CHAPTER 25: THE REACH OF IMPERIALISMColonial Rule in Southeast Asia

The New Imperialism

What is Imperialism? Extension of a nation’s power over other lands Trading posts had been set up before in Africa and the Americas

What is the New Imperialism? Fewer trading posts More of a direct control over territories Setting up governments

What was the rationale? New markets for raw materials (oil, rubber, spices) Acquiring new lands to better themselves over rivals Source of national prestige

The New Imperialism

Racism and Imperialism Racism: belief that race determines traits and capabilities Europeans believed that Anglo-Saxons were superior to all other races “The White Man’s Burden”

It was the job of Anglo-Saxons to teach moral responsibilities to the “heathen masses”

Also responsible for spreading Christianity Bring Democracy and capitalism to territories

Colonial Takeover

Great Britain 1819: Established Singapore (“city of the lion”)

Stop over point for people travelling to China Took over Burma

Used it to protect its control of India France

Vietnam Saw British invasion of southeast Asia as a threat French missionaries had been in area for years French government forces Vietnamese government to accept French

protection In following years, took over Laos, Annam, and Tonkin

Colonial Takeover

Thailand Remained independent but stuck between French and British rule Two kings maintained rule of Thailand Both promoted Western ideas and kept friendly ties with all European

powers Both France and Great Britain agreed to allow Thailand to remain

independent USA

Spanish American War (1898) Goal was to protect Philippines from Spanish tyranny Also wanted to protect them from Japanese imperialism Took control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam Philippines later given independence

Colonial Regimes

Indirect Rule A colonial government where

the locals were allowed to maintain rule and keep local authority

Allowed for easier access to natural resources

Cheaper because fewer officials needed to be trained

Affected local culture less

Direct Rule Colonial government where local

elites were removed from office Replaced officials with new

government from colonizing country

Led to inclusion of Western civilization and cultures

Native people generally not given voting or political rights

Colonial Economies

Benefits of Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia Construction of railroads and highways Development of an export market Allowed for the small farmers of products to gain capital from these

products

Drawbacks to Colonial rule in Southeast Asia Increase in taxes on the peasants Poor working conditions on plantations led to death Poor wages on plantations so owners could make more money

Resistance to Colonial Rule

Vietnam Resistance to the French Can Vuong movement (“Save the King”) Designed to put ruling family back in power

Burma Resistance to the British Buddhist monk Saya San led peasant uprising The ruling class had fought first unsuccessfully

Nationalism Economic interests and religious beliefs stemmed rebellion from Westernized

Asians After a while, they began to protest for independence

CHAPTER 25: THE REACH OF IMPERIALISMEmpire Building in Africa

West AfricaRaw Materials Desired:

Peanuts, Timber, Hides, and Palm OilEngland

Took control of Gold Coast and Nigeria

FranceTook control of most of West Africa

Germany Took control of

Cameroon and Togo

North Africa

Egypt Muhammad Ali

Officer in Ottoman Army Took control and established a new Egypt Brought it up to the westernized times

Modern army Public School system Built ships Created industry (Sugar Industry)

French found interest in Egypt to build canal for steamships (Suez Canal)

British bought share of canal from Egypt (Became protector in 1914)

North Africa

Egypt British wanted to control Sudan as well to protect the Suez Canal Muhammad Ahmad attacked Sudan to seize power British sent General Charles Gordon to put down rebellion and take control

Took 13 years to seize Sudan Gordon died in battle

France 1879: Took control of Algeria (150,000 settle in it) 1881: Took control of Tunisia 1912: Establish Morocco as protectorate

Italy 1911: Invade and take control of Libya

Central Africa

David Livingstone Medical missionary who spent 30 years travelling Central African jungle Led to maps of Central Africa being created in London

Wanted to spread Christianity and open a possible European economy American Henry Stanley searched for him to join on the mission

Eventually Livingstone dies and Stanley continues journey

Leopold II (Belgium) After British turn down Central African Journey, he takes claim Establishes the nation Congo

East Africa

British Interested in connecting their colony in Egypt to South Africa

Germany Bismarck finally makes a push for colonization Saw the political need for them Wanted to have a connection to their West African colonies

Berlin Conference (1884 and 1885) Set up to decide settle claim conflicts British and Germans received their claims Portugal given the territory Mozambique Africans were excluded from meeting

South Africa

The Boers Original descendants of the Dutch colonists in Cape Town British took control of their lands after Napoleonic Wars The Great Trek

Tired of British rule, Boers moved to the valley between Orange and Vaal Rivers

2 separate republics established Believed in white superiority Non-Europeans given no rights or powers Zulu nation took offense and had many conflicts Eventually defeated by the Boers and British

South Africa

Cecil Rhodes Major miner of gold and diamonds With discovery, wanted to establish colonies from Cape Town to Cairo with

railroads Boers did not like the involvement of new settlers Rhodes attempted to have them moved through a raid on the British Plan backfired and forced him to leave

Boer War (1899-1902) Boers vs. British British destroyed crops and homes Captured 120,000 Boer women and children (20,000 died from starvation) Larger British army forced peace treaty in 1902

Effects of Imperialism

Use of Indirect Rule Pros

Does not disrupt or change local customs Cons

Colonizing countries still made all decisions Kept social classes the same and allowed for little movement

Use of Direct Rule Pros

Africans allowed to run for office Gave them political voice to extent

Cons Major loss of customs and traditions

Effects of Imperialism

Rise of Nationalism New leaders admired Western culture However resentment rose against foreigners

Natives still only had low-paying jobs Middle class did not have major impact on government Tired of the superiority complex of Europeans Condescending tones taken to Africans Segregation in daily life

Led to the desire to be independent from the Europeans

CHAPTER 25: THE REACH OF IMPERIALISMBritish Rule in India

The Great Rebellion

AKA Sepoy Mutiny and First War of Independence Causes

General growing distrust by Indians Rifles were greased using cow and pig fat

Cows are sacred to Indians Pigs are unclean and taboo to Muslims Had to bite end of cartridge to load which meant pig and cow fat

was consumed This was disgraceful to Hindus and Muslims Led to a refusals to load weapons by Indians and charges of mutiny

brought upon them

The Great Rebellion

Reaction Indian troops responded with widespread upheaval Killed 50 Europeans including women and children Reclaimed land that was taken from them

Why Rebellion Failed Lack of troops

British regrouped and had loyal Indian troops fight with them Outnumbered 230,000-45,000

Lack of organization

The Great Rebellion

Effects Parliament’s response

East India Company directly controlled by British government Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India Indians became colonial subjects

Nationalism Seen as first significant attempt to overthrow British in Asia Allowed others to take up the cause

British Colonial Rule

Structure Viceroy

Acted as governor and extension of the monarchy Civil Service Staff

3,500 in total Ruled 300 million people

Benefits for Indians Brought stability to region Created an honest and efficient government Set up a school system

Wanted to train Indians to serve in government and army

British Colonial Rule

Benefits to Indians Creation of roads, canals, and universities Postal system established Medical centers created Improved sanitation system

Drawbacks for Indians Costs were increasing on them and the profits went to wealthy British Local industries destroyed by mass production Textile industry almost completely shutdown Tax collectors took advantage of position Food shortage with jobs being switched Racial discrimination

Indian Nationalists

Indian National Congress Called for a share in government and not immediate independence Religion

Different religions caused lack of unity Called for equals rights regardless of religion

Hindus were more represented in group than Muslims Mohandas Gandhi

Led independence movement Preached nonviolent methods of protest Wanted to improve the life for poor

Colonial Indian Culture

British Reaction One of disrespect

Taj Mahal (Built as a tomb to the wife of the ruler) Sacred place to Indians British used it for parties and would degrade it

Indian Revival Founded in books on Indian culture and language Began in Calcutta Expanded Indian writings Most preferred to write in native language and not English

CHAPTER 25: THE REACH OF IMPERIALISMImperialism in Latin America

The U.S. in Latin America

The Roosevelt Corollary Extension of Monroe Doctrine The United States can intervene in an Latin American nation that it sees

fit Allows the US to keep Europe out of the Western Hemisphere Gave them right to add nations as protectorates and territories

The Panama Canal (1914) Connection between Pacific and Atlantic Ocean Allowed ships to not have to sail around South America Cut off up to 4 weeks on a journey

The US in Latin America

Dollar Diplomacy The United States began to invest money into the Latin American

nations Acted as another way the US could control these countries Pumped $3.5 Billion in Latin America Allowed for debts to be paid and new industries to be opened Gave them reason to have military influence in Latin America

Revolution in Mexico

Porfirio Diaz Ran Mexico from 1877-1911 Established a conservative and centralized government Those that supported benefitted from him including: army, Catholic

Church, landowners, and foreign investors Problems under Diaz

Worker wages declined over those 35 years 95% of population owned no land

Diaz overthrown by Francisco Madero Madero attempted to improve government officials Deal with foreign influence and trade by having more balance

Revolution in Mexico

Pancho Villa Created revolution in northern states of Mexico Drew following of the masses Mexican generals were more concerned with government and blaming

than fixing the problem Emiliano Zapata

Wanted to have equality of land for all Began seizing land from wealthy and giving it to poor Raised an army in the process

Revolution in Mexico

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) Constant fighting and revolting led to a weakened economy 1917: Mexico establishes a new constitution

Increased political reform Universal male suffrage President elected by people

Land reform for peasants Limited foreign investors Set minimum wages for workers Allowed for unionization

Increased patriotism

Prosperity in Latin America

Latin America had few goods to export but valuable Argentina: wheat and beef Brazil: coffee Peru: silver and sugar Used to exchange with larger countries for textiles and luxury items Industrialization hit around 1900

Social Change in Latin America

Old world system still in place with natives and former slaves being in poverty

Industrialization changed that system Middle class increased in size (lawyers, businessmen, teachers, military) Unions allowed the working class to gain favor and power

Right to vote still limited their political power Immigration increased as industrialization required more workers

Buenos Aires population more than doubled in 15 years