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Chapter 4 Slide 2 Guiding Question: What are the components of the integumentary system? Slide 3 Not just a covering for the body Largest organ Blood vessels, connective tissue structures, glands, hair, nails, nerves, skin Plays a large role in homeostasis Has inherent and adaptive characteristics Calluses Darken in sun Elasticity Sensitive to moisture Slide 4 Guiding Questions: 1.) What embryonic layers form the integumentary system? 2.) Describe the development of the integumentary system. 3.) What are some various causes of hair loss? Slide 5 Ectoderm & mesoderm in origin Skin is a complex structure Many things can go wrong in its development Lets make a timeline! Slide 6 Simple ectoderm epithelium over mesenchyme outermost layer of skin form a simple squamous tissue that becomes stratified as the embryo develops from the ectoderm Slide 7 Deeper parts of skin begin to form from mesoderm (dermis, hypodermis) Slide 8 8-9 wks: mesenchyme begins to mature and fibroblasts form, and dents occur in the upper squamous layer form lanugo. Slide 9 10 weeks: ridges form between the outer and inner layers of skinso dont separate when rubbed 11 weeks: small nails at the tips of fingers & toes, followed by development of special blood vessels in the layers of skin Angiogenic factors stimulate the production of these vessels Slide 10 20 weeks: Glandular structures form Inward growths of the outermost squamous cell layer Will eventually produce oils and sweat 25 weeks: Pigmentation Slide 11 About 26 weeks: melanoblasts mature into melanocytes (build pigments) nervous tissue structures develop Slide 12 Slide 13 What are the three major layers of the skin? Describe the basic characteristics of the three major layers of the skin (recommend a chart) Slide 14 1. Epidermis: Epithelial Superficial & thinnest cells are very tightly packed New cells produced here 2. Dermis: Connective Deep to epidermis & thick Primarily connective tissue loosely packed cells 3. Subcutaneous/Hypodermis (adipose tissue) Deep to the skin/dermis Layer of insulation Slide 15 Slide 16 Outermost: Stratum corneum Dry, dead, keratin filled (waterproof, tough) Stratum Granulosum Waterproof Contains granules of keratin Stratum Spinosum Prickly layer Contains Langerhans cells (fight infections) Slide 17 Stratum germinativum / basale Cells undergoing mitosis, move up and horizontally Contains malpighian layer or Pigment layer with melanosomes Forms epidermal ridges Slide 18 Slide 19 Stratum corneum: Dead squamous cells Stratum corneum: Dead squamous cells Stratum Germinativum/ Basale: dividing columnar cells Stratum Spinosum: cuboidal cells, desmosomes hold together >> spiny Stratum Spinosum: cuboidal cells, desmosomes hold together >> spiny Stratum granulosum: Granules with lipids and keratin forms waterproof layer Stratum granulosum: Granules with lipids and keratin forms waterproof layer Stratum lucidum: (only in thick skin); oils from lysosome disintegration Slide 20 Specialized cells within epidermis: Melanocytes Melanin: pigment, inc. w/sun (protection) Keratinocytes Keratin: tough, waterproof material Abrasion resistance for cells Langerhans cells Immune response against microbes invading the skin Slide 21 Second layer of the skin Slide 22 Collagen, elastin fibers scattered Slide 23 Dense, irregular connective tissue Loose, connective tissue = areolar connective tissue Binds blood vessels, membranes, muscles, nerves, and skin to other structures Contains extensive meshwork of protein fibers (fibroblasts) Involved primarily in body growth Connective tissue maintenance Wound healing Slide 24 Dermal papillae: parallel rows of peg-like projections Unique to each individual; akin to fingerprints Slide 25 Third layer of the skin Slide 26 Third, innermost layer of the skin Thickness, composition vary throughout body Composed of loosely-arranged elastic fibers that anchor the skin to the fascia Sheet of fibrous connective tissue Covers muscles, skull bones, some organs Large amount of adipose (fat) cells Large network of blood vessels, capillaries, lymphatic vessels Slide 27 Glands Nerves Nails Hair Slide 28 3 Types: Ceruminous Sebaceous Sweat/sudoriferous Slide 29 Produce cerumen (waxy secretion), an apocrine secretion (ear wax) Found lining ear canal Slide 30 Holocrine glands (secrete whole dead cells) Produce, store abundance of fat, which burst and die, releasing sebum Slide 31 Sebaceous Glands Secrete oil (sebum) for hair/skin Ducts open into hair follicles Accumulated sebum enlarges ducts>>white heads Darkened sebum>>black head Slide 32 Sudoriferous/Sweat Glands Eccrine Glands Widespread Watery Fluid Separate pore Apocrine Glands Armpits/Genitals Thick/milky fluid Secrete into hair follicle Slide 33 Aprocrine Odorous, sweat-like material in armpits, navel, groin region, areolae Inactive until puberty Contain pheromones Broken down by bacteria, creating odor Eccrine Skin of armpits, foreheads, palms, soles Mostly secrete water, w/ salts, organic compounds, and wastes (like urea) Microbes feed on these as well, producing odors Slide 34 Slide 35 Specialized structures: Hair follicle: cells of the epidermis extend into the dermis forming a small tube Hair bulb: base of the follicle Hair papilla: cluster of cells (live); nourished by BVs Root: part of hair hidden in follicle Shaft: visible part of hair Slide 36 Sensory receptors Communicate information from environment to the body Found in all skin layers Mostly in innermost regions, fascia Free nerve endings/Nociceptor Pain-sensing structures Found throughout inner part of epidermis Detect chemicals associated with tissue damage and bleeding Slide 37 Slide 38 Merkel cells Sensitive to gentle physical sensation Found in stratum germinativum Abundant in fingertips Slide 39 Elongated, club-shaped pile of connective tissue Upper region of dermis (in dermal papilla) Respond to touch Slide 40 Look like onions Deeper parts of hypodermis Hard pressure, vibrations Slide 41 Pressure, constant touch Slide 42 Sensitive touch receptors Found mostly in mucous membrane of mouth Slide 43 Slide 44 Merely a keratin secretion Nail root Lies beneath skin-nail fold Grow back as long as nail root and skin-nail fold are not severely damaged Grow 1/8 in per month Slide 45 Modified stratum corneum Grows from an individual follicle buried in subcutaneous layer Slide 46 Slide 47 Slide 48 Specialized Structures (continued) Arrector pili: tiny, smooth muscle attached to base of dermal papillae & side of hair follicle Contracts: pulls on both simultaneously>>goose bumps Slide 49 Slide 50 Slide 51 What are the major roles of the integumentary system? What are commensals? How does heat regulation in the skin work? How does sensation in the skin work? Briefly describe the three classifications of burns Slide 52 Protection Heat regulation Sensation Waste excretion Slide 53 The skin protects from: Chemical Damage Can break down connections between cells Can disintegrate cells Sweat dilutes & neutralizes Cerumen and sebum are oily barriers Repels water Repels dangerous chemicals that are dissolved in water Prevents water from escaping the body through the skin. Slide 54 The skin protects from: Mechanical Damage Any type of force that can compress, erode, stretch or tear the skin. Loose connective tissue = flexibility Shedding stratum corneum = reduce erosion Calluses, adipose tissue and reticular fibers = shock absorption to minimize compression damage Slide 55 The skin protects from Microorganism damage Produce destructive secretions in sebum / sweat Kept in check by chemicals that benefit commensals good bacteria and yeast that reduce the chance that harmful bacteria will survive on the skin. Shedding of stratum corneum removes microorganisms Slide 56 The bodys ability to maintain a constant internal temperature (98.6F) Blood vessels contract / expand Evaporation of the sweat from the surface Adipose tissue is a natural blanket Slide 57 Sensation: received stimuli from the environment which is interpreted in a way that the brain can comprehend Done by sensory nerves in the skin Cold, heat, injury, pressure, stretching, touch Transducers: nerve cells that convert various environmental messages into body signals. Slide 58 Eccrine sweat glands Removes urea, organic chemicals, and excess salts Not as efficient as the Excretory System Other functions Vitamin D production when exposed to sunlight Predictor of a persons health Slide 59 Skin loses ability to maintain homeostasis locally and for the whole body Sun, cooking, acids, bases, corrosive chemicals, electricity, fires, and steam rooms Damage the skin differently Severity of burn is based on the extent of the skin damage. Slide 60 Reddening, swelling Superficial damage Steam, sun Slide 61 Slide 62 Damage to Strata spinosum & basale Blisters, reddening, swelling and fluid build up under the epidermis Slide 63 Slide 64 Entire epidermis affected, could be missing so stratum basale not available Damage to dermis: nerve cell loss Pain registers b/c histamine from immune system is released in response to the damage. Susceptible to dehydration, loss of body heat, and infection Slide 65 Slide 66 Skin entirely damaged; bone, muscle underlying skin damaged as well. (Too graphic to show) Slide 67 Guiding Questions: What are the three major categories of disease in the integumentary system? What are the various types of degenerative skin disorders? Genetic skin disorders? Infectious skin disorders? Slide 68 Degenerative Progressive deterioration of tissue, environmental or physical stress Genetic Mutations Infectious Microorganisms that damage tissues and organs Slide 69 Solar lentigene People in their 30s w/ overexposure Dermatitis Cosmetics Facial cleansers Toners Can accelerate skin aging Slide 70 Skin Cancer Underlying genetic componentprecancerous genes If damaged, genes cause abnormal divisions of cells Sun exposure Irregularly shaped black or brown spots that can develop into open sores Injury deep in the skin Discolored blisters or sores Slide 71 Slide 72 Moles: flat squamous cell tumors Skin tags: soft knobby tumors that grow out of skin Seborrheic keratosis: Black to brown growth on face or body that creates a greasy, rough appearance to the skin Sebaceous hyperplasia: caused by oil glands, small yellow bumps with an opening in the middle Syringomas: sweat-gland duct tumor, small lumps on the cheeks and eyelids Lipomas: fat cell tumor, dont cause problems normally Slide 73 Slide 74 Acne: stimulated by hormonal changes that cause and increase in sebum around the hair follicles. Furuncle or boil: a buildup of dead cells and blood components caused by the inflammation of hair follicles. Cysts or nodules: a sack-like structure filled with a fluid or semi-solid Bacteria that feed on the acne pimple produce chemicals that aggravate acne Slide 75 Psoriasis Increased amt of skin cell production Causes a build up of thick scales on skin. Unsightly, inflamed, painful, swollen Birthmarks Port wine: begins at birth and grows, can bleed Spider veins: central blood vessel with smaller vessels branching from it Strawberry hemangiomas: enlarged blood vessels Slide 76 Vitiligo Michael Jackson White spotshypopigmentation Reduced melanocytes Albinism No melanin production in the eyes, hair or skin Melasma Brown patches on both sides of the face Symmetrical Does not completely disappear Slide 77 Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria) destructive secretions that erodes and inflame the skin Impetigo, SSSS, folliculitis Candida albicans (fungus) Yeast in digestive system and female reproductive tract infect skin when immune system is compromised Degrade tissue and cause inflammation Slide 78 More fungal infections = dermatophytes Eat keratin-rich materials: hair, nails, and outer layers of epidermis Itching, hair loss, deformation of nails Ringworm (aka tinea) Contracted from furry pets Spread from one person to another through contact via clothes and skin Related to athletes foot or jock itch Slide 79 Warts (virus) 60 types HPV (human papilloma virus) Incurable Removal procedure Protists Exotic tropical diseases that are spread by insect bites. Can cause severe bodily damage if spread to internal organs Slide 80 Arthropods Insects with exoskeletons, segmented bodies, jointed limbs Follicle miteundetected until inflammation of eyelash follicle occurs Liceblood sucking insects that irritate skin and spread infection as they feed Slide 81 Guiding Questions What are intrinsic factors? How can they affect the skins aging? What kinds of extrinsic factors can affect skin aging? How does lifestyle accelerate skin aging? Slide 82 Extrinsic Also external aging Environmental factors: disease, pollution, sun Intrinsic Natural maturation Also internal aging Accelerated by stresspathology of other organ systems or environmental interactions Slide 83 Characteristics of skin aging Loss of head hair Graying and whitening of hair Excessive growth of body and facial hair Wrinkling Drying of the skin due to diminished oil secretion Skin sagging due to muscle atrophy Regular irritation due to microbial population changes on the skin Slide 84 Impossible to stop Natural decline of cells Can be slowed by living in a mild environment Elastin is naturally degraded by the dermis and subcutaneous layers Makes the skin less flexible, thinner, more brittle Decrease in blood flow slows cell division in basale & causes thinning of the epidermis More difficult to repair skin damage People with vascular diseases exhibit premature aging Slide 85 Decrease in melanocytes, nerves More susceptible to environmental damage Older skin cant protect from UV and has difficulty registering injury. Susceptible to DNA damage Oxidizing chemicals and sunlight Cause cancers and tumors Slide 86 How to slow Diet, reducing exposure to UV, avoiding skin irritation, not smoking, protecting from air pollutants Smoking reduces blood flow to skin Cant heal Decreases ability to maintain bodys temp Skin needling Promotes growth and swelling in wrinkled depression areas Makes skin smooth for a while Take care of skin at a young agedifficult to reverse skin aging once the damage is done