exports crude oil.Costa Rica produces com-puter chips, other electronic goods, andmedicines. With its varied economy, CostaRica enjoys one of the highest standards ofliving in Latin America. It also has one of thehighest literacy rates, or percentage ofpeople who can read and write.

Tourism is of growing importance inCentral America.If you like bird-watching,Costa Rica is the place to visit. Thecountry has about 850 differentkinds of birds. Guatemala andHonduras also draw many touriststo the magnificent ruins of theirancient Mayan culture.

The Panama Canal The econ-omy in Panama—just like the othercountries of Central America—isbased on farming. Panama also earnsmoney from its canal, however. ThePanama Canal stretches across the narrowIsthmus of Panama. Ships pay a fee to use thecanal to shorten travel time between the Atlantic andPacific Oceans. Turn to page 218 to see how the canal works.

The United States built the canal and owned it for more than 80years. Panama was given final control of the canal on December 31,1999. Panama hopes to use this waterway to build its economy. Nearlyhalf of Panama’s 3 million people live and work in the canal area.

What are the major crops grown on Central America’splantations?

Central Americans—Then and NowNative Americans settled Central America thousands of years ago.

The Olmecs were the first civilization in the area, from about 1200 B.C.to 400 B.C.The Maya flourished in the rain forests of the north fromabout A.D.250 to 900.Look at the Native American civilizations map on

On Location

Economic Highs and Lows

••

San José, Costa Rica’scapital (above), hasshopping malls andfast-food chains likemany North Americancities. In 1998 Hurri-cane Mitch causedmassive mudslides thatburied whole villagesand destroyed crops inHonduras (left).

Issues During whatseasons do hurricanesstrike Central America?

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In Tikal (tee•KAHL), Guatemala, and Copán (koh•PAHN),Honduras, the Maya created impressive temples and sculptures. BeforeColumbus arrived, Tikal was the site of the highest structure in theAmericas, a 212-foot (64.6-m) temple rising from the floor of the rainforest. The Maya were a highly developed civilization. Their religionfocused on the careful study of time and the stars, astronomy, andmathematics. The Maya developed a calendar and kept records onstone slabs. Then the Maya mysteriously left their cities. Many of theirdescendants still live in the area today.

In the 1500s, Spaniards established settlements in Central America.For the next 300 years, Spanish landowners forced Native Americansto work on plantations. The two cultures gradually blended. NativeAmericans started to speak the Spanish language and follow theRoman Catholic faith. Native Americans taught the Spanish about localplants for medicines and how to trap animals for food and hides.

Most Central American countries gained independence from Spainby 1821.The two exceptions are Panama and Belize. Panama was partof the South American country of Colombia for decades. In 1903 theUnited States helped Panama win its independence in exchange forthe right to build the Panama Canal. Belize, a British colony until 1981,was the last Central American country to gain independence.

After Independence Most Central American countries facedconstant conflict after they became independent.A small num-

ber of people in each country held most of the wealth andpower. Rebel movements arose as poor farmers fought forchanges that would give them land and better lives. Civilwars raged in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala asrecently as the 1980s and 1990s.

In Guatemala from 1960 to 1996,government militaryforces fought rebel groups living in the highlands.About150,000 people died,and the civil war severely weakenedGuatemala’s economy. Tens of thousands of Guatemalans

left the country to look for work in the United States.In contrast, Costa Ricans have enjoyed peace.A stable

democratic government rules, and the country has avoidedconflict for most of its history. As a result of these peaceful

relations, the country has no army—only a police force to main-tain law and order.

Today each country in Central America has a democratic govern-ment,with voters choosing government officials. Six countries are alsorepublics, with elected presidents as head of the government. Belizeis a British-style parliamentary democracy, in which an elected leg-islature chooses a prime minister to head the government.

Daily Life Nearly 40 million people live in Central America. Aboutone-third of this number live in Guatemala, the most heavily populatedcountry in the region. In contrast, only about 300,000 people live inBelize,the region’s least populous country. Spanish is the official language

216 CHAPTER 7

What a Catch!The deep, blue waters

of Lake Nicaragua arehome to the world’s onlyfreshwater sharks andswordfish. Now the lakeholds one less swordfish.Amadeo Robelo, who livesin Granada, Nicaragua,just spent three hours bat-tling the powerful fish.Amadeo enjoys fishingwith his father on week-ends. His father wantsAmadeo to become part ofNicaragua’s middle class—something new in a regionwhere you are either one ofthe few with wealth or oneof the many who live inpoverty.

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AssessmentAssessment11

throughout the region, except for English-speaking Belize. ManyCentral Americans also speak Native American languages, such asMayan.Guatemala’s population, for instance, is largely Native Americanand has more than 20 different Native American languages. MostCentral Americans follow the Roman Catholic religion.

About 50 percent of all Central Americans live on farms or insmall villages. At least one major city, usually the capital, is denselypopulated in each country. Guatemala’s capital, Guatemala City,ranks with San José, Costa Rica, as one of the most populous citiesin Central America. People living in urban areas hold manufacturingor service industry jobs, or they work on farms outside the cities.Those living in coastal areas may harvest shrimp, lobster, and otherseafood to sell in city markets or for export.

Whether rural or urban, most people enjoy a major celebrationcalled Carnival. This festival comes before Lent, a solemn period ofprayer and soul-searching before the Christian celebration of Easter.During Carnival—and at other times—bands play salsa, a mixture ofLatin American popular music, jazz, and rock. Do you like baseball? Itis a national sport in Nicaragua and is very popular in Panama too.Most people throughout the region also enjoy fútbol, or soccer.

Why is the government of Belize different from that ofother countries in Central America?

Defining Terms1. Define isthmus, canopy, ecotourist, literacy

rate, republic, parliamentary democracy.

Recalling Facts2. Economics What is the difference between

plantation and subsistence farming?

3. Culture What are the major religion and lan-guage of Central America?

4. Place Which country in Central America is the most heavily populated? The most sparselypopulated?

Critical Thinking5. Making Comparisons How have the dif-

ferences in government stability affectedthe citizens of Guatemala and Costa Ricain the past and today?

6. Analyzing Cause and Effect Explain whyrain forest soil does not keep its nutrients longafter trees are cut down.

Graphic Organizer7. Organizing Information Create a diagram

like this one. On the lines, list the major prod-ucts and industries of Central America.

Applying Social Studies Skills

8. Analyzing Maps Refer to the political map onpage 213.Which countries of Central Americaborder Mexico? Which border the Pacific Ocean?

Major products

and industries

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ARTART SCIENCESCIENCE CULTURECULTURE TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

Downstreamgate open

Lock chambers

Downstreamwater level

To move a vesselupstream, wherethe water level ishigher, the waterlevel in the lock is lowered to that of the water justdownstream.

To move a vesseldownstream, theprocess is reversed.

Upstreamwater level

Upstreamgates closed

Controlstation

Powerstation

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

GatunLake

Gatun Locks

85 ft.

Level of the Atlantic

Culebra Cut Miraflores LakeMiraflores

Locks

Pedro MiguelLocks

The downstreamgates are openedand the ship movesslowly into the lock.

After the ship is secured,the gates close and valvesopen to fill the lock withwater from upstream.

As the lock fills,the ship rises tothe level of thewater upstream.

The upstreamgates are thenopened andthe ship passesthrough.

2

2

1

1

3

3

4

4

The Panama Canal Locks

The Panama Canal LocksBefore the Panama Canal was built, ships

had to sail around the southern tip of SouthAmerica to go from the Atlantic Ocean to thePacific Ocean and vice versa. The canal pro-vides a shortcut that reduces that trip byabout 7,000 miles (11,270 km).

Digging the Canal

The first attempts to build a canal acrossPanama were begun in 1881 by a private Frenchcompany. Huge expenses, poor planning, and theeffects of diseases such as malaria and yellow feverstopped construction. In 1904 the United Statesgovernment took over. Doctors had recentlylearned that bites from infected mosquitoes causedmalaria and yellow fever. Workers drained swampsand cleared brush to remove the mosquitoes’breeding grounds.Then the digging began.Thecanal’s course ran through hills of soft volcanicsoil. Massive landslides regularly occurred beforethe 50-mile (80-km) canal was completed in 1914.

An Engineering Masterpiece

To move ships through the canal, engineersdesigned three sets of locks—the largest con-crete structures on the earth.They allow ships tomove from one water level to another by chang-ing the amount of water in the locks.Together,the locks can raise or lower ships about 85 feet(26 m)—the height of a seven-story building.Thediagram below shows you how these locks work.

1. Why was a canal through Panama desirable?

2. What function do locks perform?

3. Understanding Cause and Effect How didmedical advances affect the building of thePanama Canal?

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219

2 Cultures of theCaribbean

2

Country1

Country2

The warm waters of the Caribbean Sea

lure millions of tourists to the

Caribbean islands every year.

Some tourists go scuba diving

so they can see the

colorful fish, which swim

in the islands’ clear waters.

Others shop at the local

stores, buying hand-

crafted goods. This diver

uses a metal detector to

look for objects from a

Spanish ship that sank in

the 1600s.

Several archipelagos (AHR•kuh•PEH•luh•GOHS), or groups ofislands, dot the Caribbean Sea. East of Florida are the Bahamas, anarchipelago of nearly 700 islands. South of Florida you find theGreater Antilles. This group includes the large islands of Cuba,Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. To the southeast are smallerislands called the Lesser Antilles.

Mountaintop IslandsMany of the Caribbean islands (also known as the West Indies) are

the tops of an underwater chain of mountains formed by volcanoes. Atypical volcanic island has central highlands ringed by coastal plains.The volcanic soil in the highlands is rich. Other islands are limestonemountains that have been pushed up from the ocean floor by pres-sures under the earth’s crust. Limestone islands are generally flatterthan volcanic islands and have sandy soil that is not good for farming.

Guide to Reading

Main Idea

The Caribbean islandsrely on tourism tosupport theireconomies.

Terms to Know

• archipelago• bauxite • communist state• cooperative• embargo• free trade zone• commonwealth

Reading Strategy

Create a diagram likethis one. In the outerpart of each oval, list a country in theCaribbean and featuresthat are specific to it.Where the ovalsoverlap, list featuresthat are true of bothcountries.

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220 CHAPTER 7

Climate Most of the Caribbean islands have a fairly constant tropi-cal savanna climate. Sea and wind, more than elevation, affect the cli-mate here. Northeast breezes sweep across the Caribbean Sea andbecome the temperature of the cooler water beneath them. When thewinds blow onshore, they keep temperatures pleasant. For half theyear, however, hurricanes threaten the islands.

What formed the Caribbean islands?

The Caribbean EconomyTourism and farming are the most important economic activities in

the Caribbean. The sunny climate and beautiful beaches attract mil-lions of tourists each year. Tourism is the region’s major industry.Airlines and cruise ships make regular stops at different islands.

Wealthy landowners grow sugarcane, bananas, coffee, and tobaccofor export. Many laborers work on the plantations that grow these com-mercial crops. Some areas are used for subsistence farming. People mayown or rent small plots of land. They grow rice and beans, which arebasic parts of the diet in this region.They also grow fruits and vegetables.

Some countries in the Caribbean islands face an economic dangerby depending on one commercial crop. If the crop fails, no income isearned. If too much of the crop is produced worldwide, overall pricesfall and the economy is in serious trouble.

Look at the map on page 214.You can see that most of the islands donot have large amounts of minerals. Jamaica,however,mines bauxite, amineral used to make aluminum. The country of Trinidad and Tobagoexports oil products. In Puerto Rico, companies make chemicals andmachinery.Haiti and the Dominican Republic have textile factories whereworkers make cloth.Several islands have banking and financial industries.

What is the major industry in the Caribbean?

Caribbean History and CultureWhen Christopher Columbus reached the island of San Salvador—

now part of the Bahamas—in 1492, who met him? It was a NativeAmerican group—the Taíno. The Taíno and other Native Americanslived on the islands long before the coming of Europeans.

The Spaniards established the first permanent European settlementin the Western Hemisphere in 1496. That settlement is now the city ofSanto Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic. During the next200 years, the Spaniards, the English, the French, and the Dutch alsofounded colonies, or overseas settlements, on many of the islands.They found the soil and climate perfect for growing sugarcane. Duringthis time, new plants, animals, and other products were tradedbetween the Americas and other parts of the world. Turn to page 228to learn more about this so-called Columbian Exchange.

By the mid-1600s, most Native Americans had died from Europeandiseases and harsh treatment. The Europeans then brought enslavedAfricans to work on sugar plantations. When the slave trade ended in

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the early 1800s, plantation owners still in need of workers broughtthem from Asia, particularly India. Asians agreed to work a set numberof years in return for free travel to the Caribbean and low wages.

Independence During the 1800s and 1900s, many Caribbeanislands won their freedom from European rule. The first to becomeindependent were the larger island countries, such as Haiti, theDominican Republic, and Cuba. Later, smaller islands such as Barbadosand Grenada became independent. Many countries—like Haiti and theDominican Republic—are republics. Others—like Jamaica and theBahamas—are British-style parliamentary democracies.

Cuba is the only country in the Western Hemisphere with a gov-ernment based on communism. In a communist state, governmentleaders have strong control of the economy and society as a whole.

Some Caribbean islands are still not independent. Two largeislands—Martinique and Guadeloupe—have ties to France. PuertoRico and some of the Virgin Islands are linked to the United States.Other small islands are owned by the British or the Dutch.

Daily Life Many people in Central America have Native Americanancestors. The peoples of the Caribbean, however, have African ormixed African and European ancestry. Large Asian populations live inJamaica and Trinidad and Tobago as well.

More than 38 million people live in the Caribbean islands. Cuba,with about 11.3 million people, has the largest population in theregion. Saint Kitts and Nevis has only about 50,000 people. Most peo-ple speak a European language and follow the Roman Catholic orProtestant religion.

On Location•

EconomicActivities

Schoolgirls onBarbados walk pastvast sugar plantationsthat European coun-tries started in thecolonial period (aboveleft). A steel-drum bandentertains tourists in Trinidad (above).

Region What attractsso many tourists to theCaribbean islands?

•

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222 CHAPTER 7

About 60 percent of the people live in cities and villages.The other40 percent live and work in the countryside. Many islanders have jobsin the hotels or restaurants that serve the tourist industry. If you visitthe Caribbean,you are likely to hear lively music.The bell-like tones ofthe steel drum, developed in Trinidad and Tobago, are part of the richmusical heritage of the region. Jamaica’s reggae music combinesAfrican rhythms and American popular music. Cuban salsa blendsAfrican rhythms, Spanish styles, and jazz.

On several islands, you will hear a different sound—the crack of abaseball bat.People in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cubahave a passion for baseball. Soccer is another popular sport.

Where was the first permanent European settlement in theCaribbean islands?

Island ProfilesThe Caribbean islands have many similarities, but they also have

differences. Some of these differences can be seen in Cuba, Haiti, theDominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.

Cuba One of the world’s top sugar producers, Cuba lies about 90miles (145 km) south of Florida. Most farmers work on cooperatives,or farms owned and operated by the government. In addition to grow-ing sugarcane, they grow coffee, tobacco, rice, and fruits. In Havana,Cuba’s capital and the largest city in the region, workers make foodproducts, cigars, and household goods.

Cuba won its independence from Spain in 1898. The country hada democratic government, but in 1959 Fidel Castro led a revolutionthat took control of the government. Almost immediately, he set up acommunist state and turned to the Soviet Union for support. WhenCastro seized property belonging to American companies, the UnitedStates government responded. It put in place an embargo, or a banon trade, against Cuba.

Cuba relied on aid from the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Unionbroke apart in 1989, it stopped giving economic support to the island.The Cuban economy is struggling, and many Cubans live in poverty.

Haiti On the western half of the island of Hispaniola, you will findthe country of Haiti. Led by a formerly enslaved man, Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture, Haiti fought for and won its inde-pendence from France in 1804. It was the second independentrepublic in the Western Hemisphere (after the United States). Itbecame the first nation in the history of the world to be founded byformerly enslaved persons.About 95 percent of Haiti’s 7.5 million peo-ple are of African ancestry. Civil war has left Haiti’s economy in ruins,and most Haitians are poor. Coffee and sugar, the main export crops,are shipped through Port-au-Prince, the country’s capital.

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic shares the islandof Hispaniola with Haiti. The two countries have different historiesand little contact, however. Haiti was a French colony. The Dominican

Bee HummingbirdHow small is this bird?

The bee hummingbird ofCuba measures only 2 inches (5.1 cm) fromhead to tail. That is smallenough to make it the tini-est bird in the world. Thebird’s wings move so fast—80 beats per second—thatthe human eye cannot seethem. At two grams, thebee hummingbird weighsless than a penny.

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Central America and the Caribbean Islands

AssessmentAssessment22

Republic was settled by Spaniards, who brought enslaved Africans towork on sugar plantations. Sugar is still an important crop. Tourism isgrowing too, and many Dominicans sell goods in the country’s freetrade zone. Free trade zones are areas where people can buy goodsfrom other countries without paying taxes.

The government of the Dominican Republic hopes to build up thecountry’s electrical power so the economy can grow more quickly.Poverty remains a problem. As a result, many Dominicans have left thecountry looking for work.

Puerto Rico To be or not to be a state in the United States? This isthe question that Puerto Ricans ask themselves every few years. Thelast time they voted, they said no. How did Puerto Rico become partof the United States? The island was a Spanish colony from 1508 to1898. After the Spanish-American War in 1898, the United States woncontrol of Puerto Rico. Since 1952 the island has been a common-wealth, or a partly self-governing territory, under U.S. protection. Bylaw,Puerto Ricans are U.S.citizens.They can come and go as they wishfrom the island to the United States.

Puerto Rico has a high standard of living compared to most otherCaribbean islands. It boasts more industry, with factories producingchemicals, machinery, clothing, and more. San Juan is the capital andlargest city. In rural areas, farmers grow sugarcane and coffee. PuertoRico makes more money from tourism than any country in the region.

What is a commonwealth?


Web Activity VisitThe World and ItsPeople Web site attwip.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 7—Student WebActivities to learnmore about Puerto Rico.

Defining Terms1. Define archipelago, bauxite, communist

state, cooperative, embargo, free trade zone,commonwealth.

Recalling Facts2. Region What three archipelagos make up the

Caribbean islands?

3. History Name four groups who have influ-enced the culture of the Caribbean region.

4. Government How is Cuba different fromevery other country in the WesternHemisphere?

Critical Thinking5. Drawing Conclusions Explain why you

think Puerto Ricans might be satisfiedremaining a commonwealth.

6. Making Predictions What is the danger of acountry’s dependence on only one crop?

Graphic Organizer7. Organizing Information Complete a chart

like the one below with facts about Haiti andthe Dominican Republic.

Facts Haiti Dominican Republic

Colonized by

Economy

Applying Social Studies Skills

8. Analyzing Maps Refer to the economic activ-ity map on page 214. What resources are foundin Cuba?

219-224 U3 CH07 S2 TWIP-860976 3/25/04 12:28 AM Page 223


Applying the Skill

Interpreting an Elevation Profile

3,000 m

2,000 m

1,000 m

6,562 ft.

3,281 ft.

9,842 ft.

Sea level

18˚N latitude

Savanna-la-Mar

CaribbeanSea

Santa CruzMts.

Don FiguereroMts.

Milk R. Kingston

Yallahs R.

Blue Mts.

CaribbeanSea

16

0 mi.

0 km

16

Jamaica: Elevation Profile

•

You have learned that differences in landelevation are often shown on physical orrelief maps. Another way to show elevationis on elevation profiles. When you view aperson’s profile, you see a side view. An ele-vation profile is a diagram that shows a sideview of the landforms in an area.

Learning the SkillSuppose you could slice right through a

country from top to bottom and could lookat the inside, or cross section. The cross sec-tion, or elevation profile, below pictures theisland of Jamaica. It shows how far Jamaica’slandforms extend above or below sea level.

Follow these steps to understand an elevation profile:

• Read the title of the profile to find outwhat country you are viewing.

• Look at the line of latitude written alongthe bottom of the profile. On a separatemap, find the country and where this lineof latitude runs through it.

• Look at the measurements along the sidesof the profile. Note where sea level islocated and the height in feet or meters.

• Now read the labels on the profile toidentify the heights of the different land-forms shown.

• Compare the highest and lowest points.

Practicing the SkillUse the elevation profile below to

answer the following questions.

1. At what elevation is Kingston?2. What are the highest mountains, and

where are they located?3. Where are the lowest regions?4. Along what line of latitude was this cross

section taken?

Look at the elevation profile on page 118.What are the highest mountains? Where isthe lowest point?

219-224 U3 CH07 S2 TWIP-860976 3/25/04 12:29 AM Page 224

Chapter

77

Terms to Knowisthmus canopy ecotourist literacy rate republic parliamentary

democracy

Main Idea Central America is made up of seven nations that are home to a varietyof peoples, exotic animals, and diverse landforms.✓Region Central America includes seven countries: Belize, Guatemala,

Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.✓Region Volcanic mountains run down the center of Central America with

coastal lowlands on either side.✓Economics Most people in the region farm—either on plantations or on

subsistence farms.✓Culture Most countries in Central America have a blend of Native American

and Spanish cultures.

Section 1 Central AmericaSection 1

Reading ReviewReading Review

Cultures of the CaribbeanTerms to Know archipelago bauxite communist state cooperative embargo free trade zone commonwealth

Main Idea The Caribbean islands rely on tourism to support their economies. ✓History Christopher Columbus landed in this region in 1492.✓History Most of the islands were at one time colonies of European countries.✓Economics Farming and tourism are the major economic activities in the

Caribbean region.✓Culture The cultures of the Caribbean islands mix Native American,

European, African, and Asian influences.✓Government Most governments in the Caribbean islands are democratic, but

a dictator rules Communist Cuba.

Section 2Section 2

The Panama Canal #


225-227 U3 CH07 RR TWIP-860976 3/25/04 12:45 AM Page 225

Chapter

77Assessment

and ActivitiesAssessment

and Activities

226

1. Guatemala

2. Caribbean Sea

3. Cuba

4. Puerto Rico

5. Costa Rica

6. Panama

7. Bahamas

8. Haiti

9. Jamaica

10. Honduras

Central America and the Caribbean Islands

C H

F

B

AI

D

E

J

G


500

0 km

0 mi.

N

S

EW

Using Key Terms Match the terms in Part A with their definitions in Part B.

A.1. isthmus 6. bauxite 2. literacy rate 7. commonwealth 3. cooperative 8. embargo 4. ecotourist 9. free trade zone 5. archipelago 10. republic

B.a. farm owned and operated by the governmentb. mineral ore from which aluminum is made c. ban on trade d. narrow piece of land connecting two larger

pieces of land

e. area where people can buy goods fromother countries without paying taxes

f. person who travels to another country toenjoy its natural wonders

g. country with an elected president h. percentage of adults who can read and write i. partly self-governing territory j. a group of islands

Reviewing the Main Ideas Section 1 Central America 11. Region What seven countries make up

Central America? 12. Economics Why are the Central

American rain forests being destroyed? 13. History In what Central American

countries did the Maya live? 14. Culture What percentage of Central

Americans live on farms or in small villages?

Section 2 Cultures of the Caribbean 15. Economics What two activities form

the basis of the Caribbean economies? 16. Region Which country has the largest

population in the Caribbean? 17. Culture What types of music can you find

in the Caribbean islands? 18. History What was the first nation in the

world to be founded by formerly enslavedpeople?

19. Economics Why are commercial cropssometimes a risky business?

Place Location ActivityOn a separate sheet of paper, matchthe letters on the map with the num-bered places listed below.


Contiguous U.S. and Latin America

0

0 4000 km2000

4000 mi.2000

PACIFICOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEANCaribbean

Sea

Panama Canal

Mexico City

San Francisco New York

1. Which of the following was true beforethe Panama Canal was completed?A A ship sailing from New York to San

Francisco had to travel nearly 12,000additional miles.

B A ship sailing from New York to SanFrancisco had to travel nearly 5,000additional kilometers.

C The completion of the canal increasedtrade between Mexico City and SanFrancisco.

D Mexico City was extremely far awayfrom New York City.

227

People History

Country

Economy


Self-Check Quiz Visit The World and ItsPeople Web site at twip.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 7—Self-Check Quizzesto prepare for the Chapter Test.

Standardized Test Practice

Test-Taking Tip: The scale shows you theactual distance between places on a map.Use your finger or a piece of paper to markoff the distance of the scale. Then use your finger or piece of paper to gauge thedistance between two places on the map.

Directions: Study the map below, and thenanswer the question that follows.

H

Critical Thinking 20. Analyzing Information Explain why Cuba’s

location is an important factor in the UnitedStates’s relationship with that nation.

21. Categorizing Information Create a diagramlike this with details about the people, history,and economy of a country in this chapter.

Comparing Regions Activity22. History Compare the early Spanish settle-

ments in Central America to the early Britishsettlements in New Zealand. Use theseexamples to write a paragraph about whatcan happen when one country colonizesanother.

Mental Mapping Activity 23. Focusing on the Region Create an outline

map of Central America and the Caribbeanislands, and then label the following:

• Pacific Ocean • Guatemala• Cuba • Dominican Republic• Caribbean Sea • Panama• Puerto Rico • Bahamas

Technology Skills Activity24. Building a Database Create a database

about Central America, using the CountryProfiles in the Unit 3 Regional Atlas asyour information source. Make a record foreach country. Each record should have afield for the following: population, landmass,and capital city. Sort the records from largestto smallest for population. What generaliza-tions can you make based on these data?



HISTORYG E O G R A P H Y &

By the 1400s, the Inca, anearly people who ruled a vastempire in western SouthAmerica, had developed thou-sands of varieties of potatoes.The story of how potatoes camefrom such a faraway time andplace is one that began even be-fore the Inca. Now, potatoes arepart of our everyday diet.

Before the 1400s, peopleliving in the world’s EasternHemisphere were unknown tothose living in the WesternHemisphere. This changed onOctober 12, 1492, when explorerChristopher Columbus, who hadsailed from Spain, landed in theBahamas in the Americas. Believ-ing he had reached the Indies ofAsia, Columbus named the peo-ple on the islands “Indians”andclaimed the land for Spain.Columbus returned to theAmericas the following year,

bringing more than a thousandmen in 17 ships. With his secondtrip, Columbus began whatbecame known as “theColumbian Exchange”—anexchange of people, animals,plants, and even diseasesbetween the two hemispheres.

The Europeans brought manynew things to the Americas.Columbus brought horses, whichhelped the Native Americanswith labor, hunting, and trans-portation. European farm animalssuch as sheep, pigs, and cattle created new sources of income.Explorers brought crops—oats,wheat, rye, and barley—thateventually covered NorthAmerica’s Great Plains.The sugar-cane brought by Europeansflourished on plantations inCentral and South America.

Some parts of the exchangewere disastrous, however.

Europeans brought diseases thatkilled millions of NativeAmericans. Plantation ownersput enslaved Africans to work intheir fields.

From the Americas, explorersreturned home with a widevariety of plants. Spanish sailorscarried potatoes to Europe.Nutritious and easy to grow, thepotato became one of Europe’smost important foods. (Europeanimmigrants then brought thepotato to North America.) Cornfrom the Americas fed Europeancattle and pigs.Tobacco grownthere became as valuable as gold.Peanuts, tomatoes, hot peppers,and cacao seeds (from whichchocolate is made) changed thelandscapes, eating habits, andcooking styles in Europe, Asia,and Africa.

Two Separate Worlds

▼Women in Peru tend a potato field.

Columbus with King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabella of Spain

The Columbian ExchangeThe next time you eat a french fry, think about the longhistory of the lowly potato. The story begins high in theAndes mountain ranges of Bolivia and Peru (facing page),where thousands of years ago potatoes grew wild.

For Better and for Worse

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`̀`̀`̀`̀

`̀`̀`̀`̀

`̀`̀`̀`̀

`̀`̀`̀`̀

`̀`̀`̀`̀

`̀`̀`̀`̀

`̀`̀`̀`̀

`̀`̀`̀`̀

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`̀`̀`̀`̀

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1 What is “the ColumbianExchange”?

Exchanges continuetoday. What are somepresent-day exchangesamong the world’s hemispheres?

QUESTIONS

2

228

228-229 U3 CH07 GH TWIP-860976 3/25/04 12:49 AM Page 228

N

S

EWNORTH

AMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

A F R I C A

EUROPE

A T L A N T I CO C E A NPA C I F I C

O C E A N

4,0000 mi.

4,0000 kmMercator projection

The Spread of Plants and Animals

PotatoesTobaccoCornSugarcaneCotton

CacaoChili peppersTomatoesHorses andother livestock

228-229 U3 CH07 GH TWIP-860976 3/25/04 12:50 AM Page 229

The World and Its People - Kentucky EditionKentucky Core Content for Social Studies AssessmentTable of ContentsCore Content for Social Studies Assessment, Grade 6Correlation to the Core Content for Social Studies AssessmentPreparing for Standardized TestsStandardized Test PracticeFocus on KentuckyDepth of Knowledge Levels

Table of ContentsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntReading Skills HandbookIdentifying Words and Building VocabularyReading for a ReasonUnderstanding What You ReadThinking About Your ReadingUnderstanding Text Structure

National Geographic Reference AtlasThe World: PoliticalNorth America: PoliticalNorth America: PhysicalUnited States: PoliticalUnited States: PhysicalCanada: Physical/PoliticalMiddle America: Physical/PoliticalSouth America: PoliticalSouth America: PhysicalEurope: PoliticalEurope: PhysicalAfrica: PoliticalAfrica: PhysicalAsia: PoliticalAsia: PhysicalMiddle East: Physical/PoliticalPacific Rim: Physical/PoliticalArctic Ocean: PhysicalAntarctica: Physical

National Geographic Geography HandbookHow Do I Study Geography?How Do I Use Maps and Globes?Understanding Latitude and LongitudeFrom Globes to MapsCommon Map ProjectionsParts of MapsTypes of MapsUsing Graphs, Charts, and DiagramsGeographic Dictionary

Be an Active ReaderUnit 1: The WorldChapter 1: Looking at the EarthSection 1: Thinking Like a GeographerSection 2: The Earth in SpaceSection 3: Forces Shaping the EarthSection 4: Landforms and WaterwaysChapter 1 Reading ReviewChapter 1 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 2: Water, Climate, and VegetationSection 1: The Water PlanetSection 2: ClimateSection 3: Climate Zones and VegetationSection 4: An Environmental BalanceChapter 2 Reading ReviewChapter 2 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 3: The World's PeopleSection 1: Understanding CultureSection 2: Population PatternsSection 3: Resources and World TradeSection 4: Technology “Shrinks” the WorldChapter 3 Reading ReviewChapter 3 Assessment and Activities

Unit 2: The United States and CanadaNational Geographic Regional AtlasChapter 4: The United StatesSection 1: From Sea to Shining SeaSection 2: An Economic LeaderSection 3: The AmericansChapter 4 Reading ReviewChapter 4 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 5: CanadaSection 1: A Resource-Rich CountrySection 2: The CanadiansChapter 5 Reading ReviewChapter 5 Assessment and Activities

Unit 3: Latin AmericaNational Geographic Regional AtlasChapter 6: MexicoSection 1: Mexico’s Land and EconomySection 2: Mexico’s HistorySection 3: Mexico TodayChapter 6 Reading ReviewChapter 6 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 7: Central America and the Caribbean IslandsSection 1: Central AmericaSection 2: Cultures of the CaribbeanChapter 7 Reading ReviewChapter 7 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 8: Brazil and Its NeighborsSection 1: Brazil—Emerging GiantSection 2: Argentina to VenezuelaChapter 8 Reading ReviewChapter 8 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 9: The Andean CountriesSection 1: Colombia’s Cultures and ChallengesSection 2: Land and People of Peru and EcuadorSection 3: The Bolivians and ChileansChapter 9 Reading ReviewChapter 9 Assessment and Activities

Unit 4: EuropeNational Geographic Regional AtlasChapter 10: Europe—Early HistorySection 1: Classical Greece and RomeSection 2: Medieval EuropeSection 3: From Renaissance to RevolutionChapter 10 Reading ReviewChapter 10 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 11: Europe—Modern HistorySection 1: The Modern Era EmergesSection 2: A Divided ContinentSection 3: Moving Toward UnityChapter 11 Reading ReviewChapter 11 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 12: Western Europe TodaySection 1: The British IslesSection 2: France and the Benelux CountriesSection 3: Germany and the Alpine CountriesSection 4: The Nordic NationsSection 5: Southern EuropeChapter 12 Reading ReviewChapter 12 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 13: The New Eastern EuropeSection 1: Poland and the Baltic RepublicsSection 2: Hungarians, Czechs, and SlovaksSection 3: Rebuilding the Balkan CountriesSection 4: Ukraine, Belarus, and MoldovaChapter 13 Reading ReviewChapter 13 Assessment and Activities

Unit 5: Russia and the Eurasian RepublicsNational Geographic Regional AtlasChapter 14: Russia’s Landscape and HistorySection 1: A Vast LandSection 2: A Troubled HistoryChapter 14 Reading ReviewChapter 14 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 15: The New Russia and Independent RepublicsSection 1: From Communism to Free EnterpriseSection 2: Russia’s People and CultureSection 3: The Republics EmergeChapter 15 Reading ReviewChapter 15 Assessment and Activities

Unit 6: North Africa and Southwest AsiaNational Geographic Regional AtlasChapter 16: Birthplace of CivilizationSection 1: Mesopotamia and Ancient EgyptSection 2: Three World ReligionsChapter 16 Reading ReviewChapter 16 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 17: North Africa TodaySection 1: EgyptSection 2: Libya and the MaghrebChapter 17 Reading ReviewChapter 17 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 18: Southwest AsiaSection 1: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, JordanSection 2: Israel and the Palestinian TerritoriesSection 3: The Arabian PeninsulaSection 4: Iraq, Iran, and AfghanistanChapter 18 Reading ReviewChapter 18 Assessment and Activities

Unit 7: Africa South of the SaharaNational Geographic Regional AtlasChapter 19: West AfricaSection 1: Nigeria—African GiantSection 2: The Sahel and Coastal West AfricaChapter 19 Reading ReviewChapter 19 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 20: Central and East AfricaSection 1: Central AfricaSection 2: People of Kenya and TanzaniaSection 3: Uganda, Rwanda, and BurundiSection 4: The Horn of AfricaChapter 20 Reading ReviewChapter 20 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 21: Southern Africa—A Varied RegionSection 1: The New South AfricaSection 2: Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, BotswanaSection 3: Coastal and Island CountriesChapter 21 Reading ReviewChapter 21 Assessment and Activities

Unit 8: AsiaNational Geographic Regional AtlasChapter 22: South AsiaSection 1: India—Past and PresentSection 2: Pakistan and BangladeshSection 3: Mountain Kingdoms, Island RepublicsChapter 22 Reading ReviewChapter 22 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 23: China and Its NeighborsSection 1: China’s Land and New EconomySection 2: Dynasties to CommunismSection 3: China’s NeighborsChapter 23 Reading ReviewChapter 23 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 24: Japan and the KoreasSection 1: Japan—Past and PresentSection 2: The Two KoreasChapter 24 Reading ReviewChapter 24 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 25: Southeast AsiaSection 1: Life on the MainlandSection 2: Diverse Island CulturesChapter 25 Reading ReviewChapter 25 Assessment and Activities

Unit 9: Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaNational Geographic Regional AtlasChapter 26: Australia and New ZealandSection 1: Australia—Land Down UnderSection 2: New ZealandChapter 26 Reading ReviewChapter 26 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 27: Oceania and AntarcticaSection 1: Pacific Island Cultures and EconomiesSection 2: The Frozen ContinentChapter 27 Reading ReviewChapter 27 Assessment and Activities

AppendixWhat Is an Appendix?Nations of the World Data BankStandardized Test Skills HandbookHonoring AmericaGazetteerGlossarySpanish GlossaryIndexAcknowledgements

FeaturesNational Geographic Eye on the EnvironmentNational Geographic Geography & HistorySkillsSocial Studies SkillsCritical Thinking SkillsTechnology SkillsStudy and Writing Skills

Making ConnectionsArtScienceCultureTechnology

Exploring CultureExploring GovernmentTeen SceneBelieve It or Not!Primary SourceLiteratureBuilding CitizenshipExploring EconomicsTime Reports: Focus on World IssuesMapsCharts and Graphs

Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: Looking at the EarthSection 1: Thinking Like a GeographerSection 2: The Earth in SpaceSection 3: Forces Shaping the EarthSection 4: Landforms and Waterways

Chapter 2: Water, Climate, and VegetationSection 1: The Water PlanetSection 2: ClimateSection 3: Climate Zones and VegetationSection 4: An Environmental Balance

Chapter 3: The World's PeopleSection 1: Understanding CultureSection 2: Population PatternsSection 3: Resources and World TradeSection 4: Technology “Shrinks” the World

Chapter 4: The United StatesSection 1: From Sea to Shining SeaSection 2: An Economic LeaderSection 3: The Americans

Chapter 5: CanadaSection 1: A Resource-Rich CountrySection 2: The Canadians

Chapter 6: MexicoSection 1: Mexico’s Land and EconomySection 2: Mexico’s HistorySection 3: Mexico Today

Chapter 7: Central America and the Caribbean IslandsSection 1: Central AmericaSection 2: Cultures of the Caribbean

Chapter 8: Brazil and Its NeighborsSection 1: Brazil—Emerging GiantSection 2: Argentina to Venezuela

Chapter 9: The Andean CountriesSection 1: Colombia’s Cultures and ChallengesSection 2: Land and People of Peru and EcuadorSection 3: The Bolivians and Chileans

Chapter 10: Europe—Early HistorySection 1: Classical Greece and RomeSection 2: Medieval EuropeSection 3: From Renaissance to Revolution

Chapter 11: Europe—Modern HistorySection 1: The Modern Era EmergesSection 2: A Divided ContinentSection 3: Moving Toward Unity

Chapter 12: Western Europe TodaySection 1: The British IslesSection 2: France and the Benelux CountriesSection 3: Germany and the Alpine CountriesSection 4: The Nordic NationsSection 5: Southern Europe

Chapter 13: The New Eastern EuropeSection 1: Poland and the Baltic RepublicsSection 2: Hungarians, Czechs, and SlovaksSection 3: Rebuilding the Balkan CountriesSection 4: Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova

Chapter 14: Russia’s Landscape and HistorySection 1: A Vast LandSection 2: A Troubled History

Chapter 15: The New Russia and Independent RepublicsSection 1: From Communism to Free EnterpriseSection 2: Russia’s People and CultureSection 3: The Republics Emerge

Chapter 16: Birthplace of CivilizationSection 1: Mesopotamia and Ancient EgyptSection 2: Three World Religions

Chapter 17: North Africa TodaySection 1: EgyptSection 2: Libya and the Maghreb

Chapter 18: Southwest AsiaSection 1: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, JordanSection 2: Israel and the Palestinian TerritoriesSection 3: The Arabian PeninsulaSection 4: Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan

Chapter 19: West AfricaSection 1: Nigeria—African GiantSection 2: The Sahel and Coastal West Africa

Chapter 20: Central and East AfricaSection 1: Central AfricaSection 2: People of Kenya and TanzaniaSection 3: Uganda, Rwanda, and BurundiSection 4: The Horn of Africa

Chapter 21: Southern Africa—A Varied RegionSection 1: The New South AfricaSection 2: Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, BotswanaSection 3: Coastal and Island Countries

Chapter 22: South AsiaSection 1: India—Past and PresentSection 2: Pakistan and BangladeshSection 3: Mountain Kingdoms, Island Republics

Chapter 23: China and Its NeighborsSection 1: China’s Land and New EconomySection 2: Dynasties to CommunismSection 3: China’s Neighbors

Chapter 24: Japan and the KoreasSection 1: Japan—Past and PresentSection 2: The Two Koreas

Chapter 25: Southeast AsiaSection 1: Life on the MainlandSection 2: Diverse Island Cultures

Chapter 26: Australia and New ZealandSection 1: Australia—Land Down UnderSection 2: New Zealand

Chapter 27: Oceania and AntarcticaSection 1: Pacific Island Cultures and EconomiesSection 2: The Frozen Continent

Activity Workbook - Student EditionChapter 1: Looking at the EarthActivity A: Recognizing Our Solar SystemActivity B: Identifying Landforms

Chapter 2: Water, Climate, and VegetationActivity A: Understanding the Water CycleActivity B: Charting Climate Characteristics

Chapter 3: The World's PeopleActivity A: Recognizing the Culture RegionsActivity B: Identifying Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

Chapter 4: The United StatesActivity A: Identifying Major Landforms in the United StatesActivity B: Recognizing the Features of Your Region

Chapter 5: CanadaActivity: Identifying Characteristics of the Canadian Provinces and Territories

Chapter 6: MexicoActivity A: Identifying Mexico's Altitude ZonesActivity B: Understanding Mexico's Native American Heritage

Chapter 7: Central America and the Caribbean IslandsActivity A: Recognizing Central American CapitalsActivity B: Recognizing the Physical Characteristics of the Caribbean Islands

Chapter 8: Brazil and Its NeighborsActivity A: Identifying Landforms in BrazilActivity B: Identifying the History and Cultures of Caribbean South America

Chapter 9: The Andean CountriesActivity: Recognizing the Mineral Resources of the Andean Countries

Chapter 10: Europe—Early HistoryActivity A: Understanding the History of Early EuropeActivity B: Identifying Important Figures of the Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 11: Europe—Modern HistoryActivity A: Analyzing Changes in European HistoryActivity B: Understanding the Cold War

Chapter 12: Western Europe TodayActivity A: Charting the Economies of Western EuropeActivity B: Identifying the Geographic Characteristics of Western EuropeActivity C: Identifying the Populations of Countries in Northern EuropeActivity D: Recognizing the Physical Characteristics of Southern Europe

Chapter 13: The New Eastern EuropeActivity A: Locating Eastern European Countries and Their Capital CitiesActivity B: Identifying Characteristics of Eastern Europe

Chapter 14: Russia’s Landscape and HistoryActivity A: Identifying Major Geographic Features of RussiaActivity B: Appreciating the History of Russia

Chapter 15: The New Russia and Independent RepublicsActivity A: Identifying Russia's Economic RegionsActivity B: Recognizing the Capitals of the Caucasus and Central Asia

Chapter 16: Birthplace of CivilizationActivity A: Recognizing Early CivilizationsActivity B: Identifying Religions of Southwest Asia

Chapter 17: North Africa TodayActivity A: Interpreting an Economic Activity Map of North AfricaActivity B: Creating and Interpreting a Pictograph

Chapter 18: Southwest AsiaActivity A: Interpreting a Physical MapActivity B: The Cities and People of Southwest Asia

Chapter 19: West AfricaActivity: Recognizing the Countries of West Africa

Chapter 20: Central and East AfricaActivity A: Recognizing the Physical Characteristics of Central AfricaActivity B: Recognizing the History of East Africa

Chapter 21: Southern Africa—A Varied RegionActivity: Recognizing the Resources in Southern Africa

Chapter 22: South AsiaActivity A: Recognizing the Physical Features of South AsiaActivity B: Recognizing the Cultural Features of South Asia

Chapter 23: China and Its NeighborsActivity A: Identifying the Landforms of ChinaActivity B: Recognizing China's People and CultureActivity C: Identifying China's Neighbors and New Territories

Chapter 24: Japan and the KoreasActivity A: Understanding Japan's HistoryActivity B: Recognizing the Location of Korea

Chapter 25: Southeast AsiaActivity A: Recognizing the Varied Features of Southeast Asian CountriesActivity B: Locating the Capital of Southeast Asia

Chapter 26: Australia and New ZealandActivity: Understanding the Unique Characteristics of Australia and New Zealand

Chapter 27: Oceania and AntarcticaActivity A: Identifying the Geographic and Economic Characteristics of OceaniaActivity B: Recognizing the Unique Characteristics of Antarctica

Haitian Creole SummariesChapit 1: Le n'ap gade Latè aChapit 2: Dlo, Klima ak VejetasyonChapit 3: Pèp Monn nanChapit 4: LèzetaziniChapit 5: KanadaChapit 6: MeksikChapit 7: Amerik Santral ak Zil Karayib yoChapit 8: Brezil ak Vwazen Li yoChapit 9: Peyi Zann yoChapit 10: Ewòp - Istwa AnsyenChapit 11: Ewòp - Istwa ModènChapit 12: Ewòp De Lwès Jodi aChapit 13: Nouvo Ewòp de Lès laChapit 14: Peyizaj ak Istwa LarisiChapit 15: Nouvo Risi an ak Repiblik Endepandan yoChapit 16: Bèso Sivilizasyon anChapit 17: Afrik Dinè Jodi aChapit 18: Azi Di SidwèsChapit 19: Afrik De LwèsChapit 20: Afrik Sentral ak Afrik De LèsChapit 21: Sid Afrik la -Yon Rejyon VaryeChapit 22: Lazi DisidChapit 23: Lachin ak Vwazen Li yoChapit 24: Japon ak Kore yoChapit 25: Lazi di SidèsChapit 26: Ostrali ak Nouvèl ZelannChapit 27: Oseyani ak Antatik la

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: Looking at the EarthStudy Guide 1: Thinking Like a GeographerStudy Guide 2: The Earth in SpaceStudy Guide 3: Forces Shaping the EarthStudy Guide 4: Landforms and Waterways

Chapter 2: Water, Climate, and VegetationStudy Guide 1: The Water PlanetStudy Guide 2: ClimateStudy Guide 3: Climate Zones and VegetationStudy Guide 4: An Environmental Balance

Chapter 3: The World's PeopleStudy Guide 1: Understanding CultureStudy Guide 2: Population PatternsStudy Guide 3: Resources and World TradeStudy Guide 4: Technology “Shrinks” the World

Chapter 4: The United StatesStudy Guide 1: From Sea to Shining SeaStudy Guide 2: An Economic LeaderStudy Guide 3: The Americans

Chapter 5: CanadaStudy Guide 1: A Resource-Rich CountryStudy Guide 2: The Canadians

Chapter 6: MexicoStudy Guide 1: Mexico’s Land and EconomyStudy Guide 2: Mexico’s HistoryStudy Guide 3: Mexico Today

Chapter 7: Central America and the Caribbean IslandsStudy Guide 1: Central AmericaStudy Guide 2: Cultures of the Caribbean

Chapter 8: Brazil and Its NeighborsStudy Guide 1: Brazil—Emerging GiantStudy Guide 2: Argentina to Venezuela

Chapter 9: The Andean CountriesStudy Guide 1: Colombia’s Cultures and ChallengesStudy Guide 2: Land and People of Peru and EcuadorStudy Guide 3: The Bolivians and Chileans

Chapter 10: Europe—Early HistoryStudy Guide 1: Classical Greece and RomeStudy Guide 2: Medieval EuropeStudy Guide 3: From Renaissance to Revolution

Chapter 11: Europe—Modern HistoryStudy Guide 1: The Modern Era EmergesStudy Guide 2: A Divided ContinentStudy Guide 3: Moving Toward Unity

Chapter 12: Western Europe TodayStudy Guide 1: The British IslesStudy Guide 2: France and the Benelux CountriesStudy Guide 3: Germany and the Alpine CountriesStudy Guide 4: The Nordic NationsStudy Guide 5: Southern Europe

Chapter 13: The New Eastern EuropeStudy Guide 1: Poland and the Baltic RepublicsStudy Guide 2: Hungarians, Czechs, and SlovaksStudy Guide 3: Rebuilding the Balkan CountriesStudy Guide 4: Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova

Chapter 14: Russia’s Landscape and HistoryStudy Guide 1: A Vast LandStudy Guide 2: A Troubled History

Chapter 15: The New Russia and Independent RepublicsStudy Guide 1: From Communism to Free EnterpriseStudy Guide 2: Russia’s People and CultureStudy Guide 3: The Republics Emerge

Chapter 16: Birthplace of CivilizationStudy Guide 1: Mesopotamia and Ancient EgyptStudy Guide 2: Three World Religions

Chapter 17: North Africa TodayStudy Guide 1: EgyptStudy Guide 2: Libya and the Maghreb

Chapter 18: Southwest AsiaStudy Guide 1: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, JordanStudy Guide 2: Israel and the Palestinian TerritoriesStudy Guide 3: The Arabian PeninsulaStudy Guide 4: Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan

Chapter 19: West AfricaStudy Guide 1: Nigeria—African GiantStudy Guide 2: The Sahel and Coastal West Africa

Chapter 20: Central and East AfricaStudy Guide 1: Central AfricaStudy Guide 2: People of Kenya and TanzaniaStudy Guide 3: Uganda, Rwanda, and BurundiStudy Guide 4: The Horn of Africa

Chapter 21: Southern Africa—A Varied RegionStudy Guide 1: The New South AfricaStudy Guide 2: Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, BotswanaStudy Guide 3: Coastal and Island Countries

Chapter 22: South AsiaStudy Guide 1: India—Past and PresentStudy Guide 2: Pakistan and BangladeshStudy Guide 3: Mountain Kingdoms, Island Republics

Chapter 23: China and Its NeighborsStudy Guide 1: China’s Land and New EconomyStudy Guide 2: Dynasties to CommunismStudy Guide 3: China’s Neighbors

Chapter 24: Japan and the KoreasStudy Guide 1: Japan—Past and PresentStudy Guide 2: The Two Koreas

Chapter 25: Southeast AsiaStudy Guide 1: Life on the MainlandStudy Guide 2: Diverse Island Cultures

Chapter 26: Australia and New ZealandStudy Guide 1: Australia—Land Down UnderStudy Guide 2: New Zealand

Chapter 27: Oceania and AntarcticaStudy Guide 1: Pacific Island Cultures and EconomiesStudy Guide 2: The Frozen Continent

Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionCapítulo 1: Mirar la TierraGuía de estudio 1: Pensar como un geógrafoGuía de estudio 2: La Tierra en el espacioGuía de estudio 3: Las fuerzas que dan forma a la Tierra Guía de estudio 4: Accidentes geográficos y vías fluviales

Capítulo 2: Agua, clima y vegetaciónGuía de estudio 1: El planeta del aguaGuía de estudio 2: ClimaGuía de estudio 3: Zonas climáticas y la vegetaciónGuía de estudio 4: Un equilibrio ambiental

Capítulo 3: Los pueblos del mundoGuía de estudio 1: Comprender la culturaGuía de estudio 2: Los patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 3: Recursos y comercio mundialGuía de estudio 4: La tecnología “encoge”el mundo

Capítulo 4: Estados UnidosGuía de estudio 1: Un territorio extenso y pintorescoGuía de estudio 2: Un líder de la economíaGuía de estudio 3: Los estadounidenses

Capítulo 5: CanadáGuía de estudio 1: Un país rico en recursosGuía de estudio 2: Los habitantes de Canadá

Capítulo 6: MéxicoGuía de estudio 1: Geografía física y economía de MéxicoGuía de estudio 2: Historia de MéxicoGuía de estudio 3: México hoy

Capítulo 7: América Central y las islas del CaribeGuía de estudio 1: América CentralGuía de estudio 2: Las culturas del Caribe

Capítulo 8: Brasil y sus vecinosGuía de estudio 1: Un gigante que emergeGuía de estudio 2: De Argentina a Venezuela

Capítulo 9: Los países AndinosGuía de estudio 1: La cultura y los desafíos de ColombiaGuía de estudio 2: Los territorios y pueblos de Perú y EcuadorGuía de estudio 3: Los bolivianos y los chilenos

Capítulo 10: Europa: historia antiguaGuía de estudio 1: Grecia y Roma clásicasGuía de estudio 2: Europa medievalGuía de estudio 3: Del Renacimiento a la revolución

Capítulo 11: Europa, su historia modernaGuía de estudio 1: Comienzo de la era modernaGuía de estudio 2: Un continente divididoGuía de estudio 3: Hacia la unidad

Capítulo 12: Europa occidental en la actualidadGuía de estudio 1: Las islas británicasGuía de estudio 2: Francia y los países del BeneluxGuía de estudio 3: Alemania y los países alpinosGuía de estudio 4: Los países nórdicosGuía de estudio 5: Sur de Europa

Capítulo 13: La nueva Europa del esteGuía de estudio 1: Polonia y las repúblicas bálticasGuía de estudio 2: Húngaros, checos y eslovacosGuía de estudio 3: La reconstrucción de los países balcánicosGuía de estudio 4: Ucrania, Bielorrusia y Moldavia

Capítulo 14: La geografía y la historia de RusiaGuía de estudio 1: Una vasta tierraGuía de estudio 2: Una historia de conflictos

Capítulo 15: La nueva Rusia y las repúblicas independientesGuía de estudio 1: Del comunismo a la libre empresaGuía de estudio 2: El pueblo y la cultura de RusiaGuía de estudio 3: Las repúblicas emergen

Capítulo 16: Nacimiento de la civilizaciónGuía de estudio 1: Mesopotamia y Egipto antiguoGuía de estudio 2: Tres religiones mundiales

Capítulo 17: África del norte en la actualidadGuía de estudio 1: EgiptoGuía de estudio 2: Libia y el Magreb

Capítulo 18: Sudoeste de asiaGuía de estudio 1: Turquía, Siria, Líbano y JordaniaGuía de estudio 2: Israel y los territorios palestinosGuía de estudio 3: La Península ArábigaGuía de estudio 4: Irak, Irán y Afganistán

Capítulo 19: África OccidentalGuía de estudio 1: Nigeria: El gigante africanoeGuía de estudio 2: El Sahel y la costa de África occidental

Capítulo 20: África central y del esteGuía de estudio 1: África centralGuía de estudio 2: Los habitantes de Kenia y TanzaniaGuía de estudio 3: Uganda, Ruanda y BurundiGuía de estudio 4: El cuerno de África

Capítulo 21: África meridional: Una región variadaGuía de estudio 1: La nueva SudáfricaGuía de estudio 2: Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe y BotswanaGuía de estudio 3: Los países de la costa y de las islas

Capítulo 22: El sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 1: India: Pasado y presenteGuía de estudio 2: Paquistán y BangladeshGuía de estudio 3: Reinos en las montañas y repúblicas en las islas

Capítulo 23: China y países vecinosGuía de estudio 1: El territorio de China y la nueva economíaGuía de estudio 2: De las dinastías al comunismoGuía de estudio 3: Los países vecinos de China

Capítulo 24: Japón y las CoreasGuía de estudio 1: Japón: pasado y presenteGuía de estudio 2: Las dos Coreas

Capítulo 25: El sudeste AsiáticoGuía de estudio 1: La vida en el continenteGuía de estudio 2: La diversidad de las culturas isleñas

Capítulo 26: Australia y Nueva ZelandaGuía de estudio 1: Australia: “La tierra del sur”Guía de estudio 2: Nueva Zelanda

Capítulo 27: Oceanía y la AntártidaGuía de estudio 1: Culturas y economía de las islas del PacíficoGuía de estudio 2: El continente helado

Spanish SummariesCapítulo 1: Observar la TierraCapítulo 2: El agua, el clima y la vegetaciónCapítulo 3: La población mundialCapítulo 4: Los Estados UnidosCapítulo 5: CanadáCapítulo 6: MéxicoCapítulo 7: América Central y las islas del CaribeCapítulo 8: Brasil y sus vecinosCapítulo 9: Los países andinosCapítulo 10: Europa: historia antiguaCapítulo 11: Europa: historia modernaCapítulo 12: Europa occidental hoy en díaCapítulo 13: Europa oriental hoy en díaCapítulo 14: Relieve e historia de RusiaCapítulo 15: La nueva Rusia y las repúblicas independientesCapítulo 16: La Cuna de la civilizationCapítulo 17: África del norteCapítulo 18: El sudoeste asiáticoCapítulo 19: África OccidentalCapítulo 20: África central y orientalCapítulo 21: África del sur: una región variadaCapítulo 22: El sureste asiáticoCapítulo 23: China y sus vecinosCapítulo 24: Japón y las CoreasCapítulo 25: El sudeste asiáticoCapítulo 26: Australia y Nueva ZelandaCapítulo 27: Oceanía y la Antártida

Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student EditionObjectives Addressed in the ActivitiesWorkbook OverviewPreparing for a Standardized TestActivity: Reading a Map ScaleActivity: Interpreting DiagramsActivity: Making InferencesActivity: Interpreting a Visual ImageActivity: Using a Bar Graph to Interpret DataActivity: Analyzing a Political CartoonActivity: Recognizing a Point of ViewActivity: Analyzing Graphs and TablesActivity: Comparing and ContrastingActivity: Making GeneralizationsActivity: Interpreting EditorialsActivity: Interpreting Charts and TablesActivity: Using Time LinesActivity: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect RelationshipsActivity: Solving a ProblemActivity: Distinguishing Between Fact and OpinionActivity: Identifying and Evaluating SourcesActivity: Making DecisionsActivity: Interpreting GraphsActivity: Identifying the Main IdeaActivity: Recognizing Forms of PropagandaActivity: Persuasive Writing About an IssueActivity: Classifying Facts and DetailsActivity: Forming HypothesesActivity: Drawing ConclusionsActivity: Detecting BiasActivity: Predicting Outcomes

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