chapter 2 – normal flora
TRANSCRIPT
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
Chapter 2 – NORMAL FLORA
Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
Skin Flora Oral Cavity Flora Intestinal Flora Urogenital Flora
Content
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
*microorganism in perianal area enter the
urinary tract (UT) causing infection in internal UT
Can prevent infection by: Medical asepsis – personnel and hospital
environment should be clean from pathogens Surgical asepsis – instrument used should be
sterile and including the surgical room What did you implement in daily life?
Harmful
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Skin Flora
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
Anatomy of the Skin
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
Different area consist of different microflora.
Example armpits vs forehead. Moisture area will support larger populations;
nutrients from oils and sweat Those normal flora might have capability to
produce oils that known as fatty acid providing an acidic condition of particular area
Initiating host defense against infection in the 1st line stage
But, excess of oils production might resulting an odour of unpleasant smell to the body
Oils production
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Beside oils, the 2nd line of host defends is the
sweat that are salty However, in opposite situation, there are
bacteria that able to live in salty area such as Staphylococcus sp.
Majority of the skin flora – Gram +ve : Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Corynebacterium
Hair follicles inhabitants – mite Demodex folliculorum
Sweating
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3rd line defends is regarding the keratin-
degrading fungi It helps in rapid and continuous shedding of
skin cells replacing layer by layer Removing of skin cell together with group of
m/org on the skin
Skin shedding
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Producing fatty acids that prevent growth of
other m/org Excretion of lysozyme by sweat glands Desquamation of epithelial
Closing the loop
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Gram positive org. Staphylococcus sp Micrococcus Coryneform bacteria
Demodex folliculorum (opening glands – eyebrows)
Normal flora
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Oral Cavity Flora
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Anatomy of the oral cavity
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Basically the 1st area expose to m/org – the
m/org more than people on earth Affect the anatomy of mouth – teeth, tongue Contain saliva use to flush down food and
bacteria to the digestive systems below Level of efficacy of bacteria vary interms of
individual capability – physically and chemically
Resulting a tooth decay which are differ between individual
Mouth
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Currently, there are 400 species indentified
colonizing human mouth There are a lots more unknown m/org that
need to be discovered Colonization of m/org on cell lining cheek,
tongue, palate and floor of the mouth resulting bad breath
Major effects on tooth appearance
Ecology of m/org
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
Intestinal Flora
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
In esophagus – no normal flora – pH of
stomach inhibit the colonization Until the 2/3 of small intestine rarely contain
normal flora – except lactobacili and streptococci (transient microbes)
The last 1/3 small intestine, the movement become slower and leads to increasing of microbes colonization
GI tract
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
The main flora in 1/3 last small intestine – Gram-negative Facultitative anaerobe such as
enterobacteriaceae (E.coli) obligate anaerobes (Bacteroides and
Clostridium)
1/3 small intestine
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
Food remain as long as 60 hrs – long period
leads to high microbes colonization and replication
50% of feces = microbes Mostly Bacteroides Eating foods of raw material derived from
small intestine By-product = vit K for clotting of blood
Large intestine
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Urogenital Flora
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Anatomy of female
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Anatomy of male
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All parts are sterile except urogenital opening Urine collection should have ‘clean catch’ technique E.coli and Lactobacillus are common flora =
100,000 bact/ml of urine Collection during direct puncture (suprapubic) =
sterile sample Acid pH, high salt and urea concentration leads to
high m/org growth Urine sample should be refrigerated during
transportation if delay – high multiplication if stir in RT
Urogenital
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Mycobacterium smegmatis (acid fast staining
bacili) live in external genitalia of female and male
Esp under penis of uncircumsized male – smegma
If included in the sample, might leads to confusion wt the tuberculosis patient which actually having M. tuberculosis
In male, 1/3 of deep are for genital area don’t have normal flora
Cont.
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Due to hormonal changes.. Child-bearing – lactobacili numerous in vagina
(eating glycogen) Glycogen in vaginal cell will be fermented
become lactic acid and pH decrease to 4.7 Childhood and after menopause, lactobacili
absent coz no glycogen –replaced by streptococci and staphylococci due to alkaline pH in vagina
In female..
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Mycobacterium smegmatis Lactobacillus E.coli Staphylococcus Streptococcus
Normal flora
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
To be continue..
Sorry..c u tomorrow nite..