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CHAPTER-III
III. TRANSLATOR 1 S GRA1•TII1AR ·
Vergleich der beiden Grammatiken
Deutsch - Marathi
The comparison has been made with a premise· that there .exists a translators. grammar.
The comparison may not be exbaustive,because of brevity only most striking differences/
similariti~s hqve been listed~ In the very outset we find the difference in the
alphabets of both the languages. The German is written in Roman script mainly in the
19th century and prior to that the same was written in Gotic script, whereas from the
very beginning no such changeover in script has been observed in Marathi which has
always been written in Devnagari script. The information has been supplied to facilitate
a translator to compare the Phonetic resemblances particularly in poetry translations.
The alphabets are:
German
a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,
s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z, - i.e. 26.
In addition to the above there is a po
ssibility of modifying the following
vowels and also their dypthongs.
Marathi
the
vowels and the rest of the consonents are
arranged in their phonetic discription as
they are uttured. They are in all 48 letters.
a,o,u, would be modified as a,o,u.
In otherwords a,a,e,i,o,o,u,u, and
y are the vowels and rest of the
letters are consonants.
The vowels in German are eight
including the Umlauts. The indi
vidual sounds have quality, quantity
stress, pitch and they have variations.
The same letter or combination of
letters ~.g.~, ch, ig, etc. has
different pronunciation depending on
its position.
iT q::; d <}.T. Tf ""'I ' I ,
'"Lj- I 0, 51- I ¥., .:>1 Itt T (...;- c;r QT , ""\ , , J
z-, 0 I s. (p I OT
The main difference in both the~anguages
in question is that in Marathi the consonents
have to be mixed with vowels otherwise they
are not comp0ete.
However, there are twelve vowels in Marathi.
The same is also applicable to Marathi sounds
The same letter can be pronounced differently
i.g. LT, gr.
Note: It is not claimed here that this is an exhaustive study of German and Marathi Gramme.r in totality: only those grammatical aspects relevant to translation have been compared. The entire comparison falls under the perview of translators competence.
176
Word Classes
Verben, Substantive, Adjektive, Pronomen,
Zahlworter, Artikel, Partikeln, Adverbien
Prapositionen, Konjunktionen, Inter
jektionen are the word classes in German.
1. Das Verb
a) Zustandsverben: sein, bleiben, wohnen.
b) Vorgangsverben: fallen, wachsen, erfrie ran, verblliben>einschlafen.
c) Tatigkeitsverben: kijmpfen, pflligen.
2. Transitive und intranstive verben
3. Reflexive verben
177
Verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, quanti
tatives, particles, adverbs, conjunctions,
interjecktions are the word classes in
Marathi. However, it must be noted that
there are no definite or indefinite articles
in Marathi. Likewise the function of prepo
sitions mostly is taken over by various cases.
The indefinite notion is indicated by No. 1 (~~
and the definites by demonstrative pronoun
corresponding to
der, die das, die (Pl.).
1. The verb
a) the verbs of state: ·~~~'~T~ ·~~~~\-- ~~ b) b f ~ ~ ~ ~S' )-. i-j . ~¢,-· -'~~ V' ver s o process: 'J-.::;·,j,,, ~·.Ji. , · 1.51 '· ':_;)'<~·v , ._:,·,
c) verbs of action: c;!J ·2,'01··, ~ {r::n ~~--
2. Transitive and intransitive verbs are also in l-larathi.
3. Possibility exists but the use is seldom. Reflexive verbs in German may not be always
, . translated by equivalent reflexive verbs in Marathi.
4. Vollverben, Hilfsverben und
modifizierende verben. Aspect can
be formed with certain verbs but
they are very limited in number.
5. Trennbare und untrennbare Verben.
6. a. Ingressive bzw. incboative Verben
bezeicbnen den Beginn eines Gescbehens:
erblickP.n, erblAssen, entbrennen, sich
setzen, losrennen.
b. Rasultative V erben bezeichnen das Ende
eines Geschebens: aufessen, verklingen,
erschlegen, finden, durchscbneiden.
c. Durative v·erben kennzeichnen das Sein
oder Geschehen als unvollendet, als
dauernd: schlafen, wacben, frieren,
essen, wohnen, blliben, sein, bleiben,
andauern.
d. Iterative v erben drlicken eine stete
Wiederholung von Vorgangen aus: fliegen \.
(standig mit den Fliigeln schlagen) ~~
graben, sticbeln (immer wieder stechen)
4. Full verbs, auxiliary verbs, modifying
verbs are also existing in Marathi, in
addition verbs can be used for aspect
building, which is very common.
5. The verbs in Marathi cannot be separated
as in German.
6. The ingressive or incboative effect of
verqbleaning is taken ca.re of by using
aspect in Maratbi. Maratbi does not tave
facility in all the cases to bring about
such effects by adding prefixes to the
verbs as is the case in German.
178
e. Intensive Verben kennzeicbnen die
Intensi tat eines Geschehens: !'l·Chnitzen
(kraftig echneiden), echwenken, scbluchzen,
liebeln {oberflachlich lieben).
f. Eine Aktionsart wi~ haufig durcb zu
satzliche Worter sicbtbar gemacht:
Perfektiv: tiber den See echwimmen ••••
imperfektiv: er ist am Scbreiben(Statt:
er scbreibt).
iterative:
intensiv:
er trinkt standig.
er irrt sich (statt:
er irrt).
Die folgenden Funktionen fallen dem V~b
zu: Zeitformen, Handlungsricbtung (Aktiv,
Passiv), Aussageweise (Wirklichkeit,
Irrealitat) Person (1.2~3. person), die
Zahl (Singulr.r, Plural) Modus: (Indikativ,
Imperativ)
179
In Marathi, all the functions enumerated
for the German verbs ~re also ascribed to,
however in addition to these, a verb also
indicates the gender of the subject (Agent).
In translation this will have to be appro
priately included from the co-textual or
contexual references.
Im Deutschen gibt es schwache und
starke verben und nocb eine gemiscbte
Gruppe wie beim bringen, brachte,
gebracht. The following tense formations
are possible in German.
ASFECT
In Marathi also this kind of division
of verbs is found. In Marathi all the
basic tenses can be formed and in addition
to this continuous tenses are also existent
However, the helping verb ··3-l-t-TJI-- meaning
both 'to have' and 'to be' is used while
forming the compound tenses.
Webster's IIIrd New International Dictionary of the English Language defines 'aspect'
as follows: a) a set of inflectional forms of a verb that indicate the nature of the
action or the manner in which the action is regarded especially with reference to its
beginning, duration, completion, or repetition and without refrence to its position
in time used first of the Slavic languages, later of many others, compare COMPLETIVE,
IMPERFECTIVE, INCBOATIVE, ITERATIVE, PERFECTIVE.,
b) the nature of the action of a verb or the manner in which that action is regarded
especially with reference to its beginning, duration, completion or repetition and
without reference to its position in time, whether indicated by a set of inflectional
forms (as in sense a), by the meaning of the verb itself. 'as in find, expressing
momentary or completed action, by contrast with ~' expressing continuing action,
180 .
by an adverbial modifier (as in sit down, meaning 'get into a sitting position', by
contrast with sit there till the doctor is ready, where sit means 'remain in a sitting
position') by such devices as the so-called progressive tenses in English (as was eating,_
which expresses continuing action, by contrast with left, which expresses momentary or
completed action, in 'he left while I was eating'), or by some other means.
We find that both in German as well as in Marathi, the aspect plays a great role in the
formulation of Samantic content and apparently we find difficulty in the tran~lation_,. --· ·--- .------------·-
but in reality, it is not so because it exists in both the languages, but the forms of
its realisation are different •. We 'fould like to enumenate some of them belo,l:
i) Er hPt "S bundertmal gesagt bekommen.
The device used here is the use of two
verbs. This kind of aspect formation is seen
with verbs like: bekommen, kriegen, erhalten,
ftihren, bringen, nehmen, gehoren.
ii) by using infinitive after helping verbs
and modifying verbs like: Der Schmerz ist
kaum zu ertragen.
E~ bleibt abzuwarten.
Das Bild geht nicht zu befestigen.
9...;,t} ~~ cd l -~ )~ \ " . ~
(f.~ J f.:.:.{ >1 oRl C\ ti ~ ( \"-C'{~-x: f{ (11.)
lBt···
. ......._
'3-tTr-T·
iii) by employing verb + noun
construction:
Da.s Gescbaft kam-· zum AbschluB.
Die Bucher gelangten zum Versand.
In German there are three main uses of the
verb forms i.e. Modes viz. indicative,
conjunctive and imperative. However, in
the daily use of language a structure
has no bearing on the meaning. The modes
used may have different pragmatic meaning.
All the tense forms, statements, confir-
mation, neeations questions and exclamation
fall under indicative.
The conjunctive mode is used mainly to
express possibility wish, irreality,
condition not going to fulfil (hypothetical)
indir~ct narration, uncertainty, doubt etc.
The imperative mode indicates command.
However, the most important factor for a
translator is to see whether
Er s agt, daB ~r ko~t: · _ ~--~~- 'J :~ -~ . _ ~t~'1- }1_1J~\ Cl-;1- en· _:l'f{(:j I til -I\~ cj J' ~-'\ tH ~ l)\ rll .
The conjunctive form is also present in
Marathi, but its application is relatively
limited i.e. not in the indirect narration.
tuel 07 -<._ I
tut r11-{ f
Three forms as in German
:182
l._ tun/Sie(?1~) ~-oc1
the corresponding modes in Marathi
also have same pragmatic meaning.
In addition to this the questionlmay
indicate a command, a statement can
.9lso indicate command, hence we cannnot
always translate a question for questio~
statement for E.ta tement and command for
command.
The verbs are classified under transitive
and intransitive however, the verbs have
separable prefixes in German.other syntactic
possibilities of expressing command are:
1. Du
Du
LaB
Ihr
sollst sti~l sei~! e . C\ · r:::L .:~-rw-f -<ThT) &J, ftJ ;.>iT.! t~ :ZT.
'"'\. ' . _/ -
muBt jetzt stillsei~! r~ <:{ '311 tf\ "''< 1 1 cT ;..~ <:1 VcTI[ST -<T
uns tanzenl LaBt una gehenl -----r::rr, o-fT,3f .1fT , .:sfTJ.; ~rr.~
durft nicht so laut schreienl (_j t-i( Q C\ (.j~r __;Ti ~\ d · ~:r, ~-.s"' y f'l;l ..
Wir wollen lieber zu FuB gehent "\ ' ~ \ ~ ·31\UVT \.xn:tG.-1 -~~ (~ t•\ C1' -
Mogest du den ersten Schritt tunl
Marathi verbs are univalent, bivalent,
trivalent etc. but the prefixes of a verb
are never separated in Marathi.
The morphem (!) is indicative of imperative
sentence in German but no such sentence sign
is observed in Marathi.
It is worth observing between th~se
sentences that the construction of both
the SL and TL are statements but they are
orders/commands in garb.
183
~. Other possibilities.
Ich bekomme einmal Bieri (zum
Kellner gesprochen)
Du siehst dich vorl Du gehst jetzt!
Kommt ihr bald?
Wir sehen uns jetzt immer vor, nicht
wahr, Peter?
Wir tun so etwas nicht wieder, Hansl
Sie sind so nett und nehmen bier Flatzl
Du wirst diet vorsehen! Wirst du still
-,::,--~·,,./ -~-·"-..) \ '
s ein 1 Ihr werdet Euch hliten! cJ1~\-- -)-'·\ cr:: "~~ Er s ehe s icb vorl Er komme 1 Man nehme drei Eier ••• ' (fq- -.,(<i.<f::
Seien Sie still!
Du hast dicl:(vorzusehen! Die Tur ist sofort
zu offnenl
Jetzt wird sich vorgesehenl Jetzt wird
geschlafen.
....., c .\
~1'1 .;· 3-r:s·,
-------- . _\.--d,,'<:~_'j!'
-~i~~-
(_ .-· --:.. __:_'; •• ---;-- -: ~-~-:-.· -.. -. -. ' fl --r:_.;- ' r·...: n ··!- : ~~ :::r . .,._, 1: ' - --- '.... .· ~ .. : "' - . ' ) "\. . ._i_ ... " - . -~I.
<:;,_' -0 :, ! (' \
Vorsehenl Antreten! Langsam fahren!
Einsteigen! Stillgestandenl
,--{)Tc.l:) -~~- ~7j C· l( I J .. -T i~C( ,-..
Vorsicht! Achtung! Vorsichtig, Vorwarts.
Wenn du das noch einmal tust.
.184
-<~i -::~ fi:, L~ f -.- t'Tc-:~~T I (;(q}·i' ·
Ich wlinsche, daB das geschiehtl
Impersonal subject as required in German
Es regnet, blitzt, donnert. Es ist 5 Uhr.
Es ist 12 Uhr.
NOUNS
The German nouns are classified under,
Masculine, Feminine and Neuter Fram the
point of view of grammatical gender and
with some exceptions, all have plural forms.
The function of nouns in sentences, phrases
is indicated by their articles, possessive ...
pronouns etc. 185
,. 1(t~t,. 4 <.i..:_t\
Marathi sentences do not require impersonal
construction and as such impersonal subject
does not exist. (;iTh-~-( q ~~ 1- c-·f!.·w z I J1 ~-, c:i12{-c:~ J't~"!:!ji2r~ q r~f ciT.5i·d.r~--i .. 6•fi~ i · ""<.:~f ;··-J· ;{
Maratbi expression can be used figuratively
and also causatively as c:>~~)i, L\~~-m o;-IT-<f
q !W~; c_:i.t'A ";:t s~ («· ~ MT~ ciTSD~r\ .
Er ist im Examen durchfallen, Er hat die
Uhr kaputt gemacht, respectively. This ba-s
no relevance to the grammatical category
of verb but the perception of reality i.e.
segmentation.
The Marathi nouns are also classified under
Masculine, feminine, and neuter genders
and most of them have plural forms.
However, in Maratbi, the syntactiv functions
of nouns are indicated by the declensional
endings attached to the nouns themselves.
Verb will form a congruence with the
noun-subject. The nouns are again sub
divided into proper, common, collective,
abstract nouns.
Persons: Nouns referring to persons are
masc. or neuter depending on the natural
gender of the person, however all dimi~
nutives are neuter in German. The names of
Anim~ls hAve grammatical gender congruent
with the natural gender where necessary.
A foreign language student finds the
allocation of a particular gender to a noun'n
·German having no base, probably because
of his mother-tongue bias.
The names of seasons, months and days are
masculine exAeption, die Woche and das Jahr.
The directions, winds and precipitations
are masculine in German, exception: die
Bora, die Hichtung, by Virtue of -Ung.
The unidentifiable plural will be
specified by the verb-form.
The sub-division of nouns is similar.
There is a close connection between the
gender and phonological representation of
nouns in Marathi. Persons have the same
grammatical genders commensurating with theix
natural gender, no exception, diminitives
also according to natural gender: ;n:.,~ - d I:; ;-:; ;- . CJ_J{ :.,-~: - ~J.{ I rl ;:.:-_;-;-
.· . It seems that male, female and off-spring of
animals are masc. fern. and neuter respectively
however, where no such division is made,
a tendency is to group them under neuter
gender. However, the allocation of grammatical
gender is not logical but arbitrary and
therefore the genders are to be remembered
individually.
The names of stones, rocks are masculine
exceptions: die Kreide etc.
The names of currencies are masculine and
exceptions are: die Mark, die ~rone,
d~s Pfund.
Names of trees are feminine and those
of flo,.,ers also: die Tanne, die Buche,
die 5elk·e etc.
18?
The names or seasons, months and days are
masculine in Marathi too, but Woche- 3fn·a5r
is masc. and Jahr- qrf- is peuter.
All directions are feminine, wind is
masculine and precipitations are mixed
' I'
(Schnee) c~ masc. -~,T
;rau is neuter and :nRr (Hagel) Plural
is feminine.
The names of stones and rocks are masculine i'
in gender: Exceptions: J IIZ!l (Boden)
(Sand) are feminine.
The names c£ currencies are masculine
"<~ lfj_{ C c{l$· s'-iz-._,:;,_ H1ri; etc. The names of trees / I I ""
are mostly masculine c;-;r {~~LirJ, 3-i~6if but -~ -.·-·-. ..,J ( • "
l~i I ~i I 'JJ,tl,
The names of flowers .are masculine or feminine
as ~-(;fiG!-.-(.,( ,E1Jt~;, J··(l.rf-<r,·-dl4-~ etc. ~,;~-fl ,5'1rT >J't feminine depending on the phonetic ending.
Names of metals and chemical elements
are neuter in German.
Diminutives abstract nouns from adjectives,
collective concepts with Ge-, and collective
processes with Ge- are neuter in German.
The grammatical gender of a compound noun
is decided by the gender of the last
component:r. Kindergarten, das Worterbuch.
!be grapbalogical indication~ of genders are:
All nouns ending in -ich (Teppich), ig
(Konig), -ling (Scbmetterling), and -s
(Schnaps) are masculine.
Also foreign endings like: -ant (Aspirant)
-ar (Kommissionar), -ast (Kontrast), -eur
(Ingenieur), -ier(Bankier), -iker (Fanatiker)
-ikus (Musikus), -ismus (Realisimus), -ist
(Optimist) and -or (Motor) ·are all masculine
in German.
~ ·. .
188
Metals are neuter in Marathi and most or the
names of Chemicals are adopted as such in
Marathi and there is negligible translations
of scientific and technical literature in
Marathi, because English being the medium of
instruction in the universities.
The same rule applies in Maratbi as well. . .J....r:::r:- (::I ~.::.n:::_n__ -...( 1 a~ + 3r11qcr.:~r ·..== :-<'l=-tlc::;<' 1 Feminine because last
component is feminine. There is a high degree of
redundancy in Marathi. Once the subject is
selected, the adjective and verb form will also
indicate gender as well e.g. ~rr~tJrr.rr<--n~-1>,,, itr ~~ ·-c-tP r c~ ~ l c-18 . In Marathi, the nouns referring to animates are
natur~lly masculine or feminine in Grammar
depending on the natural gender of the person/
animal concerned. e. g. v, ,.·"' ~~ 6J.:, :n. ~"t f; cf~t- ~ ,....::_J:o . I I
f 0 ""- (\c•• <-vrv' ..&:-1 1 ~flsl, ~-"('\i .... l etc. but there are many
exceptions also. Wber0 gender difference is of
no consequence (because of its general, common
use) the nouns are mostly neuter e. g • .1-lfl~F~f, ~\- \ -~:.:,_ r __ .::,_
~-( t.S,jJ>"i ~~'lJ{ etc. but here also many exceptions
exist.
Nouns ending in -ei (Bticherei), -in
(Lehrerin), -heit (Einbeit), -keit
(Kleinigkeit), -scbaft (Freundscbaft)
and -ung (Achtung) are feminine endings
showing that the noun is feminine in
grammatical gender.
Nouns with the following foreign deri-
vations are feminine:
-a (Kamera), -ade (Ballade), -age (Garage)
-aille (Journaille), -aise or ase
(Marseillaise, Majonase), -ance (Renais
sance), -ane (Fontane), -anz (Arroganz)
-ellP. (Zitadelle), -enz (Audienz), -ette
(EtikPtte) -euse (Masseuse), -ie (Folie,
Kolonie), -(i)ere (Portiere), -ik(Musik),
-ille (Pupille), ive (Defensive), -ose
(Tuberkulose), -itis(Bronchitis), -se,sis
(Base, Basis), -ur (Natur) -ure(Broschure)
The offspring of human/animals are neutet e.g.
jf('S- q'( :.r '2,--rq ('~ - t:i(i ("-~-- /.\~ I f -J r.h cl I .,I-{ -.1 ~ 1 d\. 1 I f I I
{~;1~~ 4J~.:r ,~}c.~ c-rs+~-, ._, I 0..
The nouns ending in nasal sound are also neuter
A bs tract nouns ending in t{ u 1, and c1 1 .
0 '\~ ·- - - - :-.,. - -:". - ---- rt ~J are masculine e.g. ·r.-u~(J<n'rlr, ;; \ l -<_r.q 1
9 Lf!-) -~ - . ,.~,...,"" .
.. I d 'l !-,....... • ·,-'J""'7""T ·-::;r ~ T IJ AT .. ;,_; -.J 1:::.-::J ~ ,yl : ·:-? '.) \) ! .r . "'\ '-'-'--' -. c
r~ - , ._/ ·' • J : : ~--": i _., . - I ..,~ ~ - ...._;;· , A f' Abstract nouns formed with -5- d~ c-iT PI-<T ---:}_ r . r r
ending are feminine e. g •. ) P!Z' .s1-; / LTT .::I c~<1?~ / ~ ;;:;u_ t1T cr=z:~n ';I -E\ c'-r~-
/ .:.., .
Nouns ending in a)-=3-iT ~ifC( are masc. e.g. c?-t.:£'1~ s{ .>\:; ~~ J(-(~~ -, ..i\ ,~HcC, o'~~\3;
~
are neuter e.g.~ol;v 1 -~r,:svr, •<:f(( '[{o·{
1 (~ ..(t{•r\ c{-:)'U:
1
E.XCt-'p·h~·.··-' -d &l'i ~-<TC·I- Cl Yt' C 1c ·,-.-,l ''- ·, ""(' . · ·-
b) 1::[ ~T I
-ine(Mascbine) -ion (Nation), C) f are f~minine e. g. ..,. -~- cit--jf-- q·--·Trr--
-isse (Kulisse), :;, 1 1i 3-ntU'\ ·.g- IJ .:JS'_, :3 _, (J() (l,
(-~" ~n ~~ (icT. -ti, tat (Fakultat).
189 .
The following endings of nouns indicate
that they are neuter:
-chen, lein, le (Waldchen, Fraulein,
Mariele), -icbt (Dickicht), -tel
(Drittel) -tum (Eigentum but der
Reich tum)
190 ' ,.
g) '3-ITr are masculine e.g.
h) f? are feminine e.g. '-LI -~ ~n'Zt, .;fr(~( <Jfl~ I r~ ~~ c-(Tr~
i)J:f and c.tf are neuter e.g.
Cl) 1 ~~ c~ (~ ~ e-Ll J ·-/~ c;-i-ft
j) ~ are neuter e.g. +1 ?f I r!i:t;;;r M ?r q-,·-==1 ,~T~T fiF >r u; '? -·r~
k) •"" ~ 1
" ~ >i 'tJ=f>T ~T! 5r ~~ 7l co~J-.~Oh are feminine- e .'g. / '
·::-,.._ ,..., '-U '3 -rPT;;-~ ,ff~T'h ~-=n ~i-< 1 ~ t~.5' ~-· .
I /
l) ~H'l are masculine e.g.
m) River names in 311 ~
and ~ are "' . .:L----0..
f eminin e e • g. JIJTT, ~ ~ ·:-( 1 , MTLfl, t> 1 H ~~-! 1
~ Gt .:> i-.( .
Das Nomen
Sing.
1 • a 1 df'r Lehrer '
b) der Boden
2 .a) das Heft
b) der Satz
3.a)das Kind
b)das Wort
4.a)die Antwort
b) die Frage
Plural
die Lehrer
die Boden
die Hefte
die Batze
die Kinder
die Worter
Plural endungen.
Jl
-e
.!!. e
-er
ller
7riT
~ '<
t ·:r .....--j)
tr -~ ~
die Antworten -en --.\._,_ 011
die Fragen -n '<;+-,/ .1;
191·:
There are also regional, socio-cultural
variations in genders e.g. ~ can be
used both in fem. and neute~.
There are also meening changes according to
gender change e.g. der SeeM<~!~/'!~,~ die I> 0
f) -2, ~.\ Gelegenheit, _, "-
m .... ~ Kompo_s i tion, Zusammensetzung,
a- . ~ ~ ;-i\d,f -~
:r ~ ~-~' ~~str s:. ~-~ ~ ~ -~19\ ~ q-~ 4 , '
:;- . b- ? ()j 51--.,j .. . ( .) ( ,
~: t-i'lS 'q-~ h ~ I .... , , .... ':\ I ~l-6.;: -,-niT
:"\
~kZ ~1[1.
'?.,-i. -~ . 1 - 2 i~ ( • . 1 •. I I I , .'-',
··- .u.. --... iT J&f/ :
I I
The following fo~eign derivative
endings indicste that the noun is
neuter:
-ett(Ballett but der Kadett), -in
(Benzin, Nikotin), -(i)um, (Datum),
-ma(Plasma), -ment (Argument).
All the nouns are written capital in
German, irrespective ef their position
of occurence, which also serves as a
signal for the translator while
decoding.
The change in gender associates different
meaning e.g. das Gehalt, der Gehalt;
der See, die See.
The Article.
The articles, definite and indefinite,
have function to denote the gender, number
CP.Se and function of the noun they
accompany.
192
There is no distinction made as capital
or small letters in Mara thi a.s such there
is no question of writting a noun capital
or even the beginning of a new sentence
or line of poetry.
.Marathi:
The~ are no corresponding articles in
Marathi, however there is a device-to use
the demonstrative this, that i.ecfr-1 cfl.~ as de~inite articles and number one i.e.
qq; is used as indefinite article which
has the same anology in German i.e. it is
The definite article (declension)
mask. fem.
Singular
Nom der die
Gen. des-(e)s der
D,~t. dem der
Ace. den die
Indefinite Article
m. f.
Nom. ein eine
Gen. eines-~s einer
Dat. einem einer
Ace. einen eine
neut. Fl. for all Genders
Plural
das die
des-(e)s der
dem den
das die
n. Pl.
ein
einem
ein
There are nouns which form no plural,
some are used in plural form alone e.g.
e Welt, e. Aktien respectively,.
The nouns are declined in three
groups a) strong b) weak (e.g. der
Mensch) and c) mixed (e.g. der Bee.) 193
de roved flbm ' e j_ns ' i.e • one
There is no exact equivalent of kein in
Marathi, however the translation is
possible by using other possibilities
Er hat k eine Tochter: c2:fTCJf (c;[Cf1?[)~~cr-nF kein mensch tut so etwas.3-R=f ~~-~ o-nfr
This means the translation of kein
is not possible at word level, but at phrase
or sentence level.
Cases
m. f. n.
Nom. der Mann die Frau das Kind
Gen. des Mannes der Frau des Kindes
Dat. dem Mann der Frau dem Kind
Ace. den Mann die Frau das Kind
The nominative is exclusively used for
subjects and complements of verbs. The
Pl.
die Kinder
der Kinder
den Kind ern
die Kinder
genitive is used to show possession It is interesting to note thnt the subject
and dative for indirect objects refering
to persons and accusative for direct
objects referring to things, however,
there are some exveptions also e.g. sie
liebt den Mann (Direct object). In addition
to these basic functions of the cases, they
are employed after prepositions. The
function or the case is indicated by the
form of the article/adjectives etc. in
German and are prenuclear in position whereas
the caseendings are attached to nouns them-
selves and are postnuclear in Marathi.
in Maratbi sentences is in the nominative
case in present and future tense and their
forms, but it is in the ~~tinstru
mental ) in the past and past perfect
ffi \.17/ 1 R f€ ;(, J c~ 1.{51 ,-B-ft~ 31-q-.
Adjectivo.s
The adjPctives can occur in an expression
in thr~e fold manner in German. a) Pr~dicate
adjective: Der Student ist fleiBig. b)
attributive adjective: Der fleiBige student
arbeitet zehn Stunden pro Tag. c) adverb:
Der Student arbeitet fleiBig. There is no
difference between the predicate adjective
and adverb in German and as such important
for the translator. The adjectives are
declined in German i.e. they must agree in
number, gender and case. However the end
ings of attributive adjectives when used with
articles, or demonstrative pronouns, posses
sive pronouns etc. have no value for the
translator when Gerrran is the SL. However,
they are important whe.n German is the Target
langunge. Attributive adjectives used without
articles carry ease, number and gender indi
cators, and h~nce help in the translation
process in decoding a German text.
In German, comparative and superlative
forms er, (e)st can be added to the
adjectives and then declined if required
depending on their use. The a, o, u and
their dypthongs except au are modified.
The superlative is used in the form of
am besten, am langsten in predicate.
There are also exceptions like gut,
besser, am besten. The adjectives can be
used 8S such as nouns e.g. der Alte, die
Alte, der Dicke, das ~este.
Other syntactic possibilities of indicating
degrees:
The comparative and superlative endings of
Cl\ and c-n-r are used in Marathi. Besides
this the:re are other possibilities
~' ~ sf!:r-fr, ~- ~~iT Cl?J11 , ~~~ s-11<-ti' ~ s-fT.fH/ 3-t~""i- q,~~ or'+}·
In Marathi also this kind of noun formation
is possible e. g. tTI mct~T r-tST- J"~t-iil~ / M'r 4~7, I
"~=rc:Rrr -vrr.JT(?.;-r "3-n~ ~"'Tf~ r ~It. I
a) zu, allzu ·+ positiv .),._~-
Sie war allzu schon: c-fr '31-sti\~ tj"4.~· c 1 c-11.
b) comparative+original
c) ueber + adjektive
d) mehr als + positiv
e) So+positive+wie(als) m o glich:
Der ist kluger als klug: cTI-· ,S~tl>(ft:f ,~ '31W-iiberreif, ubereifrig, '3-1rHQ'*l, 31~-~an,~~6{~ ubervoll, iiberwacb: ~'IT~ 01, 3~~~r~.
Er ist mehr als durchtrieben: H~~;..:f\·2t~s-fR~1 cg-~T(~IlfU!l) 51~· So groB wie moglich! ~-c;;-r tr:r., ,Q T~ M' A-- t:r<;;~ t" -iT~
moglichst+positiv or its:moglichst groB: ~ !q:JT Rr ( ~q~ )_ 3"iT ... ~--fr.ctfi-M" Si"RIT c 3~) compound GroBtmoglich:
:moglichst bald~ wenn moglich
:wo moglich nacb 1toglich Kci t·
19G ~ct-~ Mcr4T ( ~ I~R"i ) C -Tc{%={" RTGt5\ 3-Ri-~ ~ ~or-Jf' ;T:n- c rn ~ \ ~Fc~R"
f) Immer + comparative : Immer enger ziehen sich die Lebenskreise(Th. Fontane) ~ 9~ ~-q- ~c=r ~c£1-.
positive + comparative:und ihr Hals wird lang und Uinger. fFi~· J..fG.i cii<i'f:er Jra-~L compa.rative+c.omparative: Sie 11urde scboner und s choner, je nahcr man vor ihr stand
(Wieland) g:p:r·~~ TH~ Ts1~- siT~ ~1-Hi!/iT tft· '3-=fpo~r.b-e.J -@ l{.( r~-.J.ltf .?rr~:
g) mebr und mebr + positive: Die Sache wird mehr und mehr bedenklich , , r=n~ 4T~ ?rn~ <t;n~q,- ern~ <01) cf!Fr ilc~T.
b) maBig or ziemlich + positive:
Er ist maBig groB, ziemlich reich: C'f)- Jl't2:f}f :5;-.£,-:ar ~ ~ , rl!- 67--~-it~~- .. ,~~~q-R e-:r '111T)-.
' \ ~ i i) double negation Es is t nicbt unmoglich: N ~lcf.i.f '3--iT ~ "3-f~-\. o-1T6 I~
ein 8 chwerverstandlicher Text ..[-TJ{5Jo2{\~ siT"~-fr of3-£-)-or .:rrq.
ein noch schv~rer verstandlicher Text '? ·r~~"""· _. :J"" .-.r:- .J.'I ur ;:rr u-.[-1 J.(si 02{1 :&1 :::<1 ""'\ - b '- I'"\ '-'D 6 ~ \
der am schwersten verstandliche Text .[JJ-r sl IS~ 1-,g -.Hc.J:\(J $11-;::~ / 3-r-RT4;n q ofJi1 v ,--- ST q ·.
Following division of Pronouns exists in German
· 1. Personal-pronomen ( ~~L'-1~1-v{Ch -.A~dn~ 1
2. Fossessiv.pronomen ( ..__L<.fiiR(ClC-f~Ch ~\.':;.::rr"R 1
( . c__ ,,_,S;'- --~ )
3. Demons tra ti v -pronomen q~ (l1-) "':--n<rt 1
(- ri.-: .4 t:j-- o.R~'I ~ ) 4. Relativ- pronomen '«c.., .__.,
5. Interrogativ ~ronomen ( .>-T~Lq:; ..!=f£ .. ~ I 6. Reflexi,._ pronomen ( 3--tl()=·fc:H~ch .JTclC;J-1~ 1
197
.-B~:r Q-Of. J.TI-
?tf. Of • 311~(" (!_·or. 3.f.Cf. ~DI
-z{.
t'5l I•
1. Das Personalpronomen. )1.g. (\,·of
;;f. Jft
R· ,~. CJ .or. o ·ti'. u. q-.
1 •. Ferson 2 Person ~ Person fi N
Sing. Nom. ich du er Sie es
Gen. meiner deiner seiner ihrer
Dat. mir dir ihm ibr ibm
Akk. mich dich ibn sie es
Pl. Nom. wir ihr sie
Gen. unser euer ihrer
Dat. uns euch ihnen
Akk. uns euch sie
cr. JfJ,Hl,·, Jrsrm -a. RMT', J-T:510T
q. Iffr~.., seiner "'
lSI. JTTW
)!f. '-.
3-T a-·T oh 51 . '?y-f\~-~~~-
<:1-· 3-rr~i\,31,:r~f3_lf ""l:-1-; 31 ~ '-1:1, '3-it"F~Tr-ol
ti-· '61 T fH£:-rf
Uf 3-tT>f-i7T
~- ~JT~irr
cr d, ~' ~-~~. 31WI,311 \_\,umS) I
I I [fiT; ~(.l;j vmt31K\VTITJ,f)
~6:_~( 3{fC{1.!~-t
tj~Ef-l{ g"Jlrr.J;
t~1-170
G[Ji-c:{T
rjJ~TF(
3-1\C{(d/
'"3-rf C\U 1\rf
o"":::f .•
3-tiTfur , u
?rlt'"C\\J~3-!IU:VYRili
~{Uut·l~~~ ~UTY~i
3-rlyi!JT
,, I I I I i
I
·I Note: 'du' form is used in G~rman for addressing The u.se of ft. is not identical with
all the members of the family, relatives,
friends, youn9People, grown-ups to children,
funeral oration, religious bodies (personel)
r r' 6:>rrq;r
~~·'-tf;· . ( . . ~0 10·''1 .....
)-.()"1 ("OT-
198
that of German in all the respects.
Seniors use this form of address to
juniors, husband to wife but not vice-
versa. Elderly persons are never
addressed by ~ in Marathi. God
is addressed by this singular form
very often.
'wir' is used sometimes to show majesticity
in singular and modesty in plural in G~rma-n,
and also can be used for single person.
The polite form 'Sie' can be used in singular
and plural as well in German.
In German there are many verbs Jich can be
used reflexively.
The possessive pronouns are derived from the
personal pronouns and are declined in all the
four cases.
199
'31rJfr is also sometimes used in highflown langu
age to denote social status of the speaker and
is also used like German usage.
Ho~.rever, in Marathi twq'polite forms viz.~Jir
(ihr) and "3-ti\J.-DT (Sie) are used to denote polite.
ness to the addresse~nd there is a difference
of degree in politeness, the former is less and
the latter is extremely polite.
In f'larathi also the reflexive can be used by
using forms like ~e-r: 1
"""3-(fl:\:vl etc. But its
use is not like German where it can also be
used as an alternative to passive construction.
So also possessive pronouns are derived from
their respective pronouns and have declension
in all the seven cases. The declension of
possessive pronoun will be as follows in
:Marathi:
The declension of possessive pronoun is as
under: m f n r1.
N mein Freund meine Schwester mein Buch meine Bucher
G meines Freundes meiner Schwester m:: ines Buches meiner Bucher
D meinem Freund meiner Scbwester meinem Buch meinen Buchern
A meinen Freund meine Schwester mein Buch meine Bucher
1. Nominative _5i'Z..frr\-
2. Accusative fc;~-B~ ~,-
Instrumental cJc{\~\
4. Dative ~~f3{f
5. Ablative q~
rn-~ ~cc.i~l.{~ ~T?~2..iT
.~.j:.'l~~ Jil'{--lff
5C13l.{\ ~ <11
6. Genitive ~ 'ffr-
J11 ~~ ~JTiTI/ FfR:.){j .~-~ H ~~~I <~ \. ~-~_:-'--zf'l 1 -4 · -ztl, -a- f~~ \~l,"t... :j t0 I""{\ ,
·7. Locative -.T-Tctfm
8. Vocative
~~~~- J1T.P~~~fn H~F-,· &1\.~l l]:c~ "'.l.t 1 r1 ,~ :J:fl'Cf. ~c.fl ff
200
m~~{-i
~-;J~.-f)-
J1l~~·iJ --.. Ll..'---.::~ C-:\1"1)
.).{1~-:.ul
tt.;J\~oi ffi{.--4\ ~c-:f\~1
r"'TE.~\
:n/f~(_~
XIS:.~-• !"
<Jl;;;;!(li'fl'
,Hf~.ii\
':Ji?~ ~
~>1{1~"1
h~ ~
~~~~\
cr:::rn.~r
:f'77~
mein Betrieb may mean either it is my own
or I work in it.
.The demonstrative pronouns are (only masc.
forms are given here): der, dieser, jener,
derjenige, selbst, selber, der-selbe, solcber
der, diP., das are used as relative pronouns
in clauses.
There are two catee:orir-:ations of adjectives in
Gerrr.an viz. an attributive adjective and
predicate adjective. The former accompanies
the noun either as pre-nuclear or post-nuclear
specification lbf noun andthe latter comes only
201
But in l'larathi.' the sing. plural
dichotomy would bring _out the
difference: JTr41- q~~:Z\-/ J-fl~T chio.(;;ro{lcT(1
i.e. I am the{owner whereas·~ rw'bi- ~~~-:?...~lf
'31\H'?:.t!. cf)R.r-cft;n"would suggest, place where
I only work. This ho~1ever is not always
true e.g. mein Zug=RT~-~3fT~-h} 31Pc.:~-n~l
or simply .}1'~~- because we know the
raih.ray is a national organisation but
this only means that the train by which
I am travelling/going to travel.
The Marathi demonstrative pronouns are t-:-n, ~~,AI ,sll, <><':C-ii:T: .~~,, -Ft~~·, ~r (~C{"""chi!
- c.l G
In Uaratbi their equivalents are -<1~-'tfciTC:f%:
sft r _.A:'; -, -~ ( ~~ ?lf:, ~~~)
The similar categorization of adjectives
is observed in Marathi. The attributive
adjectives are ·inflected and the predicate
adjectives are not except they also
indicate the gender of the noun they
after the verb and therefore remains uninflected.
In addition to this it is worth noting that an
adjective can modify an adverb or another adjective
also. TherP- is no apparent diffsrence between
adjective and ad\,:erb in German. There exists
an alternAtive to genitive specification. By
employing a preposition 'von' in GP.rman as in:
der Ankauf von Kleidern
The genetive possessive equivalent to an
adjective can also be realized by using
prepositions e.e;. Die f'Iuseen in t1Unchen; die
BrDcken uber den Rhejn, die Keller im Hause
etc. D~eree: das Buch der Bucher, das Fest
der Feste.
Noun attribute with prepositions e.g. meine
Freude, uber den Sieg; mein Beitrag zur
Unterhaltung;
Die Luftangriffe auf Kassel waren besonders
schwer.
202
quali~y. It is further observed
that there is no post-nuclear
specification by adjectives in Marathi,
even the genetive specification is
placed before the noun e.g. Dies ist
dep Hut meines vaters tfm~i ~r?c~i,~ ~c:- ( ~ fl ) '3-\1~ .
Bo\-Iever, there isfno alternate syntactic
method to avoid genetive construction
and 'von' will be translated by pure
genetive case alone. All adjectives
are uninflected except those ending
in 3T\ e. g. 3-f-Hr. ~t1-c;fJI·, c-1~1 ~ fficr2f_;r: s~Y, TrlMil, a;.,qf, f~~c-~c:t:JT. There is possibility of using
prepositions to bring about the effect
of genitive e. g. 0~rrf!M ffc.jO~ ~c~;~r"cfrc~ C\~r1-1~ 1 c:;~, -Ffrr~· gy.;-, ~~T~\-. etc. resp. also degree: ~-mct?·, r:ttG:r ---tT::>u~ · 3~:(=(q;, -fDJTrmr~r .;rrt)j
Nominal attribute with prepositions e.g.
fq:~m6f~CJ;-q 1 J-·il~~~3--fla=f~, ~~=n~i5f!Ff';o;- m@ ~j~ ~~·Tr4R:r ~aT~>~)- rb1~\t<;fn: if(cjf·itir.
Re l-9. ti vpronomen
Nom. der die ·das
Gen. des sen der~n des sen
Dat. dem der dem
Ace. den die das
Fragepronomen
Nom. wer? was?
Gen. wessen?
Dat. wem?
Ace. wen? was?
die
deren.
denen s.!f~T -~cJT I
die
:?03
0
'{T.
rq. .fi·
srrr<t;;:-r ()
"Cj". lSi. s-4htl'' -R . sY.f' t=r
~~~~~~-"'~-
q. ,sl{i~,~
.s,. ,5"2{,1-'d I'
Q~'rii -c-t "'I c:f)l0T
'i)TuiT ~ru11.~\\ ( ~-~ 1 ' ~un:R' ~ 011 r6T
I
~ ~(Jn.T:n
~oT\t{ --...
-2,.:r;\ 4~ict <:..\ jl .>r. . e>i~l \Jr c-2· ~~.~·cr'i!DTl~l
~ • I
0S i D'J R.:.f1
cii1 u1T(6T
cf)ftYJT~(
~I OllT:(l'
~itffitf
Relative Pronouns -<-nTr.
',...-.. ..ffi, '
~~. &tw,m-m-. C" A1 ::.f=r r-f-1 cd_T.
I
sfl~ .. :~r r~·.:r{ ~-
('· if\~(-
_s· .. '?.jf
c~rT~11-R~1-(-. '
~._~T e;:F' t\,ClrtilTI
. ~Ti
i1-~1~~f«~~fl~~T,5lJt-tb"J.
Interrogative Fronouns.
~PT
cf~rB--: ~~~~rt (,ct:J!.MJ:TI)
4:>~ I l-et c:1;'~11<d I , r
c>l->1~ ll6,..."'
. ch!z 11 'C.{ T e>hcDrn
d)0:f
""hA.. I I ~T, dj 4: 11kF1 . . o~TR-f, cf:J~iT~-,,vfJ~Tt~l
,~-.c_,_~ 116,:.-T
c{:}~ 1 tul ch'411C4'
Demonstrstivpronomen
Nom. dieser Mann
Gen,. dieses Mannes
Dat. dies em I1ann
Ace. dies en I1ann
-a. ~ kCf ~:I! i ("'- ~'!lc::-rc;;, f I '
.ll.\~1, ·='TH-\ I ,~-ir::jT
~ ' (~lil E.:•·r, ~-f«~ ,f I .lDt,-1"
w. AI~ I, xt··f"<-{T
.f-A, • ~dl-c:r ; ..rr; -rr Reflexivpronomen
diese Frau
dieser Frau
dieser Frau
diese Frau
"(_t>",jf.
tT ~'ii 1 ) ~ (:\ I ~ fi: '>! (:\;i"
~~~, ~-'CIT, ~}1 c~T I ("
/r.R, (_?i::J,T, ~~~r;:J;-~-r . . ~rr~T,~1c4Y ~ft €:~ ,f€ r,-1 I ~Jr<!_~ I~r, s_ <i, ~r, 4~ ~""«"~ .. Q =t::tl" I ~~~ t!Jn- -f:·-c: , ~(-/
dieses
dieses
dies em
dieses
Kind diese Kinder
Kindes dies•3r Kinder
Kind dies en Kindern
Kind diese Xinder.
Demonstrative Ironouns "-._~· ~-
~. "3--{.;fi:'h~~<::;=t
4hfr
0
(JT~,-
ft o:n 4,!-:..R J-ttJ:1~\ 6-ir.ffi·
I
.z\ t .fi , ..!:i:T~fy 0')' f.C~ ·, 't:f L\. ~ ~ ~ r, · cr. -c:r '· ~T&.z;;nr -;.;-. c.f.
. '-
~~[\~-( '-\l"i:rl(" .L(ffml ,(2;j;1J I - I ' I....__ I
.Lj~ 8 I ..!:Ti(..t, ,-·, .1!i ~i:;f ,4.f<11T
\._.-
_>{1-{ToT. Sf:i7TV1-
. . . ..t{l£1
1 ~~1-;T~ri, ~-ls\l.._•--f, !:1\,.:._-;f
. . P-1-r.:c::u·, -<=f1~r
,:iZ:fi-c:=~ , .r/, c1 Reflexive Fronoun
"- "· Nom. ich du (er,es,sie) wir ihr Sie sie
Q0>cf --c.-~..--T c;:r '?,.--f;r'F4--iZ:.r-.::< ;;:r --H1 ~.rei:..::":\
311 • .Z---oi r--< : Dat. mir dir sich uns euch sich
Ace. mich dich sich uns euch sich
204
rJ. ...s~ M";, -<--ir-r: 41~-~J. ~J n-; <--I , -<--c:rn: ~-
0 -q. .)=c{ ,. t: <f..--;...r·· ..,
./-cf'Ff: :.~ 1
._f"{.
In German 'wer' and 'was' are generalizing
relative pronouns e.g. '...Jer wagt, gel-vinnt. Was
du sagst, stimmt nicht.
The quantifiers (i.e. quantifying pronouns) are
all, jeder, jedermann, jedweder, jeglicber,
samtlicher, kein, nichts, niemand, ander, beide,
einer, einige, etliche, etwas.
205
c~rur a- cfJIL! are the e qui val en ts in die tionary
meaning but cannot perform the functions
<:-1s their counterparts in German e. g. ~-rl'!..til@f Cf)~~ AI m~rir; c=[ §r c~p;~;~, i1 ~T.J:r~· ~. \olhile framing questions the similar dis-
tinction is made in both the lansuages e.g.
Her = ~1 or refering to
persons and things respectively.
In Marathi they are:
'- " ' ~q, .STc=rt-'11-, .JTc-T!.:or~.s1ur We will have to
select depending on their use. der andere=
' ..( ( e in paar= .5ilsl' ~{l; ,-'
etliche= o~,--";i*i·
jemand= .q:;1o1r • d \ ri. ~ • '· ,..... n n1eman = cr,·ilTI1'"1 1~ 1 kel.n= cif?HY/To-n~J man= JT;-J~-{·
~
Hi?X<><'_-{,.'?·{\Ulif mancher= ~ <>iT ~T I &f~-'-it-.:( c.m~r)
mehrere= d'f-:c . .r, ~cr nichts=0~·c) o-tl~i------ _ _ .Cr~J~T<.f.crt-.Ri.;)! _ '~-- -, ,
c{)-<llc1,cb~flct-< . samtll.ch=-<4.>t~ .__,,\~ii<'l.fi.;T I
viel= ~lf, :J~a; wenig= ~:~JctJ--Ri-welches= ('
ci)1{!f.
An adverb can describe the action of the
sentence in detail or it can also qualify
an attributive adjective a noun or an
adjP.ctive e.g. das Bucb dort, ein besonders
schones Buch, Dein Bruder kommt sehr oft.
a) adver.bs of place are gPnerally enquired
about by wo? wohin? woher? But the
answer to the last two is combined with
bin or her.
b) Adverb of time in German are answer to
',.!ann? 'vlie lange? (seit wann) Bis wann?
wie oft?
c) Adverb of Modality
i) Manner and quality: question by 'how
does it happen? e.g. gern, kopfuber,
umsonst etc. 206.
An adverb i.e. f~~l ~~fe'il OT has functions
as detailed in its German counter-part but
it will often come as pre-nuclear specifi-
cation. e. g. . ~ ~~~r~-$-kt~, f!.~ r~]-GJ··rxc:n~- i.f~-r <-'if-li-1'1 ,
0 ' ' ~~~( J-n3:., on .rar~ -1TH"r·.
In :t1arathi the first two can be translated ~ \ by only one and the last one by Ci116 ";r 4Jg:;('
However, there is no practive of adding
equivalent of bin and her to the adverbs of
place in Marathi i.e. the direction of
action hns no relevance in Marathi construe-
tions.
The adverb of time in Marathi can be an
ansv;er to questions with
c:k;~ ~· ~ r~c:R- ,}06· ~ o~a~rcn=?--1..-J 9 ~-;.:./( LP-l._ri_ ? I c>._ '
r[~· ci) '?T :
' ·' ~' These r11.ay be translated as "'-3--t!Cffi''-'-r (-<-'!~~~-)
--<.C1Tc~-1 ,?r~~ of.< . . i:cTXf, q-.;cf!cT Cl~\-.r- ' ~ 4cl.!.~•vr, ~<f<!)fi..J~if.ri, -~-Rob o,~)
ii) Number, measure, quantity: etwas, mehr
genug etc.
iii) Degree, intensity: so, gar, sehr, zu etc.
'207
Their equivalents would be
'h#!(dl),S(T{i,->fmr/ p ~{-
They ,,rill be represented by
~~~ 3-f:5t/i'~ I ~I ~ qsrt.
Adverbs
Adverbs have function of indicating the
place, time, manner, number of action,
about; vrhich they give more information.
'rhes e i-Iords are uninflected like conjunctions
but in Jliarathi they may take case endings
and in German they can follow prepositions
e.g. von dort =~ in der Nacht
~~~.They can also I
qualify as adjective
e.g. sehr weis, sehr schnell, wenig leise=
~ ~~~lOIJ, 3-ffrr s1r~~~, $1"<r ~ opr.}--The adverbs in Marathi can be divided into
two classes depending on their form and
meaninG• The adverbs recognizable from th~ir
form can be divided into three subclasses
viz. original, derived and local adverbs i8e. ,.o,._ <' " ~ I -<-1 t4 .(-fiT'UC:f 3-frfUT" ~I\~ '"h
( . .
Rf~ !~(original) e.fS. ~ leise, . 00..
c.~4i'{·. schnell, friib, g;f: wieder etc.
@~(fl~.fot. (derived) are:
208
a) from Nouns! ,A4\\obc~J fur Morgen, ol"fl4fi~l-:.
Fersonlich~aturlich etc.
b) from Pronouns: ~~ irgendwie,~~
darum., etc.
c) from adjectives: {4~14~ besonders ,~~~
laut, 5ct51lti~ stillscbweigend etc.
d) from verbs: ""Z.-IIc.3r1lcr1l .$11Cii-1T wabrend des I
Ge.hens ,~~~liegend, etc. '
e) from conjunctions: 3-1lc1f4ic1, bisjetzt,~.(rf wovon, .(ct lc~ -1 von unten etc.
6'.
f) from compounds: .>rf-r ~--0;- jede Minute,~
taglich JIH~'h liebevoll etc.
g) ..)...UT]:i~ ~(special) a) cfr-q,-nr .HIT-fi-~~ ~ q;7f c4\ 4:5TS q 1--z..{ rt"-1 ?
Here ~ and c:prs nouns are used as
adverbs and have no parallel use in German.
209
b) from adjectives:~ _,rfir,- gut singen,
~ 4; t~J, siiB sprechen etc.
c) from present participles:
~ ~~M ~~. Sie spricbt lachelnd,
r~~~·r J:{'(;f4,{.,.1 Q""IT. versuchen Sie von
neuem! (nocbmals)
d) from prepositions:
c~ ~r1 c{~ ~ Er bob seine Hand hoch.
The Adverbs can be formed in l'-1ara tbi in the
follotving manner. Their equivalents are given
in German \fhicb itself explains the position
and the appropriate word-building strategy in
German:
Wissenschaftlich geseben, angesichts der
Geschichte, in Anbetracht von, im Hinblick auf,
mit Rucksicht auf ::."\
gemaB, nach gebrauch, wissenschaftlich etc • .[!~,: (~14)~ ~I ~ II:P~ i( Clfi. I
Voll: liebevoll, gesetzmaBig etc.
absichtlich
~~ AI!'Hs:4'~·
'j'l~ ~~: ~ -<
den Umstanden gemaB. O(kllr!. · ,.)OI'ff,(c:ll~llr[
gemaB, zufolge, nach, laut: nach Lage der ~·~(lo{ ·. ,...q~-?llj-Hio{ 1 o6tc11j~l'<
Dinge, mit Zeit,
qualitotsgemaB, ahnlicb, nach etc. ~ :
zufolr,e der Umstande. 3 41"11 ·
Von persanlichen Zugen rl-;
einmal ~
vielleicht, Doppel-e. Zweitracht, der Reihe ~
nach, reihenweise, wortlich,zusammen, ~;
irgendwo ~
Sonst, ·~
wie zuvor ~
gar nicht ~ ,...__
vielleicbt, einwenig, selten. \~c1
lacbelnd, unwissentlich, im Gehen, ff,cil
im Rommen, beim Tun, beim Sprecben. c-rr;IT ·
im Stehen, s tebend, s i tzend, indem er saB etc. ( .. .J.ilf-2(1.'
v;rendend, nach wenden, von hint-en, aus Ferne. ~ : j
210
. \
...4 :tj.,) 19 \ 1..-\ IT1
.,l-q <" 4 c1·:
l!..~{r
6\Jsqr, ~
7bJ.t~l: I ~c4 ~\!
~ <>i-'l~r, 3-1;:J:l ?i
3-1""4 2:\ j'
~, ~cf4r( . ,...., --
4~d)'""',)..t,.:,..l.,-?--; onls , R r ~
on41i"Q~, ~~~ i"i_, cf4 ,:z.d_ · - . t .Rrl, <rfcf?o(;; t·f , siTCiT
~ '\ . ......_~ ~-t"fl 4)'<_ tOft rf j t:Yj I C·H-1\ C"\ \ , '
3 6 1....U i 6f..C-f c~~n I
,4; i"' '1 cRt o5.J. rf- 4 ::{"'rf I f "'-.
von heute an, Rb heute, von " f aU ang an.
bis dahin, bis bier,
bis Morgen, wieweit
a1s daB
einerseits ••••••• andererseits.
~..Jenn •••• - r • daiin
in a1ten Ze1' ....... · h 'J'='n, rlngs erum,
hierher, jenseits.
Vor der Seite, von jenseits der
bis bier, jetz, so 1;:Jnfe
irgendwie
einmal, vie1ma1
einmal, zweimal
I" l1W' . :,..nff . s~\ ~ •. cG{\ ~<:itT i ~ .ff}(\q(11
4; 4ff' : .fd,4cJJ"t). c{;Sr( ~. r';l&q_;r, ~~
"'I (
cr.< ~GK" s1~ot-:( I
~4:.~"'"1 t!._<>'h ~ 1", 3 ~" ~ I
ein bischen, vor kurzem.ein we · ~ ~ " nl.g. &,<11, o(-1
Schne 11, plO' tz1ich, auf einmal
F1otz1ich, auf einmal
oben, unten
heute
3fT ~
ohT 4;;f , I
)~~Tl
211
'3-{IS1 c~ I
bis jetzt
• p ~ ~- • t J u8 ; lllU ,e, jeden •rag, tiislicb
z·11eifellos
bis Tod, sterbenlan~,
Tap; u. Nacht,
stadt zu Stadt.
zu Haus.
taglich
von
von Haus
jeden Tag, jede Zeit
einwandfrei, obne f'ebler,
unentdeckbar, unbedenklich,
unverzuglicb, bedenkenlos,
abwesend
gesetzmaBig, nach
einfacb, scblicht, flach, eben,
glatt etc.
)k
61o[
~ ~~
212
Q~lrfl
• ,_.q"~"1f\ I >1 k1 ~
. " r(t?l 14C(.g
. ~ "~i,.) TiC(
(. i""·kx)
(.ih~i){)
~I{ 4~.(,S1 ~ r--!nl n , R"t:f31
~~~{ctrt' 1~-1 iJ..~
• ~}jl(l);q ~..fl"h ~ I
~~~ . ~-<sj'R ~
I~ :rct I ,:;"ff
iv) Modality of expression: vielleicht,
moslicherwise, wohl etc.
d) Adverb of reason: v.jgrum? 'l'ieshalb?
Wozu? Wodurcb? Woriiber? etc.
D "').. '>, In Marathi we prefer oh\41)1;('!_ , ~~~ f1,, <Pf,Sr1"J; etc.
In Marathi questions with.:if!~JR1tD ?Dfi4JJ!P141~/II{-(? etc. will sive adverb of reason. The word
formation in such cases appears to be identical
in German-Marathi.
The adverbs can have comparative and superlative In Marathi also the degree of adverbs can be
forms on the analogy of adjectives e.g.
oft-ofter-am oftesten or can be enhanced
or reduced in intensity by using other
words like sehr, wenig etc.
Ich komme spatestens um 8 Uhr. Meistens
~eh~n wir um 10 Uhr zu Bett.
Prepositions: The function of a preposition
is to indicate relation between a noun or
pronoun and some other word. The most of
the German prepositions precede the noun
or pronoun they govern or some prepositions
like entlang, gegenliber, nach etc .. fol·lo\-r
a noun.
213
indicated by suffixing tiT and r:fJi to
the adverbs or can be strengthened or weakened
by usinc; etc.
m- ,-~fRirt 34lT-{\ '3{)6 oll>tt1l a-Rt. a:~~t{j s-tnfr {F 4\Jinl ~~cTr.
The function of prepositions
in Maratbi is the same BVMkRX as assigned to them
in German, hm'lever since there are more number of
cases in Marathi, most of them have to be ren
dered by appropriate cases. The prepositions
come in a sentence only in the post-nuclear
positions/suffixes.
Das Bucb liegt auf dem Schrank, in
dem Schrank, unt~r dem Schrank.
durcb die Stadt laufen - preposition .;}le"l/;{ rf ~Tcr&t. the preposition bas changed into
die Stadt durcblaufen -prefix of a verb. RTl{" ~ tC.IlcJU'J. case ending here and comes after
A preposition establishes a relation
between a person or a thing and a
circumstance, then it follows an adverb
or adjective. e.g.
Er geht nach oben, Das reicht bis morgen.
The prepositions are used in German to
express time, place, modality and causal
relationships.,
214
the noun.
the meaning bas .entirely changed
and hence translated by adj./
adv. and a verb.
The same is the case in Marathi, however, cases
will also come to help. - I ("\ .:r-<rr \.....2L e.g. au.f etvms achten .. ch.t?Ji4j5 e-Ric"""' .sqo1. . -
bestehen auf ct;"!<?l\-c.tl c-1-:fr '3-11-;.li -<::..{o{J, · etc.
There is a firm bond between certain
verbs and certain prepositions which then
form a single segment and a translator
has to find equivalent of the entire seg-
ment.
German prepositions govern genetive, dative,
accusative and dative or accu-ative cases.
Er geht in das Zimmer.
Er arbeitet in dem Zimmer.
215
In the first expression German Accusative has
not changed in Marathi, however the accusative
in the second·expression has changed to genitive
in Marathi. Such changes are integral part in
the translation process due to different
segmentation.
This aspect of cases of prepositions ia irrele
vant in translation from German into Marathi as
it has a limited role only in decoding the SL
text i.e. recognition of cases is most necessary,
whether it is dative or accusative bas no much
t "b t• . t 1 . " ~ " ~ con r1 u 1on 1n rans at1on. (1T~1d1C1 ~lrtt. and
c-t-~41cMC1 ~~~1 o~o-i11-t~-r!)I'his is so because
Marathi does not make a distinction between action
and no-action indicated by the verb. However, if
we have to translate from Marathi into German,
the above irrelevancies become very much relevant
without "~Hhich no correct translation can be
exeuuted.
In German it is possible to strengthen
the preposition by adverbs. e.g. eben
3Uf dem Berg, rin~s um die Stadt, quer
durch d:Js Feld. ·
Following the nouns: auf dem Berg, eben
aus dem Loch beraus, durch das Hohr
hindurch, von Kind an. etc.
Such grammatical devices to strengthen the
prepositions are rare in Mara thi: 2an:slct~ ~TRT-'
~but ~rtlfl1 (_~.>t011C{1) olR:i:SJ fn~ Following the nouns: « ~ }f'T~(«nh-),
1 I
~C"j\ .. ( 31'RQI"'{ I rJel<r~"{OIPH'Jj.,.{ cf~t:r.
Two prepositions: mit vor Zorn funkelnden
Augen.
!'. \ • (\
..(_I_S_II_,_rt_,_, ~~~011/:::Ji J5'Ja;lll£ibut this would not be Marathi
Conjunctions: Their function is to join
parts or sentences. Two main divisions:
eingliedrig: und, auch, denn, als etc.
mehrgliedrig: wowobl-als aucb, entweder -oder,
nicht nur-sondern auch.
Kinds of conjunctions
a) corulative: und, auch, wie, sowie,
auBerdem, etc.
21f)
' ~ ·'J., expression at all, hence .[PT 3-i\4>0tJ:::J:{I ..5)'oo41eo-t,,
.(1, ;~ c! ~~ CWl4; ... [r , ~ The conjunctiom in Maratbi also have the same
function of binding together words or sentences.
one v1ord conjunctions:~' ~Nt ~(q,"T.[VT) ¥ Clft-t". I .
many vro.t ... d conjunctions: ~ 3.1-n:?r- ~cit/ ~ ~qT Ff, {!52-c.f o-i* M-=f 1
(=r ~' ( ~cfu:\)
b) disjunctive: oder, entweder-oder, sonst,
andernfalls.
b) ~. t- fcbc(, A'-,~~, j'A~' (tr~1"1tt~rt) ... err, 3i~q1, 31~ ei}"(crr7)
. I
c) adversative: aber, allein, .iedoch, nur c) crcrr, {~), ~ 1~;:;,{\, « (tRT) 0(~.(-etc.
d) rlace: bier, da etc. frot:J.
e) time: glsicbzeitig, wahrend, indem etc.
i) Simultaneous: wabrcnd, indem, solange etc.
ii) V orz<:>itigkeit: nStchdem, als, wenn, sobald~tc.'li)"3-fi-ro{;c~l~d'Z, c1<5_.rlri-t, ~*'~···(~*'. iii) Nactzeitl·p·,k"'.;t·. b.;s bevor eb"' etc ,.,(r.:~c~) ~~ -'..L .... ' ' l~ • '-11~.
Ill) t.6fc:r, -· .. 3-f~ F) Modality:
i) ·er trat zurGck, indem er erbl8Bte.
i:i) compar·a~l···e·. so w1'n · 1 1 ~_, v - - " , ·,.; 1 e , a ~> , :,: s o ,
I) c.~~~~~~ ~'t:r 31~4"PrtRIT~.;t;q?(f~. ~b~nso ,ii) :it1'1,1- rrlC14Jf,.s17-f' ¢~. ctSt-:t
f,enauso: ili) proportionGl: urnso, d~sto
iv) restrictive: (in) sofern, (in)soweit
geschweige (denn)
obne daB sie es merkte
v) degree: ja, geradezu v) ~ trfC} lfT 217 ,
~) Cnusal: denn, namlich, ja, doch
i) consecutive: folglich, infolgedessen,
daber, daB, so daB.
. j i) purpose etc.: dazu, darum ••
Interjections are used to express sentim.•?.nts
etc. and therefore are important but not
very essential to study and compare in detail.
Word building: Methods used.
composition: das wilde Scbwein- das Wildscbwein
t-1utterspracbe, Kalbfleisch, Jung
geselle,Kuhmilch, Milcbkuh/
a) determinative composition: The basic word
and determining word ce.n refer to adjective
.~ r \ " _: ·~ g)~~' ?U/Sf (~) 1 ~if-ll-i&/f2/~1 'hf 1 cf>r"hl
i)~, 3-fr{(!Cf, .J41~cf, ~t~rll, ~~~ cl.fW, M"Mtrl .::1;;1:(· ·
oh9- ~· . ii) (~1<:-1 1 fi I ~I~~ ~l~offq I .1V4;t~rl/, of;Rl!Tefi-,
~-67·~-:r- . 0ubo:rclinate Conjut\Qti~
.s-R"- ri-< I SRT- lf·<.l I ~fJTiT- rf~
sf~~, ..(1~~~~
.H I f2 >1t ~II, ofR1'21~ J.i-1-:R ,
Jtlf:J" ftr, ~~ ~rDt.
(Co nc1i tio n:-:11)
e.g. Edelmann, Vaterbaus, Dornbusch, Seebad, ~~~I'{ cf~i_i) tiT (k-rh- Jr 41'2'.[1 ~14, -H~-Julihitue, liebeskrank, Freudentrane. ief;...,l ... ~leilftllf ~d'f{~Jc!~, ~~u( 3rJlt!61~ ,!{~~~ Handtuch, Regenscbirm, handgemal t, (.{'7JIT~1, ~, ~,}:f!C).I, ~?I~, t:.~ .fsn~'i:r, himmelblau, Hundekalte etc.
The determinative word can refer to an
object or other part of speech: ruhmvoll,
gottergleich, Kriegsgefangen, schwimmSahig.
2) Possessive compositions: only one quality
of the person or thing is projected and
magnified also figuratively. They do not
refer to actual words used but to ::.ometbing
bP.yond them e. g. Dickkop~ S chafskopf,
Lowenzahn=dandelion 0Bot.), Faultier,
Spottvogel, eine Schlafmutze etc.
We do not find the same kind of composition
while finding the equivalents of the words to
the lect in Marathi
While translating compositions like langbein, They could be translated in Maratbi asc-3~<S~iflt, \J._ ~ :illiBitt ( I (
scbwarzkopf, Hotarmel, a translator will ' \vhen hey denote surnames or peculiar
have to be innovative: The adjectives turned qualities of persons or animals; fortunately
into nouns are barfuB, barhaupt, today such
possessive composita are formed by -ig.
and -er e.g. blauaugig, Doppeldecker etc.
219
these t..rords have equivalents in 31"1ctluTf and
~~resp. but the semantic associations will
be different, however by using them very often
their semantic field can be broadened which
'>~ill result in enriching the TL i.e. Marathi.
The corresponding possessive composita·with -ig
and er l'lill be ,;t-~ ~~,;., or jl1J1c'?t (41?).~
~~.
In Marathi also additions of words are fashion
able e.c.4li~I:AI,..Il, 1~5fH?irf/ mft~ '31~4~s~ 06101 ui a.ff ~ " ~
(but not used extensively)~~ t!._~Ol"Rr "'"'~ ·
3) The copulative composita: i.e. additions
e.g. Strichrunkt, Hemdhose i.e. both;
taubstumm, SchwarzweiB, dreizehn, neun
zehn etc. Gottmensch, Koniginmutter "{ct~I!U'8, ~Jc17(two different qualities use together
. 4) eclipsed composita are those whose origins
cannot easily be traced. e.g. Beispiel,
The translations woulctbe 341~~bf, ~ probably
not traceable to the basic word in Marathi.
Mitgift
In compositions like Sonnenstrahl etc. In f1a:ra thi either genitive is pre~ferred or
infix is required. words are formed without any infix. e.g.
The nouns are formed in German from verbs by
adding suffixes like-e, -ung, -nis,-ei (-erei),
el, -er, -ling, -sal, and -sel: in addition
to these foreign suffixes are also added e.g.
-ion, -ur, -age
The abstract nouns are derived from adj. or nouns
by adding suffixes like -e, nis, -ei (-erei),
-ling, -beit, -keit, -igkeit, -schaft, -tum;
foreign suffixes like -tat, -ismus, -asmus, -enz,
-al (ien) -ie. ···220
~
Tbe suffixes -er, -ler, -ner,-an~inc show
the agent profession of a person.
Diminutives ar~ form~d by -chen, -lein.
The adjectives can be derived from nouns,
verbs, adjectives and adverbs by adding the
following suffixes: -en(seiden), -ern
(halzern), -ig (haarig), -isch (kindisch),
-lich(koniglich), -sam (E' riedsam), -bar
(lieferbar), -haft (vorteilbaft), -haftig
(wabrhaftig) and foreign suffixes like:
praktikabel, nation~ hum~, kulturell etc.
VERB
Verbs can be derived from other verbs, noums,
pronouns, adjectives in G9rman. For this
purpose various prPfixes and s.uffixes are
employed. The verbs can be weak, strong
or mixed.
The adjectives have been translated by
equivalent adjectives in Maratbi. They are
respectively: ~niT, c~, ot~HC&, 41:t"h2: ,-.!IJII-QCi,
Q~ ~- 4,1 .ll~4rl~. (llAiq~) ,~-ci~'"!Gl{, ~..,: (' . ~ ~ Jic:tEilf, -<~~~~ • .Ht:tq,, .c-1'¥rcn c(.:>•-<.
VERB
Marathi verbs can also be formed from nouns,
adjectives, however it is our general observation
that mostly nominal constructions are used with
the basic verbs like:~, [itrr,~ J·iT{m-4tt-.
The stock of the basic pure verbs appears to
be limi tr_:;d in I'Iara thi and therefore by making
noun + basic verb construction, the same can be
2 21 E:nrichr;cl/ en.h'3.nced e.~· arbei ten= ~~
The followinG_suffixesfrom verbs Form no~ns,
3djectives ~.g. -eln (bettelnl, -ern (wiehern),
-i~en(reini~en), -sen (grinsen), -schen (feilschen),
-c~en (horchen), -zen (blitzen), -enzen (faulenzen),
-stern (f lustern), -ieren (addieren), -isieren
(pul ver.is ieren)
The verbal prefixed are be-, er-, ent-, ver,
zer-, which form many verbs and arF· still in
the open group and ~e- and miB- are two
prefixed which belong to the closed group and
tbere~ore do not generate new verbs any more
in German. The prefix be- appended to a verb
makes the new verb which will be transitive
i.e. it would not require any more prepositional
object e.g. an.tworten auf - beantworten. This
only a syntactic arrangement an~as no direct
bearinr- on the meaninf of the construction.
........ but no verb like ci)}SitJI in Maratbi,
betteln = ~ ~ wiehern =.iii-~.
reini:ggen= ~ ~~ grinsen=G·Ic11C1~1,
feilschen= ~14'<-1 ~ horchen= .,.,-;;r & ~ bli tzen= c:fu=r -eC>ic:tillT /O't}3J¢; faulenzen= ..-.. _ _c_ '\ _ ......... ':-.. Qu;JAuT :>. r;;r~~ a-a; <f~.su1 I flus tern= i'St~.s1o1
addieren= ~.$1 ~ pulverisieren=
414301\; fZ e~,<or ( tj?d T!, :.>
The classification of l'1arathi verbs can also
be done according to whether they require
object complement or not; as such there·are
univalent verbs like "3-t~ ~. ~&r etc.
'\'Thich exactly correspond in valenvy wi tb
German corresponding verbs; l-1m ~q,~-REkf o-nft. ~~ '-fl~ 31~. -~"'fmm ~ R;~. are verbs requiring dative objects and such
s~vntatic construction can be comparable to
German dative verbs like gefallen, belfen,
scbaden etc. There are bivalent verbs in
Marathi likeJr~~~ ~. ~ etc. The
next group l'iould be tba t of trivalent like
~' ,a:~,~'frr,~~. ~j~~~~,c:[R=T~.
The prefix !£- indicates setting in of
an action or the attainment of the purpose
e.g. erwachsen, erlernen etc. inchoative
and e~itten etc. resultative.
The prefix !E!- indicates opposition,
separation e.g. binden - entbinden,
separation: entfliehen; in e.g. ent
zuenden, English de- e.g. entscheiden.
The meaning of the prefix ver- is mostly of
perfective kind e.g. verbreiten, verdienen
etc. The meaning can also be factiti~e often
with the comparative form of adjectives e.g
verschoen~rn, verbess~rn etc. It can even be
effective and ornative: e.~. verfilmen,
vergolden etc.
The Prefix zer- indicates separation and
in pie~es e.g. zerbrecben 9 (from brechen
verb), zerlocbern (from noun) and zerkleinern
requiring two objects; one referring to
persons and other to things (cases would be
~ and~ respectively)c;b~ir,.iiSt~ 3JIJ~fJ,- etc. are verbs making constructions
without subjects comparable to German impersonal
constructions with 'es'.
By adding trr we can derive verbs from nouns
e. g. Rat= 3 q~~ i rat en= 3U~~1Jy like
. 3-fj!TI{ -3-i~/ ~~,-~ q*}
From adjectives c~-c~ (lang-verlangern)
3-t~ _ 3-1T~)r (kurz-verkii rzern) from adverbs:
s-tc.q,rt- s--f<4,"1;/ c1"":lrt.z-c1o<Ci~)r etc. (blank-blanken) ~R{"- -lcvt=<:C( { b'r. . .
~--c.{610')"iQ4lt?t. causat1ve verbs: (s1.tzen-
s e t zen ) ~~ cS:i :(01 iiq cit , f.T~ -I~ 11 fc?t>'r . ...tf~ lib) 1 :.~+Ft<N I · (sich be~exn-bewegen); q;gq;~)l- q;S%!1~1: ,ITiJJ-=>\lGiC{Jh C{ ~ ~ C( I eH~ 1 • • \ ;c-.
' ( trinken-tranken) f2t-t.rr-4lSi I" . ~-C{13Vr
(fallen-fallen) some actions of this kind are 1...
translatable by using lassen sicb, lassen + inf.
constructions in German.·
(from Adj. and Adv.). Generally double . 223
The finite and infinite forms of verbs
do exist in both the languages, however,
the infinite forms are often inflected
in Marathi to denote gende.r.
As in German , Marathi also allows the past
passive participles to be used as nouns,
only difference being that the gender
will be suggested by the noun form and
not by its article, which does not exist
as such in Maratbi.
Infinite: Das kind ist erwacht: . ' ·r··, --...- ........,.__ _., ··- "'--·
C'-"; '') .5"1Pl ~-';{~
Sie kann klavier spielen: "' r, -~ -;r.:::,.,-
CIT i1~.L{\.,I\- ~i l.,!j1'1_ ~l·n£1.
Sie antwortete lachelnd: .-- \ - ,....__ :\ (rl ·;.-\·- ~· ·ht{ .~ rtfTc.~ .
No change in the present participle
and infinitive forms of verbs in
Marathi & German.
der, die, das Geschlafene, ~;ni.\~dT{c~~-(c't.
der Betrunkene, ,_il 1 ~); (1 1
di S hl f d -~ .~ ./\ -~~:J_ e c a en e- ~ 1 <..fUll-{ 1
1 '\!:1\'J, C.j <:.,1
pr~fixes can occur in the verb having
first prefix with be, ver e.g. beur
lauben, beunruhjg en etc.
Double prefixes can also be seen in verbs
with prefixes e •S. anerkennen, einbeziehen
etc.
'Ehere are also foreign prefixes attached
to German verbs which themselves can be
traced back to foreign language e.g.
adoptieren, pradominieren etc.
The prefix ge- indicates union, multitude
but this is not always true e.g. gebaeren,
gelingen. The prefix miB- is used for
indicatinf some tting that is not right/
correct not proper e.g. MiBachten, miB
denken etc.
225
In German there exists a possibility
to convert adjectives into nouns e.g.
der Alte, die Schone etc. The verbs
as such can be written capital to
convert them into nouns e.g. das
Sterben, etc. Fresent participle from
verb e.g. der Reisende etc. der
Allmaechtige.
Certain verbs require impersonal construction
with subject 'es' e.g. es regnet, es
blitzt, es hagelt etc.
It bas been claimed that there are only
three basic forms of German sentences
which can be traced back to traditional
grammar viz. depending on transitive, in-
226 ..:~ . .'
In f1arathi also this facility has been pro
vided e.g. tbe corresponding nouns would be ~,...r...Dl- • (\
J:f(ffl-tl, ~~ etc. Likewise in !'Jarathi also
verbs as such can be used as nouns e.g.~
as in ~ 31140t~Ur ~~ Reisende=
)fe.t t:ot.fr der Allni~ htige= .R·t~J.lciti ~H
In rrarathi such corresponding impersonal
constructions are not possible e.g.~
~,Jrsr~'*"'~, JTRT 4$cflgtv. Some times the
impersonal 'es' is equivalent to {("'h({ 1•
in t1aratbi e.g. Es ging ein Jager jagen~{i
~ I~ l~i:fil:fi<[:'{ ~ ist notig fur kinder, . 1' __ \_ - ~ ("' ~ ~
scbule zu besuchen=~dicrfl ~~S11 1 ~.nl~.
No translation equivalent ·-(}.f 'es' in
.f'Iarathi.
In Maratbi also the principle of valenvy
can be applied and the similar results are
obtained because Marathi also has/ or can
be subjected to verb categorization on the
transitive type of ca t8gorizat;ion of
Gerl'lan verbs. By using the method of
strikinf out the complementary infor-
mation units we can arrive at the Kernel
basis of tmivalent, bivalent and multi valent
verbs. The Kernel for~can be arrived at
by eliminating the complementary information
-rrrk-r ~ " . ). ft
form of sent~nces which would leave only
e.c;. 3-1'/' O'f'J'f" 3dl"f (3idnli1 t'hql ~lrlZbl
~~3-i~ ~ cn\.)r:&f. .
essential information e.e;. Dieftv;:;en
bluhen in unE:erem Garten or Der Bauer
pfltigt in der Fruhe seinen Acker.
In the modern linguistic approach the
cate~orization is done on the basis of
valency of a verb i.e. univalent, bivalent
or multi-valent verbs. In the same fashion
we can reduce elliptical senterc e to its
natural kernel form by using the above
method although mentally; hence there would
be three types of basic sentencial forms viz.
1. die erganzungslosen Satze. 2. 3:atze mit einer eingleidrigen Erganzung 3. Satze mit einer mehrgliedri~en Erganzung.
Am Samstagmorgen - vier und zwanzig Stunden vor
dem Bohepunkt der aufregendsten abenteuerlichsten
und phantastischsten Fahrt, die je ein Seemann
22'7'
\..Je can note here that the building blocks
of the Harathi sentence have different order
of occurrence.
mitgemacbt bat - (fuhren 116 Menscben) in
ungefahr.400 FuB Tiefe mit tiber 20 Knoten
Geschwindigkeit (auf Kurs null Grad). Those
shown within the brackets deliver the
essential information and therefore cons
titute the kernel sentenue. (Examples from
Duden: Grammatik P. 434 and 436.)
The complements of verbs can be in nom. ace.,
gen. or dative and also with prepositions with
specific cases (propositional objects). Cir
cumstancial complements like !ime, ~lace,
manner reason etc. can also be found in -sentences functioning to complete the meaning
of the sentence. Following instances of
combinations of case-objects and prepositional
objects can be found as complements of verbs e.g.
1) Karl schankt seinem Freunde ein Buch 0 d+Od);
2) Der Richter beschuldigte den Augeklagten des Diebs tahls (Oa+Og); . . ·
3) Er verriet ibn an seine Feinde (Oa+Opr.);
4) Ich hange das Bild an diE\.:H 3.nd ( Oa+O pl. )_; · · ... 2:?R
Marathi corresponding complements would be
onr£ C~l~l· iR~IIdl ~q, U<:" ~-IT41liil~~ ~~J<Dq{ ~-t-cm~.
err (c2f l'i41
m- ~ ,:Q>I
5. Karl legte seinen Freunde dieHand auf die Schutter (Oa+Cpl+Od)
6. Er zog das Gesprach in die LanBe (Oa+ct)
7. Die Mutter mach~die Suppe warm. (Oa+Cm)
8. Ich machte ibm die Beine lang (Oa+Gm+Od)t
9. Der Richter sprach diese~ f'1ann des Diebstahls schuldig (Oa+Cm+Opf)
10. Mein Freund machte mich auf dieses Madcben aufmerksam (Oa+Cm+Opr);
11. Er nennt mich einen Lligner (Oa+ equalisation ace);
12. Herr Meier lehrte uns die franzBsische
c~ (~) ~~ c·it~l~
~ ol£Cf SR"Ji ~ · ~ c~ 4n:r' c-5.,&f ~ c.~ ~lOI<=ftc~i a-olfi4Tl~~l))r ~-iiiT '31~qi'i'f{"\1 rSTtrr r~Rr( ~ ~.-~fchrr-
JiiA\ rit~ c.ZIT~~ ~ c~ 6l>t~iL
c.-fr ~ .:l~\ C! Fd>l ~a, AT· ~n- <Htll :f s-TT 311 r-~ td ,- ~-u
Sprache (double ace.) · ~
13. Karl bor.t seine Schwes ter s ingen (Oa+Inf.) ~ c.lf 1"2.2{ I .Pr~IT .;yll t1rr:t r -Q:q.,n I. " ' . ......... ~~~ ~I 6>1- ~SiGff
14. Ich rate ibm zum Nacbgeben (Opr +Od); c~(Qf'tilt41-c..() ~uror -, ... "'<~ Q 11_ rq '3--1~ ~~ 34~~( ,~,;, ~ciT
15. Der Forscbungsreisende sprach zu den ~~· ~ ~ \~ ot,;~ul\{\' ~ 3-nl..[i:!.(\ Scbulkindern tiber seine Afrikareise 1 1
-.,_ ~ q ~ ...-- . ~ '·~_......,.. (double Opr.) 3-tl~ffiv ..-Y<=tt'AI~~ ~~~c=uc:r §711'~6. tSfl"cic:; 1.
16. Icb Klo:pfe meinem Freund auf die Schulter m ~ ~..;n- ~ ~~ 42c;t I c~IUIT ~~:r m-4/ (Cpl+Od); ~......,._c.. c. · ·
-"\1 Y.C.\ ).-t\~(?\.
17. Ich bin diesem Mann freund (Cm+Od); ;:R-.2fi moi~IW ~M""5-t~/€1 J.{~Hm ~~'"-t4~ /-1ct 1
18. Er ist des Diebstabls s~huldig (Cm+Og or oa) ~r-1~~- L.... ~ c~(f:f ~~-q\ ~ /«.'~ 3'\'C. ·
19. Icb bin auf deinen Bericbt gespannt (Cm+Opr} Jtt-<1"Al" 31l2tl<JJ~~ 3"c~~ 3 .. n}.
229
VERBS
230
In Haratlli a verb is used in three voices
viz. active, passive and~~ • When
the verb adjusts itseir according to the
subject of the sentence, it is known as active
voice; 'I!Jhen it is ad jus ted according to the
object, then it is passive voice and when it
it in accordance with neither the subject
nor theobject then it is called ~~4~~~· ~~\ . rl \
e.g • .[fR"'~SJlc:\rt(, t1 csttr1ctlr1, c::C~ c'3rll*'i~ (active)
cmt ~~ ~&\, cl:i~ ~ ~. rf-f~ (passive) ~ 3-1-1"-Ol:fi ~ 2 <-4 \ .s1Tt1Tt1 . :>.. c~ ...nrn-, rj:-~, c.2.t·1.4 ~c~l-l1 .r.fiRJ.., <f)&.H~ n, ..!=tiS14a ~ ~~ 3~1~{\tr" il-ff. The tense forms are highly inflected and
hence we give them in detail:
German verbs - conjugation; ?nly III
person forms are given
1. Present tense:
Indik
2 .. Past
3. Fresent Ferfect
Er hat geliebt
c~k~~-
4. Fast perfect
Er hatte geliebt
5. Future
Er wird lieben
e-n-~~.
6. Future perfect
Konj.
Er babe geliebt
c~Jhr~~
Er hatte geliebt
Er werde lieben
c:n-c 4l?in~c1) ,.W:r 4.i•flcr.
231
Er wird geliebt haben Er werde geliebt baben c.~A-H-~ 31~~ c~(&t~.-q;,·~-M ~; .
Present tense Fl for all
m f ... n " ~ 1st person I J.tToh~ 4f~-ffi'- ,Jilc::t,~ "3i~ ·Neuter forz '' .:f- eoh~ d'-4,~ r:(~~ sing. is
II ·c.-t ~rtlff '.J. . . .. ..._ · rarely ~ .......4- ~ ~. ;;,-..,-$ 2r." c.~, ciT use d.
III t1t ~-te-O· t1l o(.1:0Ci11i'i
I cih'2141'
II olit{[C(FH
Imperative -'1atlcfi
~0{1&
Habitual Fast C1hff~~) ~~. a:;q. '"M.a-. I ~ ~,orr II~ ~ 1T( ~-ft ~ref
. 7. Conditional: Wurde + infinitive(Present) for conj., II
Er wurde lie ben >tt c.fr JrR- on?cr I q,-fu.r FR"· ..
Conditional: Wurde + P.P. + haben (Past)conj.
Pl. perfect.
Er wiirde geliebt habensR ~ ..... ~-o);~~C1"""-f···
8. Imperative
Geh!% Geht!s;r Gehen Sie! 3-tUWf S1l (siTcn)
232
Irf.5i.
II rfm III ~
Imperative 0HI~JiF)
Sing. Pl. (31TQ:U\) ~~
&er fr6rn
LaB uns Scbreiben!
Scbreib! Schreibt!
LaBt ihnen schreiben!
Future L~l~ 01,1 ~ )
sing. fl.
fsr4;"c=fut, c::r' e-fT c:;
ASPECT.
There are normally possibilities of using only one verb for
the subject but some times two or more verbs are used to
indicate tenses mood etc. in both the languages in question.
Hovrever, Marathi has a special application of double verbs
which is called aspect. <~t"~-tr -,jH14) \';;(_.or~~ ~l ~ ~ISlet.{ ~ .:>\1 \ (i ().; • . .
In the first sZ'eence the main verb is ffi~ and not~-
that is why we talk of double verb. In the second sentence
~ is the object of the verb ~-r~ and th1verb~~
is intransitiv.~ is a participle. Hence there are no
double verbs in the second sentence. Although ,g~~ and
~~- are both participles, a difference is made as
indicated above. Following are the components of verbs
r~~tfcftf::~~·,ffhe:d as double verbs in the aspect:
C1 o+;"fu,-, {rr, arr c11• : CfRm
1 ~FIT 1 ~
c=rr : ~ffffi/ {cTI I ~ ciT·.~. ~,tCTrffil
incomplete action
sho·dn; subj cct
nho·.··ins action
complete action
df : c:t,{Jc:ti,OJCfl, f..U(q'l' imper:~1tive ~~ tncii, ~ c~~
c:J)~)C:Uit~ ,4>=2J'i<l1ll11 ~~1ctl1~ imperative(moclal).t:;"'lJCiflH'H ~' ' 233 Ot;iiGfllic!J c~,~~/C{~J~ mm-.
The following helpine; verbs are used to form the aspect
in Marathi :
Er pflegte zu studieren.
Kommen Sie doch zu uns!
Du kannst diese Arbeit tun.
Du muBt diese Arbeit tun.
Ich will dortbin gehen.
Ich batte schon gemacht.
Range die Kleider zum Trocknen!
HilF mir bei dieser Arbeit!
LaB mich arbeiten.
Er studiert, Er studiert jetzt/schon. Er ist im Gang zu studieren.
Repetitive:~·~ "31~ ~o M~ ~~ ~:fhr 31-tr. Consistency: .JOII~tll~<t\41 ~ 3-1~~: ~.fir, ~.~-m--,~~. ~.
) • • • ~1 ~-{i"UT 5"{To, 3-11 i'f "il04 \ _g. ~ ..S'I~· 1 oss ~b~l1 ty: ~l4iu~C~4): :ir, ~-;c;J;, ~ m~ e=f t'.,W~~"' ~IOf.,ct1H,
· ~ t.rr..ri=tr~ ':loiT ...,< 1 J:t ,;; 1 .ttc=f . Compulsion: q,-fcitfddl;' : 41 ~. c~m, us. 37tfe. ci t"h~ ~ ~,
fl"*" '-"irci" c~ ' ~ usc;rr. Wish: :S"'~it {l[fq;- : <1q 1 -« 11", :('ig : 3~·r:r~~ stl'l, ~~iflin,--< rim-, emphasis: Ll~IOi'itf! l({llC)c, Fri,~ ~ -r&: ~~ lT~, q, .t. tSQ:f, ~.srr
'*'~~.str. ~~ J:ft-~-r-:::3~· c1~~~ ... "1 tq.~· ~~~. ~ ..m-~ ~, !li"'"T(TT ~r"'k rt ~
help/t;ss is tance/ .Z;c l:tl:i~.Q.~Ch ~err ~cdr.,:;. ~TtJ c.mT 3'{1. c=f""~ start1ng . · ' ·
~c=rWCJ.mn{-q,-rr:{ ~ cWf c~mn ~ c~, ~ • • 6'\ I d) k·~ i .iter: 4.-ll"Cr ·
1
~ .~.erm~ss1on ~~ ~qr ~.(fT~:t ~1• <}~a4CITch-f ... c;.
In addition to the tense formation already shown earlier
there are some more tenses that exist in Marathi. The
tenses with their corresponding syntactic structures in
German are given below:
Present continuous:
Er studierte; Er stuctierte damals; Er war r,erade am Studieren; Past continuous:
Morgen wird er studiert haben, Morgen wird er immer noch studieren. 2 3]Jtture continuous: 3{[1 t-r\- r 4;U:f a,ftM ~-
VOICES
There are two voices in German viz.
active and passive. The active formation
has already been mentioned earlier. The
different passive tenses are· as follmo,~s:
Indicative Subjunctive
Fresent: Er wird geliebt Er werde geliebt c:Jl\"21( I C\{ AA ~.J'f IT1 jefillrJirrr Jiir.
Fast: Er wurde geliebt Er wurde geliebt ~ ;h:r-~ .,1tt /4,~'3-t~. Fr. Terfect: 'Er ist Er sei geliebt
geliebt worden worden
c~ttr ftH-~'3-irT· fast " : Er war geliebt Er w~re geliebt
worden worden c~''iiiR{ ;h:r ~g-.,~ M. Future I ~ Er wird geliebt
werden c~t-r..:t.LlQ. {~ ~ Sfrfu-I
DS;i{04lf1 .:z\ ftd . Future II: Er wird geliebt
worden sein
c2:1 cmt~{ ;h.,-~ -'hr 3-t~ I ~Tcr ~m- >-1~.
Er werde geliebt wprden
Er wurde geliebt worden sein.
235
Hov1ever in !'lara thi there are four voices viz.
~ (active)e>~,--rf;,f(· (passive)).(~~ and ~
While givinG the tense formation we have
already compared the active tense formations.
The syntactic signals to recognise that the
:Marathi sentence is in active voice are:
the subject is always in nominative and the
verb adjusts itself acfording to the gender,
p.erson and number of the subject. The object
may be in nominative or in dative with or with·
out inflexional endings. Now let us consider
the passive voice in different tenses. For
the convenenience only 3rd person singular
forms are mentioned.
Iassive Voice
In passive voice the verb in Marathi changes
according to the gender, person and number
of theobject and the subject of the active
sentence will either be in instrumental, dativE
genitive or with preposition. The helping
Present Er wurde geliebt (conditional): . ·
(~ ~-~ ;>tr c1Z .•.
Past Er wurde geliebt (conditional):worden sein
~ ;h-r ~ f,-i;r . 31<:< (:li l ~ c=r< ...
Er wurde geliebt werden.
23G
verb m gehen, ~ kommen but
semantically they correspond to German
'werden' only. It is possible to use some
transitive verbs intransitively to give the
effect of passive e. g. m- "1'!·f\6h~' ~~~~m iJiJQd\Cf. .... Dieses :r-resser schneidet Kartoffeln gut. By
us in::. third person plural with present tense
verb: 'e. D". 3-f*.Hm-cncr ~'3·nr.e" . .Hn~V;-.nfff, / ~U~fcl ~ ..er·- -· , man sa.gt ,4JJ4'li:i7i"'tfln mr.if.:e:t Jt-rr{q~n benuzt
eine andere Art Tinte in Druckereieh. By
using a semantically equivalent intransitive
verb in place of transitive verb t1-T crofu mrj cRI-<.cJ\ ~ Er fiel auf die Front. Passive of
conclusion or completion: c~ q;>r 1~ .ffm. Er hat den Brief geschrieben, er hat
vollcndet) den Brief zu schreiben. Sein
Briefschreiben ist zu Eude gegangen.
Possibility in passive:c.~(.nriT"~J1~4o,ncriW. Er kann eine so hohe Summe nicht geben/
bezahlen. Er ist nicht in der Lage, eine so
hohe Summe zu bezahlen.
(Future/prediction) weft I '-11~-/q:tfl;lJ
In this voice the main signals of r~cognition.are that the
verb is inflected neither acc·ording to the subject nor
according to the object, it is always third person, neuter,
singular e.g. c~--?ar ~~&f~[_nri,r Er soll gehen/sich setzen
komrnen.
~~o~.,-r (I1ixed voice) This is a combination of active,
passive and prediction e.g.c=(){(dT~%1~,c:Pif~c=A-~ Of~t:fat1 ~
Du bast mir ein Buch gegeben, wieviele BUcher habt ihr
c:elesen? res:pectiv:=:ly. In I'lara thi sentences the verb ending
of .fT and c=f .::1.re 2~ccording to the subjects ct · andcpti
but the ear] ier ending of the verb c} and <.ft- are
according to tbe. objects~ (sing.) and~ (plural);
that is why this is considered to be the mixture of active
and passive voice.31Wc.~ '1.-1~ c.~~ JtRri/AHCJia-t. =..
Heute priigel te ihn seine f'Iutter viel. 'rhe verb in Maratbi
is neither according to the gender, number of the subject nor
of the object. This is an example of the mixture of passive
and prediction. Both in German and Marathi' which are highly
2 3 7 infl~cted languages, the rules of word-order in sentences
are flexible because the cases, prepositions etc. have
pre-decided scope (reachl and as such can be understood
easily. In certain languages like English however, the
rules otfword order have to be rigid to avoid misinter
pretation of syntaQmatic relations and inter-relationship
between the different parts of speech. Inspite of this,
every language has a general set of rules about the
sequence of word occurence. we have already mentioned
earlier that the attributive adjective comes before the
noun, and the predicate adjective comes after the noun, the
adverbs also stand berore the verbs in I"Iara thi ,and prepo
sitions come after the nouns as if they were case endingse
We find that generally the entire preposition stated with
the help of a sentence is enclosed between the subject -
the starting word and the verb/form,the end-word in Marathi
sentences.
N8 + N + VPr is the normal word order. N °N
2.~~ ~IIT.IT~- ~Nc, + N0 f N0 VT t ~''~'''~'~8 ON ·n N + raS
3. The uninflected ~-ft¢t,.M-~come in the beginning in
place of (in r~rathi) wenn •••• auch (in German)
238
4.~crur used as compulative conjunctions stand in bet-'
ween the words ~r sentences connected e.g.-(W 3-IT&r ~{f ..\....i__ )..._ 3-t;::co:#l 3-ciZ-. . ' E . . t 11 . t ..>\Ctr, H 1~:fiT-[ tfUT Ram ana Gov~nd g~ne;en; r ~s t ~n e ~gen
aber faul.
5. The coll~ctive conjunction ~ is generally used as
demonstrative word to denote the connection and it is
wri ttenJa t the end of the words to be connected • .[i:41,
~~ or .:11~\t~ 4 I ·~ ~ ~ 3-trtcr. Hama, Krishna and Govinda
sind intelligent.
n ll 6. The conditional conjunctions sR"-~, sRI 7'"c-RT
come only in the beginning of sentences .s--m- rlT ~-uri '"' ~((rcH c~ ~~q;c;f;=c{ ~ ~CHSit4-·
~~~~~HZ! Obgleich er vor dem Examen wieder
gesund wird, ist es sicher, daB sein diesjahriges
Examen versaumt 1·1orden is t.
7. In dec-isive questions the interrogative oi;Tifabbre viated
~ stands at the end of the sentence in Marathi e.g.
c-=IT- '31 rc:rr e>1,1IT ~ Is t er gekommen?
Ist er gee;angen? C1~ 31--crr~ r 8. In complementary questions the interrogative pronouns
stand at the pl;:-1ce in a sentence where its noun should 238 have come i.e. lvhere tbe subject, object would have
~.romit bast du das geschrieben? ci:-'t of?~ 1-B"~«~riT~3:ft~ Wo ist er? tlr~t1~~~Wann wird er in Bombay sein?
nach Bombay kommen/gehen?
Botb in German and l"Taro.t:hi the sentences are divided into
simple, complex and compound sentences. Since the verb
forms are always at the end of th~sentences the question
of sending th~cOnjugated part of verb to the end of
sentence like German subordinate clause construction does
not arise in Marathi.
240
Praposition"'n Prepositions (~~lfu 3-iaf~-)
It is interestin~ to note thnt most of
the following prepositions also prefer
genitive in Marathi.
The most striking feature of prepositions in
Marathi is that they follow a noun whereas
most of the prepositions in German precede the
noun they govern. It is some-times difficult to Genitiv:
absei ts={'tn~)F abzliglich=cfSiT/~ anfangs= n distinp;uish the adverbs from prepositions in - ~ ~tttadT
angesichts=fcr"'r.f-;:riq~r,~ anhand= c::f.W1 Marathi - as a thumb rule it can be stated that
· anlaBlich= ..... ITI=im ans te lle= ?.ZIT ~) f6%tDlr · ausgangs= tFctlC"il-z.t\,
auBerhalb= ""Z.2lT ~w
beidersei ts= 4{~4{ 3--t~ I
beztiglich= ..H&(m . c
e 1n fr,Cl np.:s = . "tl'<~l d tr;\ i
exklus ive= .(.,rr~ -.
hinsichtlich= ~~
inklusive= ~
innerhalb= 3-f\e::r
kraft=~'~ ,e+;l=<ui"A
langssei ts= ~ sf'lcrsf't~ l~u t. - = ~~ "?.1~ ~ mangels= .3'"0'~ &~
oberhalb= c..lfi4{,4fu ~Wi(f'
ans ta tt= -:u.tT c[t'ls=H
aufgrund-:."3-imft
ausschlieBlich= Lhcki ~ 1-4-behufs= "2.2ll.uTn olfll
I
betreffS= fq~~
diesseits= ~41~~~~
einschlieBlich=~~~~
halber"' 2.2:(1 ~W
the prepositions are placed connected with the
nouns and adverbs are uncon e ted ~ £ n c e • g • \1 I Ji llct~
~Tct er ist oben, Er ist im oberen Stockwerk,
andc~ f(c1 off etl\1: er hob seine Hand hoch.
Follm·ling are some of the r·iara thi prepositions
with their German equivlents. However, it is
difficult to determine their equivalence in
isolation. Their co-oc curence and collocations
infolge!! ~' ~l.f<f.:r would be a great help in deciding thf/exac t
~~~ l.• nm1· tt·en """·" r£f equivalents. ' = ~ cH 1'4<'4
I
jenseits= -urr~l~
langs = "'<~ r1 , <Sf~~ mi ttels= .t-:f(tl~~ j)1~J';~· namens= -u:rr o1~/!rf'1 cj 1 -q{ rlicksichtlich== ~l'iflfi: ~·t>,jtdt
241
sei tlich=«"fJ~&tlst_ Temroral: 31'1M ~
ln
s ta tt= -z..u--r It-~ ("'\
um •• willen= '7..lfi -HT6T
of( i.il)or ,auf;
~~vor; hinter;
oben;
vor; tr1~~ nach
auf; . ~-is;31~ ~jenseits, diesseits;
'Jochenende.
~C((t~4 Vo" unten;
b) Dativ
ab-= 41~;>:( a us= c-fi,HfJ:f auBer= l~t:t/~1 ~~-:-~~ "' b~i= ct;-3~~ binnen= ~ 3·rn=fig
dank= ~ entgegen= ~
fern= ~ gegenuber ~~
gemaB= ~.\.{WI 1 mit= ~{1-q-\, ~
mitsamt= l!..~ur nach= ~"""t1{~~ nachs t=- ~~ nebst= ~cii'CJ
ob=~,~ samt= ~7 eeit= 4l<1?f vor= l.fR.ff/ ~ zu= oti-, c:R:,~ zunachs t= ...... ~ zuwider= 1~.~.3Crr
c) Accusstive
d) D~tive and Accusatjve:
Bn= ~ciT o(~ I I
hinter= t..Hir~,·~-t"i'.r
u be r= c::{'":f
exchange:~ ~W.trcffit ~<(c~l,.$1~ s ta tt, ans ta tt
Ability etc: .wr C~) ,Jt-1-Sir, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ &(:("~ )'\O.t-h. .
opposition: rot~~~ 3C1r, 3747:- gegen, trotz
comnany: &t~&f"{ -.!-i~ -to:i~IC"fl .Ai'llrR- CM),..fP6T, ~ J::' ' , ' a ' "-t ~ ~~,.ftR~t1, HW- )'Ttl •
collective:~,~~ fr, \{lff, c-Rt auch
s ingul~ri ty , ~ cR17i ~~ CfiJT 6f-~ emphasJ.s : ' , · ' ,,,
...:t~. C(:)Oki nur, allein
effect: as in tagelang
direction: rr:c1-,qfct c-w?r, ~ ,..-'1 C I '
bin, her, zu, nach
voll, genug
dee;ree: t-~-ir, q&·als 31'~e1 Ji~Superlative) I
as in das Buch der Bucher
interrogative: ~. 4, e1\
completion: (_~) ~ arT auch I
243 in= &-tTi=f unter= -<_~
auf= ~
neben= $'1<;00
vor=~ zwischen (~t:{tU{t )~
etc.
It seems that in l'larathi, the particles have also
been categorized tinder'prepositions. This entire
question requires a detailed study to establish
equivalence be~1een the German and Ylarathi
prepositions. It is also clear from above that
a preposition of German langua~e cannot alw~ys
be replaced by an equivalent preposition in
Marathi. i.rJe have to adopt a different syntactic
category to obtain the equivalence. Before a pre-
position is applied to a noun in l"'larathi, that noun
under-goes a change i.e. it is inflected e.g.
{1[4 ~:(IH7~, ~. 4HIA~ This means thnt the noun or pronoun becomes a common
noun with old genitive form. This also clarifies
that the case endings are also applicalbe to
prepositions e.g. ra~Ttsl·~ The function ~) .
of cases and prepositions is complementary in
Marathi i.e. they can replace each other e.g.
err c~l clVJ«l ~ ~ ~~ ~~I rt-~n-F ~ c:i,"'*~
244
Sentences(Satze
The functions of cases are predefined and
they can be as follows in German.
1. Nominative is used for all subjects and
complements "Die Rosen ·bliiben . .:>J&l~ ~cJ Hlrf.
Karl ist mein Freund ~ll~· ~ ~ ?sfrt"
2. Accusative is used for direct objects,
after certain prepositions and certain verbs
require their objects in this case. Der
245
Word-building
In Marathi there are four different ways of
building words a) prefixes 3 Li+PY b) suffi::z:es ~ c) compounds ocYm*i
d) combination by reduplication ~~
The examples are a) 3-:f-tjtr-=- 3-1~ b) cfcr+
~:: cid;Vll0ii6 c) ~ + ~-::. ~~ All such formations
have identical structures in German. However
d){Ci1U'IT~,<HHIRI( 1 •PL!l':itJg etc. are plenty in
Marathi.
Sentences
The nouns appear in sentences in different cases.
Now let us define the function assigned to each
case in I'1arathi.
Nominative is used for subjects, objec-
ts and temporal or location adverbs (nouns) e.g.
~*~I~~~ ~rilrl. t'ft ,z..,~ :V1T ,-g--mr, In these sentences ~c), 3-1~ and~l1{' are in
nominative shoHing the above functions. The
subjective use of f/,.s:fr. r etc. are peculiar
to 1-Jarathi and are used as subjects and therefore
Gartner bindet die Blumen ~tiT-~Ji~ /
~ Inge acbtet auf ihre Schwester
rr- rn-u:rr sfj~O ilq ~ C~ ~.
3. Dative is used for all indirect objects,
after certain prepositions and certain
verbs require dative of their objects. Der
Sohn dankt dem Vater.~ ~c~\~ ~~~ '\
)4lo1r11·
~ Genitive is used for showin~ possession,
ownership etc. and for certain prepositions
0.nd verbs, das Haus des LP-hrers ~~"'~c! ""l
.· -24G
in nominative e.g. ·crtls-~1 4JS~r!T J.fm~ (rcrr, * .r,~ ~ 4>~1113 T s-rri, ? YiRf ~r&r JriA'c;t l ~~c; ~. The time, distance, measurement, price etc.
are in nominative \>rhereas they are in accu
sative in German. Example:~fcc~·~ ~ tiT!' :rfrT, « ~ ~ 4~ ( ~{f01" @; di:T c-1 rr '31~ ~c:;T ~JT.st-. 2.c2~1~t:Certain verbs require this case,
particularly in the past tense to indicate
su1)jects. HO\oJever Germans prepfer nominative
alone. If the action requires an agent then
this case is preferred e.g.~IH~ xl"lOtt~,,lfiRc1, c_~ $1~ ( 5 ~ j UMt.~Ve) In such cases only ;:;-,.,..n- endings are used.
The second use of~~ is instrumental. i.e.
the indication of instrument used in the
action. e.g.c~-u$ ~!fl,~ M~,c~c~'* c-1u;~1:f1~ ~ ~~ Here~~ and c-tcJ41~~ are in the instru-.., mental case. Location is also indicated by
.),._ !""\ ~ -umm this case e.g. c1 1 o-'\41 =ilt\ "'hl6lof This case is
also used for words indicating the purpose or
l "~.L \_ '"' cause of the action e.g. C"'fl l'"ir-1 ~lC'Irf .,..,~
ttr .)fl:t~ ~~ ~~. rna t e r i a 1 : rlT (..! ~ i :rl t> Ia. <-.-::t 1 ~ IS{ rP; l{Stbf,
measurement: -q~ csttzirR 5--e:r c{i"l:.f c(~.,fi e13Tcir'. f
time: Jr -eH{" C1b4~·R 3·nm measure: ~-c:..m ~ c>3 ~ ~ '"~~ n . ~ -.!C\!n J~trr comparison: ~ttl9· -,;..{""%~ ~ cfi•<tll i1 •
closeness:~ t,.RI~~ RTit W 3-ttl-. manner: BT .H\~ct~ mental state: tfr~I<II~·~:;(JJ
opposition: c~r:u:wfi\ ~ according to: ~I'<Jf ·cf), zt:a r4 r%«T c#rtm:r.
3. Dative: Subject as incmciTOJ->1>1 ~~~~r11 ~?Pff.·· ~ \ IT!\~~· obJect: ;:ft~ 3-t1i6<tct,1.1, (<{\ ind. obj .m ,~
..dnii~.\11-l~~ablation: ~l"f;(cllt i.crtcJ~, c.~ c-I'iTT<lTt.t7zf fi\4;Cl{r\r qtif-~ ~
247 . . . ~ :
Location: .(T?rcJf cbfr ~rF,~lU-(1 ~le-t('~' (JI.)H.,-,
. HT ~fu.,)rn-. purpose, need, occassJon: C'fl~l~ it-crt H0T $121 (<'PH~ ~ 61 t'qz; 3-ni-. J:l !Dil'H J.IT0r .tum'r 1~,rror;IT .rt~· abil:i. ty: ~ cbJ~\ c"5 :l;JI 4 l '3-t nfr price, measure:~
.J-1cq(it"\ ~-~elation: c."l.t\ c:! 1 ~ ~-fi<IT
ownership: c~ f.t<{l~ .r1161· limbs :~tc1l~l Ld~ ~ '?ri'HHtt1.separation: ffi-~ ~ 3-frWr ci~tJi ~<"Jif(" .. Expect:.~tion, pu1.'pose~~xq1<.<c'IT~~ '3.1-h-qtJ"J ~m
. ("\ . (""\, c~- _L_ -r.{T;ITc;f~ Limit: <rl<:lflf'J QT~ IS11<r1 s.-t~rr.
., I')
q 'i:(Jil : 4. abl8. ti ve: cfro-·fPl'l\{~ ... 4 3-frm" instrumental: c4-ft"U4"T
€>TffrF ~'trlfdis tance: cj>i~t ~-l/('1 t~1411rt) ~ ~~J,t;clec;ree: r-IT- ;:.~~.1~"1 e,~ 31~.
difference: sri.sot ~ ..... ~ ~le.&l '3-t't-? ...
.248
Genitive: Subject: c~ Jc5E=.,Pf ~ instrumental: c:li1"4 1 ~1-c~m--i:t'r -lPT 31m .
ablative: l'ffi:rrcJ.llutr ~ <r'h~ ~-m-:
Location: cfr~ ~ .rtTlr ('remporal) ;cfro{f>lf"t.(Lff~-
purpos e: -ht lrtl-e?l ..J~ change: :'S 1{{S¥1~ hft-Kcim· ' price or commodity: .('"''"tl'lll~ cttr, G 41-c.( 1'-h'<~i
cause,. effect:~~.:h~~f,,:J~ relation, ~
subjective genitive: Jj.,..c .... J...,.J"'C(-id:fTlf, ~lltl~t ..sflf'
posssssion:~~' ~:rreiT ~ pa'rt and whole
e(a=c:t'f-ct'l l.{'ili" ~ ·nr=cff carrier: ..:>113J!£r~Jr?.T ~T{ ~ ~ ~~· ~ '~
-z..t l'<!fir·cn- ., rrn carried: ~~ref[- o">~ container:d~~
\:UtloJU "t:( r ~. quality: ~l'4A"iiT ~IOJ..~ , ~tiJj~,~~ -2-4-1-...,~.
qtwlifyinc;: ~ (;::{ 1 3-tlRTt:r, 3-1 jc;:q~ ~ t.S
pro J)Brty: M-\:ffi{T'4\V~c:r, ""b""f~"t:!T I~IT, !HI~I.l.f'?;.
ability: c~is-11-Jl ~c~Jn totality: *T~~~~·
~~ ~Cfl-e{l 3.-rc\T 1 . .I- "'L_ '\......!:L ~ -'\ I'""'
ret,'1.l arl vy: 01 06~ c::<c:OI, ...H l i1ztl {""Ul r -<=tl"s::rcfRT
but im IIaus selbst. unaffected: 4...(~mf ~ 4~,~~~4~~
I
Freie Umstandsangaben:
6. -HE1Jff: locative: Location (temporal/local) ffij~e~csff-
. ~ l1T<in1~f£11ct" ~.n-cr. a b la ti ve l..fl4T ~ tmrr ~tf-~ I
Er ist mir ein lieber Freund=
Die Zeit verging uns schnell:
purpose need, occasion~
subject: cfrSiltrfcnM"c4-,~ 3-lrt-. degree ~~c=r ~
manner: C.T054l"iA I =>I:S'H I r\.
c:fr- .HlH\ 1ft.a-I 31tct$ t1 r r>17r s-t r~-.
3--t)}r-£(1 ~ c6+~ .;>rn. Karl tragt seinem Freund den Koffer zum Bahnbof:
a+)~ c:£t vun \ Q' 7"1 1-~n ..!"";(<! ~0{"1~ ~~-r;;:r~ ~6\ s-trHr. Inge singt uns ein Lied: ~ '31i11=ut\~lll t.B' ~ ~)~. Ich hole mir eine Fabrkarte: J:it -<.4A: *·U~ j J.ll~l~ tfl fr?Jf;,z(f~~~vfHI
Du bis t mir der Rechte: cf"" .HI ?ttl <Hill .xt\::s;q ?s1~.
Die Sonne scheint heute besonders warm
~~31151 ~ ~ c:s(12ri'l.
Ich rate dir als guter :Freund zur Annabme dieser Bedingungen.
~.z.q.;rr \H::>I ~ m-~@W~~ o~,~o11,~, ,3q"{~,·~.
24U
Der Arzt schrieb den l'atienten wep.;en seines starken Hustens krank.
~ ~-t~4)r~fe\O{"'Wi' err '3-1~ 31ft 31~ .:!f..yn;fl ~~~. Karl kam kranlt in Fronkfurt an. J 3-tTJ'tl~·l..(5rf' _!,l-,.\Oh3i£'k-tir 3-ff(IT.
. ~
Karl ha t/J-a ut urn Hilfe gerufen. onnf J.T"4c1i:ctlal ;n-.rrrr W~S"rn" · Ruhig im Sessel liest der Vater ein Buch.
"31 r.m1 ~M ~ria-um I~ o<:ftc-; l..~ ~ ~T-.:.I'"ff '31Wc1· Die Attribute des Substantive: an adj. or participle: das liebe, das geliebte Kind.~~
Das flektierte Adj.:
Der Infinitiv als Attribute zum SubstPmtiv:
.~""' I" ...... accompanying a noun: mein Hut ~~~~ 6c ~ ("' • () -.,) ( ..l.....n...-noun in Genitive: der Hut meines Vaters ~lA\ ctr3)81-ql ~ c:::"((.{l.
• ,..._ <"' noun with preposition: die liebe zur ~usik ~rll~\ 3rl~
an adverb er blickte nach der Burg dort drliben. ~
c~ _i"iq I C1( ::[i'Cf (.?; c::::U I% S UT1 ~ c ~ -
infinitive with zu noun in the same case. die Kunst zu scbweigen . ~
~ ~J 1201'i:tT q;csi
~~~tell( e{t~lo-1 Nathan der ·weise
Sie war die schonste aller' Frauen.c:fr~~ l.£12-t,);(ur 311~ ~7{{ ~. Er liebte alle Kinder, vor allem die anst~ndigen und fleiBigen •
. C.~~¥ ~IC(J>Cili9, quf cJ:i\Ci(;llk~lti -rrOtc-ff- Of" trR-~(~).smtf 3-ii"'Bei\~.
Die Kunst zu scbwPigen sollte jeder beherrschen.
~ltc:r-< (1 14 =Jl c Rt;:r~wt J:( '"<1-q ) q,CJT ...q M' a 1 3-t~ c:>t.' 12-t c~ , crcrr. Die Lust z1.1 essen nach mo{Slichkei t z~hmen.
-<"'~\COt{\ ~.n ~~ .l.{ ~T~ e>l-,~ on'"1G ..tq tO!i 1"i:X4 1 rn 2j { 3-f c.as, I "1 ~ Seine Fahir,keit, die l"le:nschen zu begeistern •••
J{iU);R.IcrtiA--<1Df ~ c~ ~) ~ (rjJ/-<-tiR~~YJ. 9~()
Apposition:
Di~ttribute des Adj. (Partizips)
Die Attribute des Adverbs:
·Karl, mein bester Freund, ist gestern verreist.
J1'TlTf ~ ~TdT rlt;r c:11 Tfr cnTCr c.t TR-~- ~1-m- · Der abscbeulich. kal te wind blies durc*ie offenen Fenster.
3(f3li I r;iq !)2'1"'4.( ~ ~~ 3;:( sOli{ i ~tf ~ · Er ist leicht erkaltet. c~tc.rr~ ~ ~ ( l::fGhlft.
r> '"' ~ Ich bin sehr miide. '1T'Yf"Tt=R"P::r 4Rc ll:f.
Er ist so groB wie Karl. rlr-q;-rcf ~~ .j-""t..(- 3-1lf· Giesela ist schoner als ihre Freundin.!SI~rr fff--iln~~ ~. der mir vertrauende Freund • .):l'l?lilc:t{ ~~-m- Z4bll{f fit7f.
der mich innig liebende Vater.JT(.n' 311C1<,Ii13"1;C1 ().( 41 !'-lt~1);:0:r-~ o[fu.
den micb einen Ane;sthasen nennenden Spielkammraden. J=l"IT(. ri=\?1: 1 -<=RIT ~ 0 I 01{=-li \ HI~ ~ OAoi "'1M 1-=i I
Er besucbt uns sehr .oft. ctr '311~J(d\ c:o('{~"'f~ ;efT"{~ ,)z<~<df ~Du gehst noch heute zum Zabnarzt. c==(3-1t:sref {!ciT~~~~ iii. Er sitzt weit hinter, rlT 31~ l..['i6rnm ~w. Schweigen wirkt mehr als alles Schelten. ~ ~-
.(P)-~ #-..:r 5-(T~ CfRt!T11r ~ 31~. · · Er lebte zehn Jahre lang in Frankreich. ~ __.l._ '\.__
· tiT r1 <&itt; ~ ~r ~ ).{'Ul · ~ RIT. Der Stall liegt nabe bei dem Hause.f.Ht~J di>J..-t"?!..( ~'3--t.q-:
Die Burg lieg t noch s ehr \:Jed t von hie r. 1~{~1 ~~ '3--1SjS1\ .:q ~ l::cQ c.ficif 3-1~.
251
Andere Verben+Inf.+ZU;
Gle icbsetzungs:
akkusativ
Rela tivsa tz:
Er pflegt jeden r'Iontag ins Theater zu gehen. c?r « ~c:rm cr1 tc<>b><~, sirc:h-.
Er scheint meine Vor,'i'lirfe zu entkraften. ~ -~~ . cfr ~ C(ZICfO~I-<.-1 ~ c::b{C1 J:f ~-{1 1"1,-<itl·
Er vermap: m1ch zu trosten. c-t1- J..tC31 l~JT.ff\ ~~ ).(~ <=h~·
Er.verspricht ein tuchticer Kaufmann z1 twerden. , ~ "\~ "): ,_. "~H e-n- ~ .3 u P 1 1 I ::s 4 % JO:t r cl.{---n.fRT O'f "1 Olll::c:t q "(..., ·
Er verspricht, mir diesen Korb zu bringen. "'- . ~ rlT J.{S1 ffi fr tr ~ '31111J1'2f-TT &{~ 4 efT.
Icb gebe singen. cM1-.:mrf"s1~/'l:(l~trr.Ich pflege zu singen. :>lPWl J:R-., ITFf '3+•Hm .
Icb kann singenJf(-~Illj)~~,Hc~r.,,~/ Ich brauche nicht kommen.
J.«jf~~o-fTlr Er bat zu g~~chen. ~ 'U-<>ht~ ~. Das ist zu prlifen. c4- c1qFHl2.t~ /c-itli:({Ol{t~IM $1-,t-.
Karl nennt mich einen lrlisner. ~ J{(.IT -.2..W-rsT d-!u-ifrr · Das · nenne ich arbei ten. ~~ lf1l- ~ ~ ~u?ci,·.
Ein I'1ann, der bisber still auf dem anderen Burgers teig
gestanden ha tte, spran5 pJO~tzlicb vor ein' Auto- das aus einer
SeitenstraBe gekommen "~dar. 3-ffill~ ~ (f>Zttl't:fl1-\ q-rft:r ~ "3-fficJ c.-L\.1 ~ J.i(O('<'{~ ~ c:'>TfflCJ:•'f "31t~m .ff,tl-.1~~~ Ql%1\.l~ ffi ~~~· Der, welcher den I1ann kennt. A- c2f\ .)1 lOI'<il:fi ~e&~ M\ & ·- ·
252
Der indirekte Fr~cesatz:
I
\. . \tJer die Krebskrankli-ei t besiegt, dem Manne wird ein
Denkmal gesetzt werden: sfr ~:(-<1.,)11~:( ~ ~~c~T l·{l~Yf<i~ ~ ~fcl--Rnr ~ ~0'·
Das ist das Scbonste, was ich je geseben babe.
if 3-tlH I q:Ji.r UJ\~aT ciT -'k ~~ ;> rt-~ 3i rt-. Kennst du das Land, wo die Zitronen bluben. .
rB~ r[{OJ;:t o II~ ( {-~ ,....r-;n ~I [\ c-1 '?rt It-Ohn1 ~ fihl-. lfi ~ I q..,;ct Iii ,?r '..!J ._, \ · ~ ~ ~ ..ffiU I ffi t"{ ~""Tlr ~
Ich gebe Ihnen den Dolch selbst in die Hand, womit ..... +-~ ) ~·'3i"ttroT~tRT~~~7JTci'r~ .RT~cr: ~~~\tt\~rt\(~.
Sie mich ermorden so~len.
r-- " Die Stelle, an der das Ungli.ick gescbah.~ ~ 16ot;tor, ~
314€:itt1 ~T '.>lir saben ein dreijahric;es Kind, das allein i.iber den
Fahrdamm lief. ~"{iJ/JC.(~-.1 Q"h~"ii{" <{06011~ 1 l!.~l c1l"i c:{nfr~ ~tdld( ~\.tl~&.
Er wu.Bte, was ich woll te • ~ 4iT~:r LIT~ ~ c~ ~ . .nJ'Ict ~. Wo fri.iher 11iiesen waren, stehen jetzt Hauser.
~-* ~ ~ c.l1c=R m~ 7rlrn- leA~ nrr 31Rrr. Lauf via.s du kannst! ~~~ ~~ rft-~ (~) ((Ol)"'.
l:r bekam
une;ewiB.
alles, was er sich geV>riinscht batte. (""'. '. ~ k.?t- m~M CT~(f\-~) c~ 1)01<6/cT.
Ob er noch kommt, ist vollig
eft ~~of?! cr-tr['r F ~: ~ r~Tif"· Er sagt mir nicht, v1er eben gekommen ist.
'3--<"MT .~ 3-irB2T ~ t-f\ ~·fl:r\ ~Tmr crt"&. 253
Der Konjunktionalsatz:
Tempor.qlsatz:
l'1odalsatz:
DaB du mir~schreiben willst, freut micb b~~nders. ct~(~> rfJ-i1vrr{ 'hW ~ mrr ~~r:n,~-Jy~. Die Hauptsacbe ist, daB du kommst. cf ~~ fr~~l"tl-c<~ ~ ~f'r. Icb weiB, daB du ein Klinstler bist. ciq,ldleor:,l-< ~~-J-J-({JT6T3:.~3t~.
Er ri.ihmt sicb, daB er unscblagbar sei.
c-1\- 3-ftffcr~ 3-trT 3-1# MT &f"'~ ~-Er besteht darauf, daB ich ibn zuerst besucbe ..
m-c.~r ~ ~of27Hf stFr dm=ctr c:fr '3-t~ ~-Als es im Saal vollig still geworden war, erbob der Dirigent
den Taktstock. ,;)WJ<~o.H~~ttffc114fl"ic"!O:l("f{ .Hmc:rs!~)...-l-.l..;l ~~~ c:oi-l"Ttt cGf ~at .
Wir weren kaum zu Hause, als es anfing zu regnen. ""3-1 ~ 4f.{t ciT~'e{ cJ: I o1 ttte-\-~ ffi--&.(. l{ I'Hil C5[ ~t:ffif :HI (i', ·
Wabrend icb bei dem Verunsluckten blieb, holte mein Freund den Arzt.Jff-3-fq£(1l1~~ <:sf~~ ~ctlAil'""( ~~ YH51JOOl Jf.o1) cS'f~
. 31~·. Ibm fiel .sein Versprecben erst ein, nach dem er ':!.eggegangen war. c-iT .;) '\i::u I .,-1 C:H ( ~ ) c.~~ c~"'h"i:ii I c( 'i{O't h:.l(' ~ 'HmT.
Icb bittr:: dic'h urn GPduld, bis ich_von meiner heise zuriickkomme. ctft-Aoti"Hl~a-f CRC1 ~~ c-i: ~~-z-
Als vlir in das Haus bineinc:incen, da kam er gerade hera us ~ ~ ~ ~~rr i'rc?r "1-T ctt- <Sf~ ~ e~ t1 \ .
Wenn du wiederkomrnst, dann wollen wir feiern. ci: ~(ex~\ LRCi' .:fff: ~~-Tit;- ~~dGt" '3--tt4UJ 1.1f<ff'CJ,.("' ~~ o1.,{~·
1~/ie ich an s einem .Fenster vorbeigehe, bore icb ibn singen. sJ.fl~t.t.9 Jft-c:~ ~~.5-ffttrc~Jt #rc~;)tle11"1\ ~Nachdem das Urteil verki.i.ndet worden war, wurde die Bi tzung geschlossen. ~ ~ ~ ' " \!.__ \ ?. "' I "1 cfr9U-c:.-t \ .. ~ UTT ~{Wll d 3-t I (-I{ lrt ('( { ISl! 69; ci~'1560l ~{U~Il( .71 ffil.
Er verabschiedete sich von mir, indem er mir freundlich zuUichel te.-_;;t~~ 6·~ 6. ~ c~ ~lffi- <>(~I ~c=r~.
25-1
Kausalsatz:
Konditionalsatz:
Konsekutivsatz:
Finl'llSAtz:
Er verleumdete mich, ohnP daB er einen Grund dafur hatte. ~ .,-t I Zi'l'l H 0 1 ~ .l-fAT .s>f~"i P4 ~ir-:
Er redete, statt daB er handelte.c::>I'Jl~e>b~l-4-zl.lf Q-ctst~ c-rt-.s1'1Cd((=r:q ~ ~).1--m=trr ( Jffit~~ 1-{ ) tiT o-ftz-1 sf~ Cf 1'"Jl11T • ~
Soweit icb·dies beurteilen kann, hater richtig gebandelt.
Soviel ich mich erinnere, ist er in Hamburg geboren • .8 I gn ~fi"b~·"\Y{t~ c=fl ~~ ~ .si<rkc3\i:l .
Ilse ist so scbon, wie ihre ~1utter es im gleichen Alter war. Rf'.t:if-"?rtrf ~-zl.ilof~ ~~~~~ JT& lrtt1<SJ'Et" ~ ~ 3-ot.
Ilse is t schoner,. als ihre Mutter es im gleichen Alter war. ~-ciT '3-nf cit~ ot~ 18'C1~ ~ ~ c~ ~ ~·~ '3-t +· Sie wagen sich nicht herein, weil Sie sich ftircbten.
cf ~{rlld ~ ?r-\m· ~C.2.tv!\ ~ ~t=f. Weil du bose warst, darum darfst du nicht mitgehen. c=t o2 tJIIC{c:J 1 chtn~ ~ ci 3-t, :..t ::u:u <Sf~ 8-r. ~ ~ cr1 rfrFr 1 ~~ L({l(T~.)7, cr1m. Wenn das wabr ist, dann ist Schlimmes zu beftirchten. El sf{ m ~ ctT c::>h I il n:if o( ltT ~z- tr~ .l..fR.fT" mnr l>f I <=6 J llc(l . Falls die Hausttir gescblossen ist, gcbe ich tiber den Hofl ~ c{R: ~ 31~ ~ ~ w\\)l\1.!_~ s-rrtr1.
Ich bin so gliicklich, daB ich \<Ieinen kcinnte. J.Tf-~~ 3--n~-.rr-·'3·n1:- ~ Hedl-<314<-f cfQR.
Ich bin ganz verwirrt, so daB icb keine Antwort finde • .R1-~ trz:hT .;TIT ~c":rt'- &1--tn- "'hT Hf3T 3'"~ -<-ff4N o1~ ·
Du bist noch zu jung, als daB ich dir alles erzahlen konnte. ~ .HT ~ ~~ ~ l"tq.,) c-t ~ ~~ crlrtrn-.
Gib acbt, damit du dich nicht verletzt! c~~ 4-' a-11 ~~ct ~ Cj,col co:}~. C]c=fl t~"n;(~ .'l.ll"h), cJ"tf- ~ ·
Ziele gut, daB du den Apfel treffest auf den ersten ScbuB! t::f#c~ LQCFlOil d -.Fi4){-c..{4\CJ1 co f;:>f~ ~lTJ?r crfh:- d"rr ~./~ .. f{ ·
Er kam zu mir, urn gelobt zu werden. ~c-ff ~:C--.<rf ~l:fnft ~ciT~~ ~lq.,); '3-llcol ~
?~~
Konzessivsatz:
Instrumentalsatz:
Konjunktionalsatz als Attribut
Die Verneinune; sentence negation:
Ich l"iebe ibn, obwohl er mich hintergegangen ist. c~ ~ tpU 1~ /4?"(."f/C/t3 ~ c-r:ft" J=l?-c~l"ililcf~ ftJ:re~,~. Er kam, trotzdem er erklartet war
~ 31 IT.; 3-i<t:-=161 rlT 3-tWT ·
Er vernichtete die ·unbrauchbar ge"~>rordenen Lebensmi ttel, indem ( dadurch, daB) er Benzin darliber goB und sie anziindete.
('"'\ ~ ~-} \ "' ' _ _G. ~w 31tq;r dh""TSrc~ C'"(lrr r-< q~t>JT ~~,M·4r ~~~,-c:rr,..,~'"'b~~ Du wurdest nur dadurch gerettet, vieil (daB) ich. dich am Haarrschopf fassen konnte.
'\ .. ' ,. .. ffi- cj~ ~.fiT-C.t\ ~~"bl ~ ~12f1c~l ~OC{G'f'i4 ~ c:(t~ ~ ["i;col+i {"'fl~c31{1· Er konnte sicb nicbt von der Erinn·erung los en, daB sein bes ter Freund ibn verraten hatte.
-~· ,.....,~ ~~~ -~· --..Sl. c.~\"'ii{( ~C\IC1 -c.fr~rc-=Irt P-t~l ~ 4i"".ffl0fn:~- ~;)JIC.Zc~l sr""Fl'liCJ::f...f11t1 trtcenr.
Sie machen einen Krach, als ob Himmel gefallen ist ~ c:>f")m- ~fTOJll-IT ~~ q:s 0 :rr 3-H.=IT c~ ~~ H lSi"( l.:! I 5:J -
Dieser Mann hatte eine sonderbare Gewohnheit, er trug seinen Regenschirm wie . ein Gewebr tiber der Schulter. ,...., . , · r- \
~zrr .)({UI~l~l ~ fcr-r~,.l ~ ~t={T c-tT ~r-cft" ~ D>T~OJ? -<qliJJc({ t'-cncrr c-qfr ~ , ..silel ~-
Ich frage mich immer, i~t er fleiBi3 oder tut er nur so. >ft ~~~;it ~()Tfff e{.,'Pf' €1 ~ ~.,~RGt::f\"'"'\ ~lmm~n 31~ q,=t-~"lim-.:.( '3-1f0(' 3-mrrcr (Negation): nesati;n at the end of the sentence. ~-Icb komme nicht, keinesfalls, keineswegs, nie, niemals, nimmer. m i:n1 er10"-, ~m-!t-YR1~nlr1 ,ohlit -8U c-t:fi- c.h~ ~{T,tq-cP'tt· Er war nirgends ~ ~ 1 '"' • ~ ) ' '
. c-t I Of? I <5~ ..-t -=f Ci I " 14+! c.'ft o1W ' Niemand war zu sehen ~o-ff-i:f' 1~.ga- ~- Keiner kam~cy-if~<TfrF.
Ich babe nichts gefunden J{'GI•='1,.iTft"L( ,;;~,,\ I 81L{~ co·nfr.
25G
Wortverneinung:
V e rs t 8 rkung:
doppelte Verneinung
Nicht jeder ist ein Held~ ~I:f( It~/ ~f7.TCi; trl~ Nicht dich babe ich gemeint sondern deinen .Freund,~BI~ ~~ ~7mrr
jfl-~ ( rl'l:i .
Er liebt das durchaus nicht, gar nicht, ganz und gar nicht. ~ c~-fTI61 !rn§i &fTt=1 3-1 fctsc-t trl r[t-, os;-c{"Tftt- 3-a::;J(f ~~ -rrfr-..,:;-<7'1-& ·
Nein, icb komme nicht: o-nft,Rr~crtl[\.
Gott bewahre, das tue ich nicht.
~os,~l, ri-rrrm~,G.-7 ~ ~-Er hat nicht nur nicht gearbeitet, sondern aucb nocb die anderen abgehalten. \ ~ c~~rl! ~111 CJ?-rt--a1rir Q:.ct~=c:t ai~ c-1'"-{ ~a~\.:rrtf- ~ 1~05 ~-Das ist nicht unmoglich c:T ~f{loy2.i 31"Ti- ~···HIT.
Es wa~iemand im Zimmer, der das nicht gewuBt b&tte
s~ c-T J-rrkc=r oi~ '3-im ~p:rft--if ..( ~ cfi c1 a-{~ r11 .
Source: 1. ~ler n;roBe Duden GraDmstik.
2. 0hash triya U~lr':t thi Vvak.'Jr::mc:l: l;1oro Keshav Damle, v Deshmukh & Co, J?une 1 970.