ANZOA Human Geography

• Australia, New Zealand, Oceania, Antarctica Culture

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

Sydney Opera House

• Designed in 1957 (Architecture competition)

• Based on the shape of orange slices

• Several performance halls, cafes and shops

First InhabitantsAustralia

• Aboriginal people– Came from Asia 40,000 years ago– When British arrived there were

500 groups and 200 languages– Dreamtime: Animist religion,

with belief in the “Dreaming” a complex set of myths and practices that establish the world and Aborigine culture.

– The Dreaming tells of the journeys and deeds of creator ancestors.

– The creator ancestors made the trees, rocks, waterholes, rivers, mountains and stars, as well as the animals and plants

– Their spirits inhabit these features of the natural world today.

New Zealand

• Maori– Migrated from Polynesia

1,000 years ago– Fierce Warriors

Not in notes: Aborigine Dreamtime

THE DREAMTIMEDuring the creation of our world , the ancestors (ancient beings) moved across a barren

land, hunting, camping, fighting and loving and in doing so shaped a featureless landscape.

Moving from Dreams to actions, the ancestors made the ants, the emus, the crows, the possums, the wallabies, the kangaroos, the lizard, the goanna, the snakes and all the food

and plants.

They made the sun, the moon and the planets. They made the humans, tribes and clans.

Each could transform into the other. A plant could become an animal, an animal a landform, a landform a man or a woman.

Download the Dreamtime Chart

Everything was created from the same source.

Everything was created in our Dreamtime.

As the world took shape and was filled with species and varieties of the ancestral transformations, the ancestors tired and retired into * the earth * the sky

* the clouds * and the creatures to live within all their created

* In our Dreamtime

Ancient Mysteries: Dreamtime of the Aboriginals – 45 min.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ootry93H_QE

Not in notes: Consequences of British coming to Australia

The mode of life and material cultures varied greatly from region to region before British colonization of Australia began in Sydney in 1788.

Old World epidemic diseases quickly killed most of the Aboriginal population. The British appropriated (controlled without consent) the land and water resources.

1788-1900The combination of disease, loss of land and direct violence reduced the Aboriginal population by an estimated 90%.

A wave of massacres and resistance followed the frontier of British settlement. By the 1870s all the fertile areas of Australia had been appropriated, and indigenous communities reduced to impoverished remnants living either on the fringes of Australian communities or on lands considered unsuitable for settlement.

Many indigenous people adapted to European culture, working as stock hands or laborers. With the exception of a few in the remote interior, all surviving indigenous communities gradually became dependent on the settler population for their livelihood.

European SettlementAustralia

• Discovered by Dutch in 1609• 1770 British Captain James Cook

mapped Australia and got stuck on the Great Barrier Reef

• The British founded Sydney in 1788 as penal colony

• Penal Colony – island for prisoners

• Gave Britain a Pacific Ocean Naval base

• Colonists vs. Aborigines – Better technology = dominance

New Zealand• 1642 - Abel Tasman of Holland was

first European to sail to New Zealand 1769 - Captain James Cook sailed to New Zealand, fought the Maori and mapped the two major islands (the strait between these two islands is now named Cook Strait).

• Eventually colonized by hunters and whalers from Europe, America, and Australia

• 1840 Treaty of Waitangi– Signed by Maori– Britain controls NZ– Control vs. Governorship– Land Wars 1845-1847, 1860-

1872

Rights and IssuesAustralia

• Aborigines have less education, more poverty. Became dependent on British after their way of life taken away.

• Terra Nullius ( Latin ) “empty land.” British felt that land was theirs to take from aborigines

• Stolen Generation – 1909 to 1969 Australian govt. took aborigine children to be assimilated into British culture).

--Formal apology in 2008• Land Rights Act of 1976 – aboriginal people

could claim land they were living on• Mabo Case of 1992 – Aboriginal people

owned land before British arrived.• Wik Case of 1996 – Aboriginal people could

claim land owned by govt. Made some farmers and ranchers upset fearing they would have to pay aboriginal people to use land instead of a pastoral lease of land from govt.

New Zealand• 1893 Women’s Right to Vote

(1st country)• Governor, Lord Glasgow,

signed into law the right to vote in parliamentary elections.

• Government Pensions ( like social security in U.S.A. ) for Senior Citizens very competitive with rest of world.

• Some benefits not as good for seniors (ie. health benefits in U.K.)

EconomyAustralia

• 22 million people (90% European, 8% Asia, 2% Aborigine)

• Exports– Wool (#1 in wool production

the world; China #1 in processed wool)

• Mining– #1 in the World

• Diamonds• Lead• Zinc

New Zealand• Economy based on film

industry, tourism, resources, and agriculture

• Exports– Butter, Cheese, Meat, Wool

(#2 in the world in wool production)

• Ranching– Farm animals outnumber

people 15:1

• Crops– Largest producer of Kiwi Fruit

in the World

CulturesAustralia

• Jan. 1, 1901 - Australia became an independent nation when the British Parliament passed the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act

• Australia is a Federation powers are divided between a central government regional governments.

• 20% foreign born• Approx. 2.5% Aborigine• Drive on the Left side• Speak English• Christianity

New Zealand• New Zealand is a parliamentary democracy

and constitutional monarchy with The Queen as Sovereign.

• As a constitutional monarch, The Queen abides by the decisions of the New Zealand Government, but she continues to play important ceremonial and symbolic roles.

• Pakehas – Maori term for White people

• 4 million people (65% European, 15% Maori, 20% Asian or Pacific, <1% Hobbits, Elves, and Orcs)

• English and Maori – official languages• Christianity and Native religions• Peter Jackson – filmmaker

– Lord of the Rings– King Kong– The Hobbit– Lovely BonesNZ Prime Minister John Key

Modern LifeAustralia

• 70% own their home• 85% Urban• Many types of animals found only

in Australia, such as kangaroo, koala, and the platypus

• Australian Rules football

New Zealand

• 70% own their home• 85% Urban• Skiing and Mountain

Climbing

Australian Rules Football• Played between two teams of 22 players (18 on the field, 3 interchanges and 1

substitute) on either an Australian rules football ground or a modified cricket field.• The main way to score points is by kicking the ball between the major goal posts. • During play, players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any

part of their body to move the ball. The primary methods are kicking, handballing and running with the ball.

• A game consists of 20 minute quarters• At the end of each quarter, teams change their scoring end.• There are rules on how the ball can be handled: for example, players running with

the ball must intermittently bounce or touch it on the ground (15 steps). Throwing the ball forward is not allowed!

• A distinctive feature of the game is the mark, where players anywhere on the field who catch a ball from a kick (with specific conditions), are awarded a free kick.

• Australian rules is a contact sport, in which players can tackle using their hands or use their whole body to obstruct opponents.

• Show VIDEO on CD

Not in notes: HUMAN GEO OF OCEANIA• Settled thousands of years ago by boat from

Asia. • Explored by Europeans in the 1500’s, later

settled for agriculture. • Site of most of the big battles of WW2 in the

Pacific. • Some islands used for Nuclear Testing which

displaced many people (Marshall Islands and the Bikini Atoll)

• Some effects of nuclear testing have had a lasting impact

• Gained independence from Europe and the USA in 1960’s and 1970’s.

• Modern population is less than 10 million, depending on how the region is counted.

• Most countries are poor and underdeveloped, relying on resort tourism for their economies.

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF ANTARCTICA• No permanent human presence in

Antarctica.

• Between 1000 to 5000 people live there for short periods, living in various research stations.

• No government, other than 1959 Antarctic Treaty: No mining, no military bases or weapons, only peaceful scientific research.

• Various countries claim portions of Antarctica for their own use, but these areas overlap and are generally not recognized as official.