Chapter 7 and 8staff.kpbsd.k12.ak.us/staff/gzorbas/chapter_8_NB_notes.pdf · 2010. 12. 8. · the rise of europe 500 - 1300. the high and late middle ages : 1050– 1450. chapter
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THE RISE OF EUROPE 500 - 1300 THE HIGH AND LATE MIDDLE AGES : 1050–1450 Chapter 7 and 8
The feudal system provided local self-defense in the absence of strong rulers with large armies.
The Feudal System
The structure of the system was based on land.
The Feudal System
As payment for military services rulers gave land to nobles, who in turn earned an income from the land
In repayment, the nobles would arm knights and foot soldiers to fight for the ruler
Feudal Terms
Fief:A grant of land or an estate
Lord:A ruler who grants a fief in return for military service.
Feudal Terms
Vassal: A person who receives a fief
The Vassal in return -Knights and foot soldiers Ransom money if the lord is captured in war Housing and food for the lord and his knightswhen they visit the vassal's fief
Feudal Terms
Homage:A vassal's oath of loyalty to a lord
Knight: A warrior who pledges loyalty to a lord, often in exchange for land..
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, often in exchange for land. Later in the Middle Ages, a knight received training and lived by a code
Path to Knighthood
Page (age 7-14)Serve the women of the manorlearn mannersReligionreading and writing
Path to Knighthood
Squire (age 14-21)Serve the men and the knights; learn hunting,
hawking, chess, poetry, lute playing, care of horses and equipment.
Knighthood
Knight
Serve God and the feudal lord (and/or king); demonstrate skill with weapons; follow the chivalric code of politeness, courage, honor, truthfulness, respect for women and defeated enemies.
A sign of the Church's growing role in European affairs was the Concordat of Worms
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The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians,[1] was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms. It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted[2] as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648); in part this was an unforeseen result of strategic maneuvering between the Church and the European sovereigns over political control within their domains. The King was recognized as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority ("by the lance") in the territories they governed, but not with sacred authority ("by ring and staff"); the result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters both to the pope and to the king, for they were obligated to affirm the right of the sovereign to call upon them for military support, under his oath of fealty. Previous Holy Roman Emperors had thought it their right, granted by God, to name the Pope, as well as other Church officials, such as bishops. One long-delayed result was an end to the belief in the divine right of kings. A more immediate result of the Investiture struggle identified a proprietary right that adhered to sovereign territory, recognizing the right of kings to income from the territory of a vacant diocese and a basis for justifiable taxation. These rights lay outside feudalism, which defined authority in a hierarchy of personal relations, with only a loose relation to territory.[3] The Pope emerged as a figure above and out of the direct control of the Holy Roman Emperor.
The Medieval Church
This document marked a victory for Pope Gregory VII in his bid to reform the Church and assert papal power
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By barring monarchs from investing bishops,
The Medieval Church
The veneration of saints was also popular and spurred interest in a long list of saints who Christians believed could intercede in heaven on their behalf
The Medieval Church
The importance of the sacraments for ordinary Christians gave the Church a central role in people's lives
The Medieval Church
The veneration of saints was also popular and spurred interest in a long list of saints who Christians believed could intercede in heaven on their behalf
The Medieval Church
Religious fervor prompted new monastic orders to spring up for men and women
The Medieval Church
The new orders developed an activistic spiritual model. The Inquisition gave the Church a tool for discouraging heresy
The Medieval Church
Those who failed to do proper penance for heresy could face execution.
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Magna Carta Signed 1215 by King John
"No freeman shall be taken and imprisoned or diseased or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor shall we go upon him nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land."
In other words, life, liberty, and property were not to be taken from anyone without judgment of the person's peers and only by process of the law of the land.
Section 1: Royal Power Grows
In England and France, monarchs expanded royal authority and laid the foundations for united nation-states.
William I "the Conqueror“
King of England and Duke of Normandy
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During the Middle Ages, strong monarchs in England and France worked to increase their land holdings and the numbers of their subjects. Expanding Royal Power Now that William had conquered England, he set out to impose his control over the land. Like other feudal monarchs, he granted fiefs to the Church and to his Norman lords, or barons, but he also kept a large amount of land for himself. He monitored who built castles and where. He required every vassal to swear first allegiance to him rather than to any other feudal lord. To learn about his kingdom, William had a complete census taken in 1086. The result was the Domesday Book (pronounced “doomsday”), which listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England. As the title suggests, the survey was as thorough and inevitable as doomsday, believed to be God’s final day of judgment that no one could escape. Information in the Domesday Book helped William and later English monarchs build an efficient system of tax collection. William’s successors also created the royal exchequer, or treasury, to collect taxes, fees, fines, and other dues. Developing a Unified Legal System A Duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially a man of the highest grade of the peerage in Great Britain. A prince is usually a male heir of the monarch and the title "Duke" is granted by the monarch, which gives the Prince the power and authority to rule in an independent territory within the monarch’s realm. For example, a monarch rules the entire Great Britain, and each one of his sons will rule as an independent “sovereign” within their granted territory. �In the United Kingdom, a duke is – with the exception of the monarch and immediate Royal Family – the highest-ranking hereditary title in the British peerage, sometimes referred to as "the nobility" or simply as "Lords and Ladies." A duke therefore outranks Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts and Barons. The wife of a duke is known as a duchess.�A Royal Duke is a duke who is a member of the British Royal Family, entitled to the style of "His Royal Highness". The current Royal Dukedoms are Cornwall and Rothesay (both held by the Prince of Wales), York, Edinburgh, Gloucester and Kent. The former King Edward VIII was created Duke of Windsor after his abdication; however he did not have any heirs and therefore the title is not currently in use. �Read more at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_in_Br…
Section 1: Royal Power Grows
In England, people established political traditions such as common law, the jury system, protection of rights, and representative assemblies.
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Movie Link!!!! With the coronation of King John, the power of the monarch was diminished. He lost battles with France, the Church, and nobles, who forced him to sign the Magna Carta. In 1154, an energetic, well-educated king, Henry II, inherited the throne. He broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law. He then sent out traveling justices to enforce these royal laws. The decisions of the royal courts became the foundation of English common law, a legal system based on custom and court rulings. Unlike local feudal laws, common law applied to all of England. In time, people brought their disputes to royal courts rather than to those of nobles or the Church. Because royal courts charged fees, the exchequer benefited from the growth of royal justice. Under Henry II, England also developed an early jury system. When traveling justices visited an area, local officials collected a jury, or group of men sworn to speak the truth. These early juries determined which cases should be brought to trial and were the ancestors of today’s grand jury. Later, another jury evolved that was composed of 12 neighbors of an accused person. It was the ancestor of today’s trial jury. History:�In the Beginning of Law The earliest writings of law were destroyed during the Dark Ages, so the concept of crime and punishment and where it all began starts in the year 500 AD. It was governed mostly by superstition and local laws and stayed pretty much the same up thru the year 1000 AD. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, common law started to develop and helped standardize law and justice. Until then the legal system among the early English or Anglo-Saxons and everywhere else in Europe during that time, was decentralized. Each county was known as a shire and was divided into units called hundreds, which entailed groups of 100 families, each of those were further divided into groups of 10 families called tithings. The reeve was the head of all law enforcement officials in the shire, (This is how the word sheriff got it’s name, shire + reeve = shirereeve aka sheriff), but within these smaller groups, the tithings were responsible for maintaining order among themselves and dealing with minor disturbances such as fires, wild animals, etc. The earliest law enforcement organized along the lines of the tithing, hundred, and the shire.
Section 1: Royal Power Grows
In France, strong leaders built an efficient bureaucracy, set up the Estates General, and expanded their territory.
Henry II France Phillip
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Forming the Estates General During this struggle with the pope, Philip rallied French support by setting up the Estates General in 1302. This body had representatives from all three estates, or classes of French society: clergy, nobles, and townspeople. Although later French kings consulted the Estates General, it never gained the power of the purse or otherwise served as a balance to royal power. William of Normandy Conquers England William raised an army and won the backing of the pope. He then sailed across the English Channel to England. At the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold. William the Conqueror, as he was now called, became king of England on Christmas Day 1066. Although William’s French-speaking nobles dominated England, the country’s Anglo-Saxon population survived. Over the next 300 years, there was a gradual blending of Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions.
Section 2: The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
With secular and religious rulers advancing rival claims to power, explosive conflicts erupted between monarchs and popes.
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Otto I became the first Holy Roman emperor when the pope crowned him as thanks for his support. The Holy Roman emperors never truly controlled their vassals and often fought with the Church over the power to appoint bishops and abbots.
Section 2: The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
During the 1100s and 1200s, German emperors, such as Frederick Barbarosa and his grandson Frederick II, tried to take control of Italy against the wishes of the Church.
Frederick Barbarossa, middle, flanked by his two children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke Frederick VI (right).
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Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV, following the suppression by Imperial forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia. During the 1155 campaign in Rome, Frederick quickly allied forces with Pope Adrian IV to regain the city. The major opposition was led by Arnold of Brescia, a student of Abelard. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his unorthodox teaching concerning theology, Arnold was not charged with heresy. [10] Frederick left Italy in the autumn of 1155 to prepare for a new and more formidable campaign.
Section 3: The Crusades and the Wider World
1071 Holy Land, especially Jerusalem, captured by Seljuk Turks who were Muslims, interfering with the pilgrimages there by Christians.
Section 3: The Crusades and the Wider World
1095 Pope Urban II calls for a crusade to free the Holy Land from the "Infidels,"
The Crusades stimulated economic and political change in Europe and broadened the European view of the world.
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At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Urban incited bishops and nobles to action. “From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grievous report,” he began. “An accursed race . . . has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire.” Urban then called for a crusade to free the Holy Land: The Crusades also led to increased trade and more powerful monarchs. Sparked by improving economic and political conditions, a revival of learning took place in the High Middle Ages. Writers across Western Europe began publishing works in the vernacular. Gothic cathedrals served as symbols of wealth and religious devotion.
Section 3: The Crusades and the Wider World
The Byzantine emperor Alexius I urgently asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks.
The Byzantine Empire at the accession of Alexios I Komnenos, c. 1081
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Although Roman popes and Byzantine emperors were longtime rivals, Urban agreed.
Section 3: The Crusades and the Wider World
The result was a series of European-led Crusades to liberate the Holy Land.
Fought During the 11th, 12th and 13th Centuries (1000-1200)
During the Middle Ages, most people in Western Europe were unaware of advanced civilizations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
The Crusades introduced Europeans to a wider world.
Pope Innocent IV with Louis IX at Cluny
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The Christian campaign to drive the Muslims from the Iberian peninsula was known as the Reconquista. The Christians were successful, and Spain and Portugal came into being as states. Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella had many non-Christians tried by the Inquisition and punished. European Economies Expand Even before the Crusades, Europeans had developed a taste for luxuries from the Byzantine empire. Returning crusaders brought even more fabrics, spices, and perfumes from the Middle East back to Europe. Trade increased and expanded. Merchants in Venice and other northern Italian cities had built large fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy Land. Now they used those fleets to carry on trade in such goods as sugar, cotton, and rice with the Middle East. The Crusades further encouraged the growth of a money economy. To finance a journey to the Holy Land, nobles needed money. They therefore allowed peasants to pay rents in money rather than in grain or labor. Peasants began to sell their goods in towns to earn money, a practice that helped to undermine serfdom. Effects on Monarchs and the Church The Crusades helped to increase the power of monarchs. These rulers won new rights to collect taxes in order to support the Crusades. Some rulers, such as the French king Louis IX and the English king Richard I, called the Lion-Heart, led Crusades, which added greatly to their prestige. Enthusiasm for the Crusades brought papal power to its greatest height. This period of enhanced prestige was short-lived, however. As you have read, popes were soon involved in bitter power struggles with monarchs. Also, the Crusades did not end the split between the Roman and Byzantine churches as Pope Urban had hoped. Instead, Byzantine resentment against the West hardened as a result of the Fourth Crusade, during which crusaders had conquered and looted Constantinople. A Wider Worldview Evolves Contacts with the Muslim world led Christians to realize that millions of people lived in regions they had never even known existed. Soon, a few curious Europeans had left to explore far-off places such as India and China. In 1271, a young Venetian, Marco Polo, set out for China with his merchant father and uncle. After many years in China, he returned to Venice and wrote a book about the wonders of Chinese civilization. Doubting Europeans wondered if he had really gone to China. To them, his tales of a government-run mail service and black stones (coal) that were burned to heat homes were unbelievable. The experiences of crusaders and of travelers like Marco Polo expanded European horizons. They brought Europe into a wider world from which it had been cut off since the fall of Rome. In the 1400s, a desire to trade directly with India and China would lead Europeans to a new age of exploration.
Crusades
Inhabitants of the Holy Land saw everyone as an invader.
There were four major crusades but many historians list as many as 12.
Section 3: The Crusades and the Wider World
Section 4: Learning and Culture Flourish
As economic and political conditions improved, Europeans made notable achievements in learning, literature, and the arts.
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By the 1100s, schools for clergy became associated with the great cathedrals of Europe and these evolved into universities. The male students worked hard and studied the seven liberal arts. Women were not admitted. The works of the Greeks that had been preserved by Muslim scholars were reintroduced to Europeans, who had to grapple with the sometimes conflicting teachings of their Christian faith. Writings began to be created in the vernacular, such as heroic epics that had long been passed on orally. Dante Alighieri wrote the famous poem, the Divine Comedy, summarizing Christian ethics. Chaucer penned the Canterbury Tales, which included stories about various medieval characters.
Section 4: Learning and Culture Flourish
Europe was experiencing dynamic changes. A more reliable food supply and the growth of trade and towns were signs of increased prosperity.
Section 5: A Time of Crisis
Plague, upheaval in the Church, and war made the 1300s and early 1400s a time of crisis for Europeans.
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However, The Church suffered from poor leadership and accusations of corruption. England and France fought the Hundred Years' War, in which Joan of Arc emerged as a French national hero. The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between France and England lasting 116 years, from 1337 to 1453. It was fought primarily over claims by the English kings to the French throne and was punctuated by several brief and two lengthy periods of peace before it finally ended in the expulsion of the English from France, with the exception of the Calais Pale. Thus, the war was in fact a series of conflicts, and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), the Lancastrian War (1415–1429), and the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of Joan of Arc (1429–1453). Though primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and English nationality. Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal armies dominated by heavy cavalry. The first standing armies in Western Europe since the time of the Western Roman Empire were introduced for the war, thus changing the role of the peasantry. For all this, as well as for its long duration, it is often viewed as one of the most significant conflicts in the history of medieval warfare.
Section 5: A Time of Crisis
by the late Middle Ages, Europe was in a period of decline.
The Black Death wreaked havoc throughout Europe.
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The Bubonic plague, or Back Death, arrived in Europe from Asia in 1347 and thereafter kept recurring. It caused massive deaths and inflation that led to peasant revolts in England, France, Germany, and elsewhere. The Bubonic plague, or Back Death, arrived in Europe from Asia in 1347 and thereafter kept recurring. It caused massive deaths and inflation that led to peasant revolts in England, France, Germany, and elsewhere. The church was unable to answer the questions or fill the needs of its members during the Black Death. In 1309, Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon in France. Later, reformers elected another pope to rule from Rome. Popular preachers such as John Wycliffe taught that the bible and not the Church held the truth, and his followers began translating the Bible for everyone to read.
Secular
1 a : of or relating to the worldly or temporal <secular concerns> b : not overtly or specifically religious <secular music> c : not ecclesiastical or clerical <secular courts> <secular landowners>
2 : not bound by monastic vows or rules; specifically : of, relating to, or forming clergy not belonging to a religious order or congregation <a secular priest>
