Chapter 2:Chapter 2:Growth and ConflictGrowth and Conflict

1789 - 18771789 - 1877

Section 1:Section 1:The New RepublicThe New Republic

Getting the government startedGetting the government started Constitution passedConstitution passed George Washington elected PresidentGeorge Washington elected President

(John Adams as Vice President—Two different (John Adams as Vice President—Two different parties!)parties!)

Chose Chose cabinetcabinet made up of individuals called made up of individuals called secretaries who would run various government secretaries who would run various government departments (War/State, Defense, Treasury) + departments (War/State, Defense, Treasury) + Attorney General and Postmaster GeneralAttorney General and Postmaster General

Judiciary Act of 1789 to create Supreme Court Judiciary Act of 1789 to create Supreme Court and lower courts—Chief Justice John Jayand lower courts—Chief Justice John Jay

Bill of Rights ratified in 1791Bill of Rights ratified in 1791 Tenth amend. gives any powers not specifically in Tenth amend. gives any powers not specifically in

Constitution to the statesConstitution to the states

Debt CrisisDebt Crisis War debt + cost of new gov’t. = debt War debt + cost of new gov’t. = debt

crisis!crisis! Secretary of Treasury Alexander Secretary of Treasury Alexander

Hamilton’s PlanHamilton’s Plan Pay off all debtsPay off all debts Federal gov’t. should take on states’ debts, tooFederal gov’t. should take on states’ debts, too Create a national bank to help manage Create a national bank to help manage

country’s financescountry’s finances Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, othersThomas Jefferson, James Madison, others

Constitution does not say gov’t. can establish a Constitution does not say gov’t. can establish a bank (enumerated powers vs. implied powers)bank (enumerated powers vs. implied powers)

Necessary and Proper clause (Article I, Section 8)Necessary and Proper clause (Article I, Section 8)

First Political Parties EmergeFirst Political Parties Emerge FederalistsFederalists Alex Hamilton, John Alex Hamilton, John

Adams, othersAdams, others Strong nat’l gov’t.Strong nat’l gov’t. Educated and wealthy Educated and wealthy

should governshould govern Promote Promote

manufacturing and manufacturing and tradetrade

Loose interpretation of Loose interpretation of ConstitutionConstitution

Protective tariffsProtective tariffs Pro North/New Pro North/New

EnglandEngland

Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans Jefferson, Madison, Jefferson, Madison,

othersothers Strong state gov’ts.Strong state gov’ts. Ruling power to all Ruling power to all

landownerslandowners Gov’t. should promote agGov’t. should promote ag Strict interpretation Strict interpretation

(enumerated powers) of (enumerated powers) of ConstitutionConstitution

Protective tariffs are bad Protective tariffs are bad and burden farmersand burden farmers

Pro West and SouthPro West and South

Washington’s Two TermsWashington’s Two Terms Hamilton won approval for his financial plan after Hamilton won approval for his financial plan after

promising that nation’s capital will be in between promising that nation’s capital will be in between Virginia and Maryland (District of Columbia)Virginia and Maryland (District of Columbia)

Bank of United States was established in 1791 for Bank of United States was established in 1791 for 20 years20 years

Whiskey Rebellion in August 1794Whiskey Rebellion in August 1794 Farewell Address—Washington gave advice to Farewell Address—Washington gave advice to

nation:nation: Avoid foreign alliances and entanglementsAvoid foreign alliances and entanglements Avoid political partiesAvoid political parties Avoid regional rivalries (sectionalism)Avoid regional rivalries (sectionalism) Did we listen?Did we listen?

Washington set many

“precedent” as President

1789 - 1797

President John AdamsPresident John Adams Needed to avoid a war Needed to avoid a war

with Francewith France Angry about our relations Angry about our relations

with Great Britainwith Great Britain Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

Very unpopular with Very unpopular with almost everybody!almost everybody!

Kentucky and Virginia Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions passed Resolutions passed claiming states can nullify claiming states can nullify federal lawsfederal laws

Did not win re-electionDid not win re-election

A (brilliant but) grumpy old man who had worked hard to become president, but did not enjoy the office at all.

1797 - 1801

Thomas Jefferson as Thomas Jefferson as PresidentPresident

Disputed presidential electionDisputed presidential election Electoral College—if no majority earned, Electoral College—if no majority earned,

decision made by House of Representativesdecision made by House of Representatives Marbury vs. Madison—Supreme Court caseMarbury vs. Madison—Supreme Court case

Gave Supreme Ct. the right of Gave Supreme Ct. the right of judicial reviewjudicial review Bought Louisiana Purchase from FranceBought Louisiana Purchase from France

Sent Lewis and Clark to exploreSent Lewis and Clark to explore Went all the way to Pacific OceanWent all the way to Pacific Ocean Doubled size of U.S. and now controlDoubled size of U.S. and now control

all of Mississippi Riverall of Mississippi River

1801 - 1809

War of 1812War of 1812 ““Mr. Madison’s War”Mr. Madison’s War”

James Madison, President, 1809 – 1817James Madison, President, 1809 – 1817 Caused by British impressment, encouraging Caused by British impressment, encouraging

native attacks on American frontier settlers, native attacks on American frontier settlers, not leaving Ohio Valley regionnot leaving Ohio Valley region

Fights with natives on frontier; naval battles Fights with natives on frontier; naval battles on Great Lakeson Great Lakes

Washington, D.C. burnedWashington, D.C. burned ““Star Spangled Banner” after Ft. McHenryStar Spangled Banner” after Ft. McHenry Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 1814Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 1814

Essentially did nothing but stop the fightingEssentially did nothing but stop the fighting

The 2nd War of Independence

Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings James Monroe’s Presidency (1817 – 1825)James Monroe’s Presidency (1817 – 1825)

(Ran unopposed for 2(Ran unopposed for 2ndnd term!) term!) Created 2Created 2ndnd Bank of the United States Bank of the United States Protective tariff of 1816 to encourage domestic Protective tariff of 1816 to encourage domestic

manufacturingmanufacturing Began building canals (Erie) and roads (National) and Began building canals (Erie) and roads (National) and

RRsRRs McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

Yes, “necessary and proper” means implied powersYes, “necessary and proper” means implied powers Constitution is the “supreme law of the land”Constitution is the “supreme law of the land”

Monroe Doctrine (pg. 994)Monroe Doctrine (pg. 994) To Europe: Stay out of Western Hemisphere, and To Europe: Stay out of Western Hemisphere, and

we’ll stay out of European Affairswe’ll stay out of European Affairs ““We are the watchdog of the Western Hemisphere.”We are the watchdog of the Western Hemisphere.”

They like me! They really like

me!

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Factory plans snuck over Factory plans snuck over

from Great Britainfrom Great Britain First mills next to riversFirst mills next to rivers Mostly textiles (cloth)Mostly textiles (cloth)

Eli WhitneyEli Whitney Cotton ginCotton gin Increased need for slaves!Increased need for slaves!

King Cotton + rice, tobacco, King Cotton + rice, tobacco, sugarcane in Southsugarcane in South

TelegraphTelegraph Lines next to RR’sLines next to RR’s

Cities growCities grow Conditions disgustingConditions disgusting

NativismNativism Beginnings of labor unionsBeginnings of labor unions

Lowell Mills in Massachusetts

Created a town around the mills

Employed many young, single women

Had living quarters, shops, churches, schools, etc.

Good pay for a single gal, but brutal hours and work

Section 2:Section 2:Growing Division and ReformGrowing Division and Reform

SectionalismSectionalism is becoming more pronounced is becoming more pronounced South holding on to slavery and states’ rightsSouth holding on to slavery and states’ rights North holding on to importance of industry and North holding on to importance of industry and

strong national governmentstrong national government Missouri Compromise - 1820Missouri Compromise - 1820

Missouri wants to enter as slave stateMissouri wants to enter as slave state Upset balance in Senate (11 free states, 11 slave)Upset balance in Senate (11 free states, 11 slave) Let in Maine as free and Missouri as slave stateLet in Maine as free and Missouri as slave state

Crisis temporary avertedCrisis temporary avertedJohn Quincy Adams (yes, John Adams son)

Disputed election

President: 1825 - 1829

““King Andrew” King Andrew” JacksonJackson (President)(President)

Many more gained voting Many more gained voting rightsrights

More education availableMore education available Spoils SystemSpoils System Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis

(John C. Calhoun of SC)(John C. Calhoun of SC) Bank of the U.S. Bank of the U.S.

argumentargument Trail of Tears (Indian Trail of Tears (Indian

Removal Act)Removal Act) New party emerges: New party emerges:

WhigsWhigs

1829 - 1837

Martin Van Buren—first Whig President; Panic of 1837 (Prez 1837 – 1841)

William H. Harrison (“Tippecanoe”) (1841)

John Tyler (1841 – 1845) then Polk…

Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening

Protestant RevivalProtestant Revival Closer, more real relationship with JesusCloser, more real relationship with Jesus

Preachers held tent revivals, traveled Preachers held tent revivals, traveled throughout countrythroughout country

Thousands of slaves baptized, whites, tooThousands of slaves baptized, whites, too Benevolent Societies started looking at Benevolent Societies started looking at

the welfare of all Americansthe welfare of all Americans Mormons began during this periodMormons began during this period

Joseph Smith, then Brigham Young to Salt Joseph Smith, then Brigham Young to Salt Lake CityLake City

Social Reform MovementsSocial Reform Movements Temperance (No alcohol)Temperance (No alcohol) Prison reform/Hospital improvementsPrison reform/Hospital improvements Education reformEducation reform

More free public schools for elementary gradesMore free public schools for elementary grades More colleges opened; some for women, blacksMore colleges opened; some for women, blacks

Women’s Movement Women’s Movement Suffrage (voting rights) + more equal treatmentSuffrage (voting rights) + more equal treatment Elizabeth Cady Stanton—Seneca Falls Elizabeth Cady Stanton—Seneca Falls

ConventionConvention Women and men gatheredWomen and men gathered Write a Declaration of Sentiments and ResolutionsWrite a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions Modeled after Dec. of Independence, but includes Modeled after Dec. of Independence, but includes

suffragesuffrage

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement Abolish slaveryAbolish slavery Whites and blacks, men and womenWhites and blacks, men and women

(Often reformers worked with abolition and (Often reformers worked with abolition and women’s rights or another cause)women’s rights or another cause)

Sought immediate emancipation of slavesSought immediate emancipation of slaves Frederick Douglass, former slave, wrote Frederick Douglass, former slave, wrote

book, newspaper articlesbook, newspaper articles Increased hostilities between North and Increased hostilities between North and

SouthSouth Southerners saw slavery as necessary for Southerners saw slavery as necessary for

life and economic growth for the nationlife and economic growth for the nation

Section 3:Section 3:Manifest Destiny and CrisisManifest Destiny and Crisis

Louisiana Purchase increased U.S.Louisiana Purchase increased U.S. All that land, just waiting to be settled!All that land, just waiting to be settled! U.S. becoming “crowded” near shoresU.S. becoming “crowded” near shores Time to explore and migrate!Time to explore and migrate!

Ready to fight to get Oregon Country (OR, Ready to fight to get Oregon Country (OR, WA, ID and part of British Columbia)WA, ID and part of British Columbia) ““54’ 40° or Fight” was President Polk’s 54’ 40° or Fight” was President Polk’s

campaign slogancampaign slogan Great Britain decided to let us have Oregon Great Britain decided to let us have Oregon

instead of having another warinstead of having another war Divided the territory along the 49Divided the territory along the 49thth parallel parallel

Idea that the United States was suppose

to spread from Atlantic to Pacific.

Go West,Young Man.

--Horace Greeley

The Stars at Night, Are Big and The Stars at Night, Are Big and Bright…Bright…

Deep in the Heart of Texas!Deep in the Heart of Texas! Texas owned by MexicoTexas owned by Mexico

Encourage American settlers to come inEncourage American settlers to come in Americans had to “become Mexican”: swear Americans had to “become Mexican”: swear

allegiance to flag, learn Spanish, and become allegiance to flag, learn Spanish, and become CatholicCatholic

Eventually Texans unhappyEventually Texans unhappy Alamo, San Jacinto, other battles (1836)Alamo, San Jacinto, other battles (1836) Texas wins independence and becomes its own Texas wins independence and becomes its own

country: The Lone Star Republic!country: The Lone Star Republic! After 10 years and some trickery, After 10 years and some trickery,

becomes part of U.S.becomes part of U.S.

Moving WestMoving West

By 1840’s, several routes “out west” had been By 1840’s, several routes “out west” had been surveyed and written aboutsurveyed and written about Buy a guide book, get a wagon, load up, and go!Buy a guide book, get a wagon, load up, and go! Takes about 6 months to get from Independence, Missouri to Takes about 6 months to get from Independence, Missouri to

Oregon City, OregonOregon City, Oregon Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Barlow Trail, Mormon Trail, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Barlow Trail, Mormon Trail,

Chisholm Trail, othersChisholm Trail, others Go to Oregon, Salt Lake,Go to Oregon, Salt Lake,

California, AZ/NM, TXCalifornia, AZ/NM, TX

1840’s – 1860’s1840’s – 1860’s

Mexican-American WarMexican-American War U.S. annexes Texas + U.S. offers to buy CA/NM U.S. annexes Texas + U.S. offers to buy CA/NM

+ disputes over border between TX/Mexico + + disputes over border between TX/Mexico + “the Thornton Affair” (a skirmish between U.S. “the Thornton Affair” (a skirmish between U.S. and Mexican soldiers in the disputed territory) and Mexican soldiers in the disputed territory) = War declared on May 13= War declared on May 13thth, 1846, 1846

Battles in Mexico (U.S. marches on Mexico City Battles in Mexico (U.S. marches on Mexico City and captures the capital in Sept. 1847—war and captures the capital in Sept. 1847—war was essentially over at that point)was essentially over at that point) Winfield Scott, Zachary TaylorWinfield Scott, Zachary Taylor

California stages a revolution against MexicoCalifornia stages a revolution against Mexico Creates Bear Flag Republic (very briefly)Creates Bear Flag Republic (very briefly) John C. FrémontJohn C. Frémont

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in Feb. 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in Feb. 1848 U.S. buys the “Mexican Cession”—includes CA, NV, U.S. buys the “Mexican Cession”—includes CA, NV,

UT, parts of AZ, NM, CO, WY, TXUT, parts of AZ, NM, CO, WY, TX

Southern Southern FearsFearsCalifornia enters as a free state

Non-slave states become a majority in the Senate

South loses power in federal gov’t.

Slavery limited or abolished

States secede

Does not mean it WILL happen,

but South is afraid it will…

Leave the union (country)

eliminated/made illegal

Wilmot Proviso proposed, pass in House of Reps. (Senate refuses to vote on it.)

“Popular sovereignty” in new territories gained from Mexico—let the people decide if slave or free.

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850Called popular

sovereignty

New Territorial TroublesNew Territorial Troubles Arguments over route for Transcontinental RRArguments over route for Transcontinental RR Popular Sovereignty leads to violence in Kansas Popular Sovereignty leads to violence in Kansas

(“Bleeding Kansas”) and Nebraska(“Bleeding Kansas”) and Nebraska John Brown and sons/Border RuffiansJohn Brown and sons/Border Ruffians Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

The Crisis DeepensThe Crisis Deepens More steps closer to war…More steps closer to war…

Creation of Republican Party Creation of Republican Party Keep slavery out of territoriesKeep slavery out of territories Stop rich southerners from having so much powerStop rich southerners from having so much power

American Party/Know-Nothing PartyAmerican Party/Know-Nothing Party Anti-Catholic and nativistAnti-Catholic and nativist

James Buchanan as PresidentJames Buchanan as President Didn’t stop the events from progressing towards warDidn’t stop the events from progressing towards war

Dred Scott vs. Sanford (see pg. 1004)Dred Scott vs. Sanford (see pg. 1004) Slaves are propertySlaves are property Have no right to sue in courtHave no right to sue in court

Bleeding Kansas even more violentBleeding Kansas even more violent John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, VA, to start a John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, VA, to start a

slave rebellion (he was hung and seen a martyr by slave rebellion (he was hung and seen a martyr by some)some)

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe by Harriet Beecher Stowe Divided

Election of 1860Election of 1860 Four candidates for 1860 Presidential electionFour candidates for 1860 Presidential election

Republicans: Abraham Lincoln (relative unknown)Republicans: Abraham Lincoln (relative unknown) Northern Democrats: Stephen DouglasNorthern Democrats: Stephen Douglas Southern Democrats: John C. BreckenridgeSouthern Democrats: John C. Breckenridge Constitutional Union Party: John BellConstitutional Union Party: John Bell

Yo Democrats! Don’t split the vote!!!The winner?

Abraham Lincoln—16th President

South is terrified!

The Union (U.S.) DissolvesThe Union (U.S.) Dissolves Nov. 1860: Nov. 1860:

Lincoln electedLincoln elected Dec. 1860: Dec. 1860:

Crittenden Crittenden CompromiseCompromise

Feb. 1861: Feb. 1861: 7 Southern states 7 Southern states

had seceded had seceded Get together to Get together to

create Confederate create Confederate States of AmericaStates of America

Chose Jefferson Chose Jefferson Davis as PresidentDavis as President

Section 4:Section 4:The Civil WarThe Civil War

April 11th, 1861 – Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard demands the surrender of Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, from Major Robert Anderson.

The reply was: “I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication, demanding the evacuation of this fort, and to say, in reply thereto, that it is a demand with which I regret that my sense of honor and my obligations to my Government prevent my compliance.”

33 hours of bombardmentNot a single man died!

War BeginsWar BeginsUnion (North)Union (North)

Lincoln calls for Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to 75,000 volunteers to serve for 90 daysserve for 90 days

Lincoln worried about Lincoln worried about border states (KY, border states (KY, MO, MD) – all stay in MO, MD) – all stay in UnionUnion

Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan Mississippi RiverMississippi River Take RichmondTake Richmond Naval BlockadeNaval Blockade

Suspends habeas Suspends habeas corpuscorpus

Confederacy (South)Confederacy (South) Four more states join Four more states join

(11 total)(11 total) Capital in Richmond, Capital in Richmond,

VAVA Robert E. Lee chosen Robert E. Lee chosen

to become head of to become head of armyarmy

““If you want us to If you want us to come back, you’ll have come back, you’ll have to bring us back”to bring us back” Chose to do a defensive Chose to do a defensive

warwar Hoped for Cotton Hoped for Cotton

DiplomacyDiplomacy

Union

More naval officers and ships

More people

Better economy

More stable gov’t.

More manufactur-ing

Industrial powerhouse

Could grow more food

Confederacy

Many well trained army officers (many with war experience)

Most southern planters actually in debt

Printed own money (which becomes worthless)

“Confedera-tion”

Modern WarModern War War of attritionWar of attrition

If so, who would win? If so, who would win? (See previous chart.)(See previous chart.)

Conoidal bulletConoidal bullet Air surveillanceAir surveillance Gatling gunGatling gun Iron clad shipsIron clad ships 12-pounder Napoleon12-pounder Napoleon Fast blockade runner Fast blockade runner

shipsships

Significant PeopleSignificant People

18611861 July 21: First actual battle of the war occurs July 21: First actual battle of the war occurs

near near Bull RunBull Run, Virginia (a.k.a. Manassas). , Virginia (a.k.a. Manassas). Confederate victory. Confederate victory. Battle of 1st Manassas (1st Bull Run), 1861 - YouTube

August 6: The first August 6: The first Confiscation ActConfiscation Act is passed by is passed by the U.S. Congress. The Act allows for the the U.S. Congress. The Act allows for the confiscation of enemy property, including confiscation of enemy property, including slaves.slaves.

November 2: November 2: McClellanMcClellan becomes General-in- becomes General-in-Chief of the United States forces (Chief of the United States forces (UnionUnion), ), replacing aging General Winfield Scott.replacing aging General Winfield Scott.

November 7: The United States Navy November 7: The United States Navy captures captures Port RoyalPort Royal, South Carolina. (Blockage ports!), South Carolina. (Blockage ports!)

18621862 January 15: Edwin M. January 15: Edwin M. StantonStanton becomes the U.S. Secretary of War. becomes the U.S. Secretary of War. February 6: Ulysses S. Grant and Andrew H. Foote seize February 6: Ulysses S. Grant and Andrew H. Foote seize Fort Henry and Fort Henry and

Fort DonelsonFort Donelson (western TN). The victory is significant, since Grant (western TN). The victory is significant, since Grant requires a requires a total surrendertotal surrender..

February 25: Union forces occupy February 25: Union forces occupy NashvilleNashville. . March 9: The first ironclads (armored ships), the UnionMarch 9: The first ironclads (armored ships), the Union Monitor Monitor and the and the

Confederate Confederate VirginiaVirginia, clash. The battle ends in a draw. , clash. The battle ends in a draw. Modern naval Modern naval warfare begins!warfare begins!

March 11: Dissatisfied with March 11: Dissatisfied with McClellan’sMcClellan’s performance, Lincoln performance, Lincoln demotesdemotes him.him.

March 23-: Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson conducts March 23-: Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson conducts Shenandoah Shenandoah Valley CampaignValley Campaign (western Virginia) to distract Union forces. --June 9th (western Virginia) to distract Union forces. --June 9th

April 5: Beginning of the April 5: Beginning of the siege of Yorktownsiege of Yorktown by the Army of the Potomac. by the Army of the Potomac. (Blockade ports)(Blockade ports)

April 6-7: April 6-7: Battle of ShilohBattle of Shiloh is the first major bloodbath of the war. Thomas is the first major bloodbath of the war. Thomas J. Jackson earns the nickname “Stonewall” and Confederate General Albert J. Jackson earns the nickname “Stonewall” and Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnson dies. Sidney Johnson dies.

April 29: Actions of Admiral Farragut and his fleet allow the April 29: Actions of Admiral Farragut and his fleet allow the Union to take Union to take New OrleansNew Orleans. Union forces will hold this significant port for the rest of the . Union forces will hold this significant port for the rest of the war. (Blockade THE port!)war. (Blockade THE port!)

May 4: May 4: McClellan McClellan (in charge of Army of the Potomac)(in charge of Army of the Potomac) takes Yorktown takes Yorktown, , after the Confederates have evacuated. after the Confederates have evacuated.

June 19: June 19: Slavery becomes illegal in all the territoriesSlavery becomes illegal in all the territories. . June 25 - July 1st: June 25 - July 1st: Seven Days’ BattlesSeven Days’ Battles. Lee prevents McClellan from . Lee prevents McClellan from

reaching Richmond.reaching Richmond.

U.S. Grant: Unconditional Surrender

1862, con’t.1862, con’t. July 22: Lincoln shares his first draft of the July 22: Lincoln shares his first draft of the Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

with his cabinet.with his cabinet. August 29 - 30: August 29 - 30: Second Battle of Bull RunSecond Battle of Bull Run.. September 11: September 11: Lee’s forcesLee’s forces move north into Hagerstown, move north into Hagerstown, MarylandMaryland. .

(Union territory…what happened to the idea of a defensive war?)(Union territory…what happened to the idea of a defensive war?) September 17: McClellan’s forces defeat Lee’s in the September 17: McClellan’s forces defeat Lee’s in the Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam, ,

Maryland (a.k.a. Sharpsburg). The battle is McClellan’s only significant Maryland (a.k.a. Sharpsburg). The battle is McClellan’s only significant victory and it lifts Union morale. It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000+ victory and it lifts Union morale. It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000+ died.died.

September 22: The September 22: The Preliminary Emancipation ProclamationPreliminary Emancipation Proclamation is issued. is issued. Gives Union troops a reason to fight, give southerners a reason to fear Gives Union troops a reason to fight, give southerners a reason to fear losing the war.losing the war.

September 27: September 27: Free blacksFree blacks join the first join the first Union regimentUnion regiment of African of African American soldiers.American soldiers.

October 3-4. Battle of October 3-4. Battle of CorinthCorinth, Mississippi. , Mississippi. October 8: Battle of October 8: Battle of PerryvillePerryville, Kentucky. , Kentucky. November 7: Ambrose E. November 7: Ambrose E. Burnside replaces McClellanBurnside replaces McClellan as the as the

commander of the Army of the Potomac.commander of the Army of the Potomac. December 13: December 13: Battle of FredericksburgBattle of Fredericksburg. Union forces lose 13,000 . Union forces lose 13,000

troops and the Confederates lose 5,000. troops and the Confederates lose 5,000. December 29: December 29: Battle of Chickasaw BayouBattle of Chickasaw Bayou (on the Mississippi River!). (on the Mississippi River!). December 31 – January 3rd: December 31 – January 3rd: Battle of MurfreesboroBattle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee (a.k.a. , Tennessee (a.k.a.

Stones River). Stones River).

18631863 January 1: January 1: Issuing of the Emancipation ProclamationIssuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.. January 23: Joseph January 23: Joseph Hooker replaces BurnsideHooker replaces Burnside as commander of the Army of the as commander of the Army of the

Potomac. Potomac. March 3: Congressional approval of Federal Conscription Act. (A March 3: Congressional approval of Federal Conscription Act. (A draftdraft is created.) is created.) April 2: Crowds in Richmond & other southern cities April 2: Crowds in Richmond & other southern cities riot over lack of foodriot over lack of food.. May1-4: May1-4: Battle of Chancellorsville, VirginiaBattle of Chancellorsville, Virginia. “Stonewall” Jackson is wounded by . “Stonewall” Jackson is wounded by

friendly fire and dies some days later. His death is a great loss to the South. friendly fire and dies some days later. His death is a great loss to the South. May 18: May 18: Beginning of the siege of VicksburgBeginning of the siege of Vicksburg. (Take control of the Mississippi . (Take control of the Mississippi

River!)River!) June 20: June 20: West VirginiaWest Virginia is admitted to the Union. (It took about 2 years to become is admitted to the Union. (It took about 2 years to become

official.)official.) June 27: George Gordon June 27: George Gordon Meade replaces HookerMeade replaces Hooker as commander of the Army of the as commander of the Army of the

Potomac.Potomac. July 1-3: July 1-3: Battle of Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaBattle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania is a significant loss for the South. is a significant loss for the South. http://mn-media-cluster-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/5/GettysburgTheBattle/Getty

sburgTheBattle_J_256k.wmv July 4: July 4: Lee retreats from GettysburgLee retreats from Gettysburg. . Vicksburg surrendersVicksburg surrenders, which allows the , which allows the

Union to Union to control the length of the Mississippicontrol the length of the Mississippi. . July 13: July 13: Draft Riots in New York City. in New York City. July 18: An July 18: An all black regimentall black regiment, the , the 54th Massachusetts54th Massachusetts shows its bravery in the shows its bravery in the

assault on assault on Fort WagnerFort Wagner. (Rent the movie . (Rent the movie GloryGlory with Denzel Washington and Matthew with Denzel Washington and Matthew Broderick!)Broderick!)

August 21: August 21: William Quantrill raids Lawrence, Kansas ( raids Lawrence, Kansas (Quantrill’s RaidersQuantrill’s Raiders).). September 19 - 20: September 19 - 20: Battle of Chickamauga Battle of Chickamauga (outside Chattanooga, TN).(outside Chattanooga, TN). November 19: Lincoln gives the November 19: Lincoln gives the Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address. (8. (8thth Ntbk pg) Ntbk pg) December 8: December 8: Proclamation of Amnesty and ReconstructionProclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction is issued to declare is issued to declare

policy for Confederate territory occupied by the Union. policy for Confederate territory occupied by the Union. December 16: December 16: Confederate General Joseph E. JohnstonConfederate General Joseph E. Johnston takes charge of the Army takes charge of the Army

of Tennessee. of Tennessee.

18641864 March 9: March 9: Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant is made Lieutenant is made Lieutenant GeneralGeneral and given and given

charge of the charge of the Armies of the United StatesArmies of the United States.. May 4: The May 4: The Army of the PotomacArmy of the Potomac begins its march to take begins its march to take RichmondRichmond.. May 5-6: May 5-6: Battle of the Wilderness Battle of the Wilderness (VA).(VA). May 7: Union General William T. May 7: Union General William T. ShermanSherman begins his begins his march on march on

AtlantaAtlanta.. June 18: Start of June 18: Start of siege of Petersburg, Virginiasiege of Petersburg, Virginia.. July 12: July 12: ConfederateConfederate Jubal Early’s Jubal Early’s forcesforces threaten threaten Washington, D.C.,Washington, D.C.,

but then withdraw.but then withdraw. July 22: July 22: Battle of AtlantaBattle of Atlanta. Gone With The Wind (1939) Battle of . Gone With The Wind (1939) Battle of

Atlanta Injuries - YouTubeAtlanta Injuries - YouTube September 2: Sherman takes Atlanta.September 2: Sherman takes Atlanta. September 7: Sherman orders the September 7: Sherman orders the

evacuation of the citizens of Atlanta evacuation of the citizens of Atlanta and burns the city.and burns the city.

November 8: Lincoln reelected.November 8: Lincoln reelected. November 16: Sherman begins his November 16: Sherman begins his

March to the SeaMarch to the Sea.. December 22: Sherman enters December 22: Sherman enters SavannahSavannah, ,

which Confederate forces have already which Confederate forces have already evacuated. Heads north through SC.evacuated. Heads north through SC.

18651865 January 31: The January 31: The Thirteen AmendmentThirteen Amendment is approved by the U.S. House of Representatives. The is approved by the U.S. House of Representatives. The

Thirteen Amendment Thirteen Amendment abolishes slaveryabolishes slavery. 3/4ths of the states must now ratify it.. 3/4ths of the states must now ratify it. February 3: February 3: Lincoln meets with Confederate representatives; Lincoln meets with Confederate representatives; they refuse to meet his they refuse to meet his

conditions.conditions. February 17: February 17: Charleston is evacuatedCharleston is evacuated and Sherman’s forces and Sherman’s forces seize Columbia, South seize Columbia, South

CarolinaCarolina.. March 4: March 4: Lincoln is inauguratedLincoln is inaugurated for a second term. for a second term. March 19: Beginning of the March 19: Beginning of the Appomattox campaignAppomattox campaign.. April 2: April 2: Confederate government flees RichmondConfederate government flees Richmond.( When you leave your capital…the end is .( When you leave your capital…the end is

near!)near!) April 3: April 3: Union occupation of Richmond and PetersburgUnion occupation of Richmond and Petersburg.. April 6: At Sayler’s Creek, the Army of the Potomac and Army of Northern Virginia April 6: At Sayler’s Creek, the Army of the Potomac and Army of Northern Virginia clash for clash for

the last timethe last time.. April 7: April 7: Grant sends a letter to Lee asking him to surrenderGrant sends a letter to Lee asking him to surrender.. April 9: April 9: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court HouseLee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House. (A small town in Virginia.). (A small town in Virginia.) April 12: April 12: Confederates surrender Mobile, AlabamaConfederates surrender Mobile, Alabama. . April 14: April 14: President Lincoln is shotPresident Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth. Henry Rathbone is wounded in the by John Wilkes Booth. Henry Rathbone is wounded in the

attack; Lincoln dies the next day. William Seward (Secretary of State) is brutally attacked by attack; Lincoln dies the next day. William Seward (Secretary of State) is brutally attacked by Lewis Powell. Federal flag is raised at Fort Sumter for the first times since the war began. Lewis Powell. Federal flag is raised at Fort Sumter for the first times since the war began. Andrew Johnson becomes presidentAndrew Johnson becomes president

April 26: Confederate General April 26: Confederate General Joseph Johnston surrenders unconditionally Joseph Johnston surrenders unconditionally to Sherman. to Sherman. John Wilkes John Wilkes Booth is shot to deathBooth is shot to death by Federal soldiers. by Federal soldiers.

May 26: West of the Mississippi, the May 26: West of the Mississippi, the last Confederate force surrenderslast Confederate force surrenders.. July 7: July 7: Lincoln Assassination conspiratorsLincoln Assassination conspirators Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt, and Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt, and

David Herold are David Herold are hanged in Washington, D.Changed in Washington, D.C. Another conspirator John Surratt had fled to . Another conspirator John Surratt had fled to Canada.Canada.

December 18: December 18: Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution goes into effectThirteenth Amendment to the Constitution goes into effect, after being , after being ratified by twenty-seven states. ratified by twenty-seven states.

Results of the WarResults of the War The South was virtually destroyed—physically, emotionally, and

economically Civil War would also usher in the period of Reconstruction which would

have a divisive and lasting effect on the nation as a whole. The slaves were freed through the 13th Amendment; and given citizenship

and various rights through the 14th and 15th amendments (known as the Civil War Amendments)

The South became industrialized after the war with the arrival of the Yankee carpet baggers

The old antebellum, plantation based South was essentially wiped off the map, as was its political influence

The federal government now ranked supreme The federal government could now override southern legislation Northeastern industrial and financial interests came to influence the

direction of the nation and the economy. Congress subsidized the building of transcontinental railroads. Railroad

companies received vast acreage in the West which they later sold to farmers and ranchers populating the area. Once the railroads were completed, the West was opened to further settlement

The debt of the government increased The Republican Congress also enacted higher tariffs which increased taxes

on imported goods; The income tax was used during the war, later to become a permanent part of the Constitution

Written into law that no state can leave the Union

Unresolved IssuesUnresolved Issues Place for free blacks in Place for free blacks in

American societyAmerican society Economic future for the Economic future for the

nation, including nation, including industries pursued, industries pursued, agriculture, use of agriculture, use of tariffs and taxes, etc.tariffs and taxes, etc.

How best to How best to reconstruct (rebuild) reconstruct (rebuild) the South…and who is the South…and who is going to pay for it!going to pay for it!

How to pay off war How to pay off war debt (for states and debt (for states and national government)national government)

1874: Thomas Nast “The Ignorant Vote”

Section 5:Section 5:ReconstructionReconstruction

First plans drawn up First plans drawn up during warduring war Lincoln’s 10% Plan was Lincoln’s 10% Plan was

quite generousquite generous Other plans came into Other plans came into

being as powers being as powers changed in Washington, changed in Washington, D.C. and as D.C. and as Reconstruction Reconstruction progressedprogressed

See handout!See handout!

Who are carpet baggers and scalawags?

Freedman’s Bureau

President Johnson’s President Johnson’s ImpeachmentImpeachment

Impeach: To charge with a crimeImpeach: To charge with a crime Charges drawn up by House of Charges drawn up by House of

RepresentativesRepresentatives Senate acts as jurySenate acts as jury If found guilty—removed from officeIf found guilty—removed from office

Why Johnson impeached?Why Johnson impeached? In reality, because he wasn’t letting Congress In reality, because he wasn’t letting Congress

do everything it wanted to do to punish the do everything it wanted to do to punish the South!South!

Final vote for a charge of “high crimes Final vote for a charge of “high crimes and misdemeanors”? 35 – 19 Whew!and misdemeanors”? 35 – 19 Whew!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nowsS7pMApI&index=23&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s