Chapter 3: Introduction to

the Periodic Table

Section 3.2: Using the Periodic Table

Objectives: Relate an element’s valence electron structure to its position in the periodic table, Use the periodic table to classify an element as a metal, nonmetal or metalloid, Compare the properties of metals, nonmetals or metalloids

ArrangementO Elements are arranged according to atomic number

O Atomic number = electrons/ protons O PERIOD- horizontal row in the table

O GROUP (family)- vertical column in the tableO For elements in group 1 and 2:

The group number equals the number of valence electrons

O For elements in groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18:

The second digit in the group number is equal to the number of valence electrons

ArrangementElements in the same group have the same

number of valence electrons, similar properties

 http://www.ptable.com/

O Alkali metals are elements in Group 1 (most reactive metals)

O Alkaline earth metals are elements in Group 2

O Halogens are elements in Group 17 (most reactive nonmetals)

O   NOBLE GASES: Elements in Group 18

Maximum 8 valence electron- unreactive – octet rule

Physical states of elements

O Most elements are solid, only 2 elements are liquid (Br, Hg)

 O Gaseous elements are in the upper-right

corner of the table, except hydrogen O Some elements are not found in nature-

synthetic elements are produced artificiallyInclude: Element 43, Technetium All elements after element 92, Uranium

Classifying ElementsO Majority of elements are metals- left

side and center O Nonmetals- upper-right-hand corner O Metalloids- along the boundary

between metals and nonmetals http://www.ptable.com/

METALSO Metals have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons -

except Lead, Bismuth, and TinO Strong and durableO Have luster, conduct heat and electricityO Usually bend without breakingO All metals are solid at room temp, except

HgO Good conductors

 

METALSTRANSITION ELEMENTS: Elements in

groups 3 through 12 of the periodic tableO Predicting behavior and properties of

transition metals is complicated due to the atomic structure of these elements

 Inner Transition ElementsO Placed below the periodic table- proper

position would make table too wide

METALSO LANTHANIDES- first series of inner

transition elementsElements 58-71, also called rare earth elements

 O ACTINIDES- second series of inner

transition elementsElements 90-103, all are radioactive

NONMETALSO Poor conductors of electricity and

heat, and are brittle as solids O Many are gases at room

temperature, lower melting points than metals

O Nonmetals have 5, 6, 7, 8 valence electrons, except Carbon

Metals and NonmetalsO Atomic Structure

O MetalsO Valence electrons are loosely bound to

the positive nucleusO Electrons are free to move in the solid

metal and are easily lostO This motion allows for their good

conductivity

METALLOIDSO Elements that have chemical and

physical properties of metals and nonmetals

Ex: Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic O Form border between metals and

nonmetalsO Some metalloids are

semiconductors.

METALLOIDSSEMICONDUCTOR: Element that does

not conduct electricity as well as metal, but does conduct slightly better than a nonmetal

 O Valence electrons in nonmetals and

metalloids are tightly held to the nucleus

O In reactions, nonmetals tend to share or gain electrons

O http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3GdpbKTPQQ&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

METALLOIDSSemiconductor uses:O Used in electronic devices (circuits): TV,

computers, calculators O Semiconductors are “doped” with a small

amount of another element → allows the movement of electrons → produces electricity

 O p-type semiconductor- creates “holes” that

allows electrons to move in and outO n- type semiconductor- extra electrons

present are free to move

METALLOIDS

Transistors, diodes, and other semiconductors are incorporated onto thin slices of silicon (chip) to form integrated circuits → growth of computer technology

MATCHING CONCEPTS Match words or phrases in column 1 with words or phrases in column

2. It is possible to have multiple connections…find as many as you can! BUT, be able to justify the connection!

 COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

O Conductivity Inner Transition ElementO Group FamilyO Nonmetal State of MatterO Mendeleev SemiconductorO Energy Level MetalO Silver Alkali MetalO Liquid MercuryO Lanthanides BromineO Sodium Noble GasO Alkaline Earth Metal Group 2O Group 18 PeriodicityO Halley’s Comet Group 1O Solid MagnesiumO Metalloid ActinideO 7 Energy Levels GasO 1 Valence Electron Period