Chapter 30: Populations and Communities

Name: ____________________Period: _________

What is a population?• Definition: _____________________

______________________________.

____________________

____________________

A group of similar organisms living in a

given area

Wildebeest in the Serengeti

Whales in the ocean

Bees in a nest

Flowers in a field

People in a city

Population of people in the USA.

• 1960= • 1970= • 1980= • 1990= • 2000=

What is causing this drastic change?

180 million

205 million

227 million

249 million

270 million

What causes population change?

• Immigration = people __________ a population…SIZE __________• Emigration = people _________ a population…SIZE _________• Death-rate… ____________ population• Birth-rate… _____________ population

• What are the multiple reasons for the change in population size in the USA?

• 1. _____________________________________• 2. _____________________________________• 3. _____________________________________• 4. _____________________________________

come into increases

Exit (leave) decreases

decreases

increases

Increase in immigration

Decrease in emigration

Medical technology is better

No significant war or disease

“Clumped” populations

Human population in the USA

1. What causes this “clumping”?

______________________________________________Resources are abundant

• Examples of limiting factors• _____________________ • _____________________• _____________________• _____________________• _____________________• _____________________

• How do these factors effect the growth of a population?

_______________________________________________________________________

Examples:

Lion and hyena compete for _____________________

Plants compete for ______________, ________________, and __________________

Birds compete for _____________________

Squirrels and birds compete for _____________________

rabbits and groundhogs compete for _____________________

Limiting factors…help keep population from growing

food

water

shelter

space

sunlight

nutrients

food

space sunlight nutrients

territory

Food and shelter

space

Communities

• ______________________________

_______________________________

Animals of the SerengetiFish and plants in an aquarium

Plants and animals in a forest

*All animals have a ______________(place they “live”)…ex: field, lake, forest.

*They also have a _______________(“job” or “role” within their habitat)

All living things that share a particular area

habitat

niche

• _____________________(“autotrophic”)– Produces its own food– Plants, algae, and some bacteria– Chlorophyll is the food-making chemical

• Produce food and oxygen during photosynthesis!!

• _____________________(“heterotrophic”)– All animals are consumers– Types of consumers

• _______________…eats a producer = “herbivore” Ex: Grasshopper eats grass• _______________…eats the primary consumer = “carnivore” Ex. Frog eats grasshopper• _______________…eats the second consumer Ex. Snake eats frog• _______________…eats the third consumer Ex. Bird eats snake

• _____________________ …recycle nutrients back into the community – _____________________– _____________________

3 Types of Niches

Producer

Consumer

Primary Consumer

Secondary consumer

Tertiary consumer

Fourth consumer

Decomposerbacteriafungus

___________

__________

__________

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

Food Chain

Producer? _______________________

Primary Consumer? ________________________

Secondary consumer? ______________________

Decomposer? _________________________

Grass

Mouse

Cat

Fungus

Shows pathway of energy through a

community

Food Web.

1. How many food chains are in this particular food web? ___________________

2. Can you identify a producer and a primary, secondary, third, fourth, and fifth consumer?

______________ _____________ _____________ _____________ ______________ _________________rabbit Fox (2) Snake (4) Owl (5)grass

17

Spider (3)

Food chains connected in a

community

Energy flow• The primary source of energy for a community is the ________________• Which group directly uses the sun’s energy? ______________ by the process of photosynthesis

– Primary consumer gets energy by eating the ____________________– Secondary consumer gets energy by eating the ____________________ (and so on)– ENERGY IS LOST THROUGH EACH STEP OF A FOOD CHAIN!!! (released as _______ by the organism)

Why do you usually NOT see a sixth or seventh consumer?

_____________________________________________________

Energy pyramid

ENERGY

ENERGY

ENERGY

ENERGY

Sun

Producersproducer

Primary consumer

heat

Not enough energy available

Three types of Relationships

1. Mutualism– _________________________

Moray eel and cleaner fish

Sea anemone and clown fish

Bees and flowers

Rhino and birds

Both organisms benefit

2. CommensalismOne organism ________ and the other

_____________________

A remora fish uses a shark for _______ and to ____________

A frog uses vegetation as __________

benefits

Unharmed and NO benefit

transportFood scraps

camouflage

3. Parasitism• One organism benefits, while the other is

_____________________

tickfleas

mosquito

harmed

• Predation– Predator and prey– ________ is killed and eaten by the _____________Prey Predator

Are all secondary consumers