1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

CH

AP

TE

R Growth, Slavery, and ConflictColonial America, 1710–1763

3

1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

2 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Growth, Slavery, and Conflict

I. Culture and Society in the Eighteenth Century

II. Enlightenment and Awakening

III. African Americans in the Colonial Era

IV. Immigration, Regional Economies, and Inequality

V. War and the Contest over Empire

COLONIAL AMERICA,1710–1763

3 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Growth, Slavery, and Conflict

Enlightenment – An international philosophical movement that extolled the virtues of reason and science and applied these new insights to politics and social reform

Great Awakening – A religious revival movement that emphasized a more emotional style of religious practice

COLONIAL AMERICA,1710–1763

4 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Culture and Society in the Eighteenth Century

A. The Refinement of America

B. More English, Yet More American

C. Strong Assemblies and Weak Governors

5 Visions of America, A History of the United States

The Refinement of America

Define Anglicization and give an example of an aspect of colonial life transformed by this process.

Why did new pieces of furniture like drop-leaf bookcases become popular in the eighteenth century?

6 Visions of America, A History of the United States

The Refinement of America

Anglicization – The colonial American desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture

7 Visions of America, A History of the United States

8 Visions of America, A History of the United States

9 Visions of America, A History of the United States

10 Visions of America, A History of the United States

11 Visions of America, A History of the United States

More English, Yet More American

How does Westover Plantation illustrate the growing wealth of the colonies?

12 Visions of America, A History of the United States

13 Visions of America, A History of the United States

15 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Images as History

The image of the docile slave reflected the slave owner’s point of view, not the slave’s.

The elegant suit testifies to the family’s wealth and cosmopolitan taste.

A PORTRAIT OF COLONIAL ASPIRATIONS

How is slavery represented in this portrait?

The imaginary garden in the background represents the Darnalls’ aspirations.

Strong Assemblies and Weak Governors

Virtual Representation – A theory of representation in which legislators do not serve their localities but rather the whole nation

16 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Strong Assemblies and Weak Governors

What does the design of the Pennsylvania State House reveal about colonial society?

Why were colonial governors so weak?

17 Visions of America, A History of the United States

18 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Enlightenment and Awakenings

A. Georgia’s Utopian Experiment

B. American Champions of the Enlightenment

C. Awakening, Revivalism, and American Society

D. Indian Revivals

19 Visions of America, A History of the United States

20 Visions of America, A History of the United States

21 Visions of America, A History of the United States

American Champions of the Enlightenment

What was the Newtonian view of the universe?

How does this portrait of Franklin reflect his reputation as a champion of the Enlightenment?

22 Visions of America, A History of the United States

23 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Awakening, Revivalism, and American Society

What aspects of the Great Awakening encouraged democratization?

24 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Awakening, Revivalism, and American Society

Old Lights – Opponents of the Great Awakening who favored traditional forms of religious worship

New Lights – Supporters of the Great Awakening and its more emotional style of worship

25 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Indian Revivals

Why was Moravian art so helpful to missionaries interested in converting American Indians?

26 Visions of America, A History of the United States

27 Visions of America, A History of the United States

African Americans in the Colonial Era

A. The Atlantic Slave Trade

B. Southern Slavery

C. Northern Slavery and Free Blacks

D. Slave Resistance and Rebellion

E. An African American Culture Emerges under Slavery

28 Visions of America, A History of the United States

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Which regions of the Atlantic world imported the greatest number of slaves?

What was tight packing?

29 Visions of America, A History of the United States

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Middle Passage – The harrowing voyage across the Atlantic from Africa to the Americas during which slaves endured meager rations and horrendously unsanitary conditions

30 Visions of America, A History of the United States

31 Visions of America, A History of the United States

32 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Envisioning Evidence

Which European nations were most heavily involved in the international slave trade?

THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE

Southern Slavery

What were the main differences between the task system and the gang system of labor?

33 Visions of America, A History of the United States

34 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Slave Resistance and Rebellion

How did slaves resist the authority of their masters?

35 Visions of America, A History of the United States

An African American Culture Emerges under Slavery

What evidence exists for the persistence of African cultural traits among American slaves?

36 Visions of America, A History of the United States

37 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Immigration, Regional Economies, and Inequality

A. Immigration to the Colonies

B. Regional Economies

C. New England

D. The Mid-Atlantic

E. The Upper and Lower South

F. The Back Country

G. Cities: Growth and Inequality

H. Rural America: Land Becomes Scarce38 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Immigration to the Colonies

How did the ethnic composition of America change in the eighteenth century?

39 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Immigration to the Colonies

Indentured Servants – Individuals working in a form of bound labor in which a number of years of service were specified as payment for passage to America

40 Visions of America, A History of the United States

41 Visions of America, A History of the United States

42 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Regional Economies

The Mid-Atlantic

Which region of colonial America was the most culturally diverse?

43 Visions of America, A History of the United States

44 Visions of America, A History of the United States

The Upper and Lower South

What were the main cash crops produced by slave labor in the South?

45 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Cities: Growth and Inequality

Why was American society becoming more unequal toward the end of the eighteenth century?

46 Visions of America, A History of the United States

47 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Rural America: Land Becomes Scarce

How did the scarcity of land affect typical Americans before the French and Indian War?

48 Visions of America, A History of the United States

War and the Contest over Empire

A. The Rise and Fall of the Middle Ground

B. The Struggle for North America

49 Visions of America, A History of the United States

The Rise and Fall of the Middle Ground

What made the middle ground a distinctive region of colonial America?

Why did British expansion threaten the middle ground?

50 Visions of America, A History of the United States

The Rise and Fall of the Middle Ground

Middle Ground – A cultural and geographical region of the Great Lakes in which Native Americans and the French negotiated with each other for goods and neither side could impose its will on the other

51 Visions of America, A History of the United States

The Struggle for North America

What was Williams Pitt’s new policy for North America?

What role does the Native American figure play in West’s painting?

How did the Proclamation of 1763 serve British interests?

52 Visions of America, A History of the United States

53 Visions of America, A History of the United States

54 Visions of America, A History of the United States

55 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Competing Visions

How did Johnson react to Native American demands that western expansion be halted?

SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON AND THE IROQUOIS: INDIAN VISIONS vs. BRITISH ARMS

The Onondaga Chief told of the Great Spirit’s displeasure with the British displacement of Indian peoples. His revelation contained a thinly veiled threat about the consequences of continuing this policy.

Sir William Johnson dismissed Native American religious beliefs as foolish superstitions. He reminded the Iroquois that British weapons were superior to theirs and that resistance would not be tolerated.

56 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Choices and Consequences

• Relations between Pennsylvanians and Native Americans had deteriorated during the eighteenth century.

• Western Pennsylvania settlers, including the Paxton Boys, petitioned the Quaker-dominated assembly to create a militia.

• Quakers were pacifists who continued to believe that it was possible to maintain peaceful relations with their Native American neighbors.

QUAKERS, PACIFISM, AND THE PAXTON UPRISING

57 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Choices and Consequences

Quaker Members’ Choices Regarding the Paxton Uprising

QUAKERS, PACIFISM, AND THE PAXTON UPRISING

58 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Agree to create a militia

Continue to oppose the

creation of a militia and seek non-

violent solutions

Resign from office

Choices and Consequences

Decision and Consequences• The legislature chose to continue its pacifist policies.• Pennsylvania remained the only colony without a

militia law.• The 1776 Pennsylvania Constitution and Declaration

of Rights created a militia and made Pennsylvania the first state to expressly protect a right to bear arms.

Why did Paxtonians demand that the Quakers create a militia?

QUAKERS, PACIFISM, AND THE PAXTON UPRISING

59 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Choices and Consequences

Continuing Controversies

•Why were Quakers so obstinately against creating a well-regulated militia?

QUAKERS, PACIFISM, AND THE PAXTON UPRISING

60 Visions of America, A History of the United States