chapter 25 oceania and antarctica

Chapter 25Chapter 25Oceania and AntarcticaOceania and Antarctica

Section 25-1Section 25-1Oceania (pages 660–664)Oceania (pages 660–664)

Fiji

Did you know?Did you know?

About 144,000 people About 144,000 people live in Micronesia. live in Micronesia. About 100 of the 607 About 100 of the 607 islands are inhabited. islands are inhabited. Because of its close Because of its close ties with the United ties with the United States, the U.S. dollar States, the U.S. dollar is the official currency is the official currency of Micronesia.of Micronesia.

I. Melanesia (pages 660–662)I. Melanesia (pages 660–662)

A. Geographers group A. Geographers group the 25,000 islands of the 25,000 islands of Oceania into three Oceania into three main regions— main regions— Melanesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Micronesia, and Polynesia.Polynesia.


B. The largest country B. The largest country in Melanesia is Papua in Melanesia is Papua New Guinea. Other New Guinea. Other independent island independent island countries are the countries are the Solomon Islands, the Solomon Islands, the Fiji Islands, and Fiji Islands, and Vanuatu. Vanuatu.

Southern Highlands of New Guinea.


C. Most Melanesians C. Most Melanesians work on subsistence work on subsistence farms. Coffee, palm farms. Coffee, palm oil, and cacao are oil, and cacao are important exports. important exports. Cacao is a tropical Cacao is a tropical tree whose seeds are tree whose seeds are used to make used to make chocolate.chocolate. CacaoCacao


D. Coconut oil from D. Coconut oil from copra, or dried copra, or dried coconut meat, is used coconut meat, is used to make margarine, to make margarine, soap, and other soap, and other products.products.


E. More than 700 E. More than 700 languages are spoken languages are spoken in Papua New Guinea in Papua New Guinea alone. People here alone. People here speak a pidgin speak a pidgin language formed by language formed by combining parts of combining parts of several different several different languages.languages. The Mt. Hagen Festival takes place in what many call "the Last

Frontier" of travel today ... untamed Papua New Guinea. Each late July, dozens of tribes make the pilgrimage to Mt. Hagen to dance, enjoy "the big city" and share their culture in the most exclusive, difficult-to-attend festival in the world.


F. Most Melanesians F. Most Melanesians live in small villages in live in small villages in houses made of houses made of natural materials. natural materials. They keep strong ties They keep strong ties to local groups and to local groups and hold on to traditional hold on to traditional ways.ways.

II. Micronesia (pages 662–663)II. Micronesia (pages 662–663)

A. Independent A. Independent countries in countries in Micronesia include Micronesia include the Federated States the Federated States of Micronesia, the of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Marshall Islands, Palau, Nauru, and Palau, Nauru, and Kiribati.Kiribati.

Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands


B. Micronesia is made up of B. Micronesia is made up of two types of islands—two types of islands—high islands and low high islands and low islands. Volcanic activity islands. Volcanic activity formed the mountainous formed the mountainous high islands many high islands many centuries ago. Coral, or centuries ago. Coral, or skeletons of millions of skeletons of millions of tiny sea animals, formed tiny sea animals, formed the low islands. Most of the low islands. Most of the low islands are atollsthe low islands are atolls—low-lying, ring-shaped —low-lying, ring-shaped islands that surround islands that surround lagoons.lagoons.

Atoll


C. From July to C. From July to October, typhoons October, typhoons sometimes strike the sometimes strike the islands, causing loss islands, causing loss of life and much of life and much destruction.destruction.


D. On the high islands, D. On the high islands, most people practice most people practice subsistence farming. subsistence farming. People on the low People on the low islands obtain food islands obtain food from the sea. Several from the sea. Several Micronesian islands Micronesian islands have phosphate, a have phosphate, a mineral salt used to mineral salt used to make fertilizer.make fertilizer.

phosphatephosphate


E. Micronesia receives E. Micronesia receives financial aid from the financial aid from the United States, the United States, the European Union, and European Union, and Australia. Australia.

Euro DollarAustralian Dollar


F. Southeast Asians F. Southeast Asians first settled first settled Micronesia about Micronesia about 4,000 years ago. By 4,000 years ago. By the early 1900s, many the early 1900s, many European countries, European countries, the United States, the United States, and Japan held and Japan held colonies here.colonies here.


G. After World War II, G. After World War II, most of Micronesia most of Micronesia was turned over to was turned over to the United States as the United States as trust territories. These trust territories. These territories were under territories were under temporary United temporary United States control. Since States control. Since the 1970s, most have the 1970s, most have become independent.become independent.

Palau, Micronesia has incredible underwater life and World War II

wrecks.

III. Polynesia (pages 663–664)III. Polynesia (pages 663–664)

A. Polynesia includes A. Polynesia includes three independent three independent countries—Samoa, countries—Samoa, Tonga, and Tuvalu. Tonga, and Tuvalu.

Tonga, South Pacific


B. Other island groups are B. Other island groups are under French rule and under French rule and are known as French are known as French Polynesia. Tahiti, Polynesia. Tahiti, Polynesia’s largest island, Polynesia’s largest island, is part of this French-is part of this French-ruled area. American ruled area. American Samoa, a United States Samoa, a United States territory, is also part of territory, is also part of this region.this region.

TahitiTahiti

A vacation in the near future…. A vacation in the near future….

Coach GottMrs. Gott


C. Most Polynesian C. Most Polynesian islands are high islands are high volcanic islands. volcanic islands. Because Polynesia Because Polynesia lies in the tropics, the lies in the tropics, the climate is hot and climate is hot and humid.humid.

French Polynesia


D. Polynesians grow D. Polynesians grow crops or fish for food. crops or fish for food. Most Polynesians live Most Polynesians live in rural villages and in rural villages and practice traditional practice traditional crafts. Tourism is one crafts. Tourism is one of the fastest growing of the fastest growing businesses.businesses.

Polynesian SunsetPolynesian Sunset


E. In the 1800s, several E. In the 1800s, several European nations European nations divided up Polynesia divided up Polynesia among themselves. among themselves. They built military They built military bases as refueling bases as refueling stops. Several stops. Several Polynesian territories Polynesian territories chose independence chose independence in the 1960s; others in the 1960s; others remained territories.remained territories.

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Section 25-2Section 25-2Antarctica (pages 666–669)Antarctica (pages 666–669)

Did you know?Did you know?

The Antarctic Circle The Antarctic Circle marks the edge of an marks the edge of an area where the sun stays area where the sun stays above the horizon one or above the horizon one or more days each year. more days each year. The sun never sets on The sun never sets on the Antarctic Circle during the Antarctic Circle during the longest day of the longest day of summer, about summer, about December 21. The sun December 21. The sun never rises on the never rises on the shortest day of winter, shortest day of winter, about June 21.about June 21.

I. A Unique Continent (pages I. A Unique Continent (pages 666–667)666–667)

A. Fossils discovered here A. Fossils discovered here reveal that millions of reveal that millions of years ago, Antarctica’s years ago, Antarctica’s landscape was inhabited landscape was inhabited by dinosaurs and small by dinosaurs and small mammals. Today, mammals. Today, however, a huge ice cap however, a huge ice cap buries nearly 98 percent buries nearly 98 percent of Antarctica’s land area.of Antarctica’s land area.

Digging for fossils in Allan Hills, part of the southern Victoria Land

area of Antarctica.


B. In some areas, the ice B. In some areas, the ice cap forms crevasses, or cap forms crevasses, or cracks, that plunge more cracks, that plunge more than 100 feet. At the than 100 feet. At the Antarctic coast, the ice Antarctic coast, the ice cap spreads past the land cap spreads past the land to cover part of the to cover part of the ocean. This layer of ice ocean. This layer of ice above the water is called above the water is called an ice shelf. Huge chunks an ice shelf. Huge chunks of ice sometimes break of ice sometimes break off, forming icebergs that off, forming icebergs that float freely in the icy float freely in the icy waters.waters.


C. Beneath the ice cap, C. Beneath the ice cap, Antarctica has Antarctica has highlands, valleys, highlands, valleys, and mountains—the and mountains—the same landforms you same landforms you find on other find on other continents.continents.

The Trans-Antarctic Mountains


D. Antarctica receives so D. Antarctica receives so little precipitation that it is little precipitation that it is the world’s largest, the world’s largest, coldest desert. Inland coldest desert. Inland Antarctica receives no Antarctica receives no rain and hardly any new rain and hardly any new snow each year. On a snow each year. On a high, flat plateau is the high, flat plateau is the South Pole, the South Pole, the southernmost point of the southernmost point of the earth.earth.

The South PoleThe South Pole

The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station is a U.S. research station at the South Pole, in Antarctica.

II. Resources of Antarctica (page II. Resources of Antarctica (page 668)668)

A. Penguins, fish, whales, A. Penguins, fish, whales, and many kinds of flying and many kinds of flying birds live in or near the birds live in or near the rich seas surrounding rich seas surrounding Antarctica. Many eat a Antarctica. Many eat a tiny, shrimplike creature tiny, shrimplike creature called krill. The inland called krill. The inland animals are very small, animals are very small, the largest being an the largest being an insect one-tenth of an insect one-tenth of an inch long.inch long.

Krill


B. Scientists believe B. Scientists believe Antarctica’s land Antarctica’s land holds rich mineral holds rich mineral resources of coal, resources of coal, copper, gold, iron ore, copper, gold, iron ore, manganese, and zinc.manganese, and zinc.


C. Forty-three nations C. Forty-three nations have signed the have signed the Antarctic Treaty, Antarctic Treaty, which prohibits any which prohibits any nation from taking nation from taking resources from the resources from the continent. It also bans continent. It also bans weapons testing in weapons testing in Antarctica.Antarctica.

III. A Vast Scientific Laboratory III. A Vast Scientific Laboratory (page 668)(page 668)

A. Many countries have research A. Many countries have research stations in Antarctica. Much of stations in Antarctica. Much of the scientific research focuses the scientific research focuses on ozone. Ozone is a type of on ozone. Ozone is a type of oxygen that forms a layer in oxygen that forms a layer in the atmosphere. The ozone the atmosphere. The ozone layer protects all living things layer protects all living things on the earth from certain on the earth from certain harmful rays of the sun. In the harmful rays of the sun. In the 1980s, scientists discovered a 1980s, scientists discovered a weakening, or “hole,” in this weakening, or “hole,” in this layer above Antarctica.layer above Antarctica.

Antarctic ozone hole. The blue and purple colors are where there

is the least ozone, and the greens, yellows, and reds are where there is more ozone.

III. A Vast Scientific Laboratory III. A Vast Scientific Laboratory (page 668)(page 668)

B. Antarctica is the only B. Antarctica is the only continent in the world continent in the world that has no that has no permanent permanent population.population.

IV. Living in Antarctica (page IV. Living in Antarctica (page 669)669)

A. The Villa Las A. The Villa Las Estrellas, or Village of Estrellas, or Village of the Stars, is a “town” the Stars, is a “town” in Chile’s Antarctic in Chile’s Antarctic Territory.Territory.

The Villa Las EstrellasThe Villa Las Estrellas


B. Villagers must wear B. Villagers must wear dark glasses to dark glasses to protect against the protect against the sun’s strong sun’s strong ultraviolet rays.ultraviolet rays.


C. They must also dress C. They must also dress for temperatures as for temperatures as cold as -13°F with an cold as -13°F with an even more bone-even more bone-chilling wind factor.chilling wind factor.

chapter 25 oceania and antarctica

Documents

micronesia pages

melanesia pages

low islands

islands of oceania

oceania pages

polynesia pages

fiji islands

solomon islands