chapter 15 population, urbanization, and environment

Chapter 15

Population, Urbanization, and Environment

Fertility

• Fertility–The incidence of childbearing in a society’s population

• Fecundity–Maximum possible childbearing

• Crude birth rate–Number of live births in a given year for every thousand people– Calculating crude birth rate

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(a) Crud Birth Rates and Crude Death Rates, (b) Infant Mortality Rates, and (c) Life Expectancy around the World, 2011

Mortality

• Crude death rate–Number of deaths/year for every for every 1,000 people

• Infant mortality rates– Number of deaths among infants under one

for 1,000 live births in a year

• Life expectancy–The average life span of a country’s population


Migration

• Voluntary migration–Due to economic push and pull factors

• Involuntary migration–Forced migration due to war or other social conflict

• Immigration–Movement into a territory


Migration

• Emigration–Movement out of a territory

• Rates– In-migration rate– Out-migration rate– Net migration rate



Population Change across the United States

Population Growth

• Fertility, morality, and migration all affect the size of the population

• A handy rule-of-thumb for estimating population growth is to divide a society’s – Population growth rate into the number 70– This yields the doubling time in years



Population Growth in Global Perspective

Population Composition

• Sex ratio–The number of males for every 100 females in a nation’s population

• The US in 2007 had about 97 males to 100 females

• In India, the ratio is 106

• Age-sex pyramid–A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population



Age-Sex Population Pyramids for the United States and Mexico, 2012

Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth

• Malthus’s prediction was flawed

• Malthus: Population increase would lead to social chaos– People would reproduce at rates exceeding

their ability to produce sufficient food


Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth

– Limits included artificial birth control (morally wrong) or abstinence (unlikely)

• Seen as “the dismal parson” because war and famine were our future


Demographic Transition Theory

• Stage one (preindustrial, agrarian)– High birth rates due to economic value of

children and lack of birth control

• Stage two (early industrial)– High birth rate and lowered death rate boosts

population growth



• Stage three (mature industrial)– Population surge drops as affluence

transforms children into economic liability

• Stage four (postindustrial)– Economic realities force drop in birth rates


Global Population

• The low-growth north– Zero population growth–Level of reproduction

that maintains population in a steady state

• The high-growth south– Population growth is a critical problem in

several poor countries

• The Demographic Divide


The Growth of Cities

• Urbanization–Concentration of population

• The evolution of cities– First city was Jericho, north of the Dead Sea– Pre-industrial European cities date back 5,000

years to the Greeks– Industrial European cities began as the

Middle Ages ended


Growth in US Cities

• Colonial settlement (1565-1800)– Capitalism’s effect upon small villages

ensured transformation

• Urban expansion (1800-1860)– Towns sprang up along transportation routes


Growth in US Cities

• Metropolitan era (1860-1950)– Effects of Civil War boosted growth– Metropolis–A large city that socially and

economically dominates an urban area

• Urban decentralization (1950-present)– Desertion of downtown areas for outlying

suburbs


Suburbs and Urban Decline

• By 1999, most Americans lived in the suburbs and shopped at local malls.

• Postindustrial sunbelt cities– Los Angeles, Dallas, Atlanta, Phoenix,

Houston


Suburbs and Urban Decline

• Megalopolis–Vast urban area containing a number of cities & surrounding suburbs

• Edge cities: Office buildings, malls, hotels, and entertainment complexes

• Rural rebound: Migration from urban areas


Urban Life

• Tönnies– Gemeinschaft–Social organization in which

people are closely tied by kinship and tradition– Gesellschaft–Social organization; people

together based on individual self-interest


Urban Life

• Durkheim– Mechanical solidarity–Social bonds based on

common sentiments and shared moral values– Organic solidarity–Social bonds based on

specialization and interdependence


Urban Life

• Simmel– Blasé attitude–”Tuning out,” a strategy for

social survival

• Park and Wirth– Urban organization; commercial centers,

ethnic communities, and industrial districts


Critical Analysis

• Tönnies and Wirth saw the decline of personal ties and traditional morality.

• Durkheim and Park emphasized – Urbanism’s positive points like greater

autonomy and personal choice


Critical Analysis

• Overlooks effects of class, race, & gender

• Cities intensify social differences– Observed most clearly when categories of

people form “critical masses”



Population Profile for the 100 Largest U.S. Cities, 2010

Urban Ecology

• Park and Burgess’s concentric zones– Business districts, factories ringed by housing

• Hoyt’s wedge-shaped sectors– Industry forms along rail lines, fashionable

areas next to old, fashionable areas

• Harris & Ullman’s multicentered model– Cities decentralize


Urban Ecology

• Social area analysis–What people have in common

• Berry & Rees’ analysis uses many of the previous theories


Urban Political Economy

• Applies Karl Marx’s analysis of conflict in the workplace to conflict in the city.

• City life is defined by people with power.

• Capitalism– Transforms city to real estate traded for profit – Concentrates wealth & power in the hands of

a few


Environment & Society

• Ecology– The study of the interaction of living

organisms and the natural environment

• Natural environment– Earth’s surface and atmosphere including

living organisms, air, water, soil – And other resources necessary to sustain life


Environment & Society

• Ecosystem– A system composed of the interaction of all

living organisms and their natural environment

• Environmental deficit– Profound and long-term harm to the natural

environment caused by humanity’s focus – On short-term material affluence


Growth and Limits

• Logic of growth– More powerful technology has improved our

lives & discoveries will make the future better– Critical analysis: Progress can lead to

unexpected problems, resources are finite


Growth and Limits

• Limits to growth– Humanity must implement policies to control

growth of population, production • And resource use to avoid environmental collapse

– Critical analysis: Long-range predictions are speculative



Composition of Community Trash

Solid Waste: The Disposable Society

• We consume more products than virtually any other nation

• More than half of our solid waste never goes away

• Recycling–Reusing resources we would otherwise discard


Water and Air

• Water Supply– About 1% of Earth’s water suitable for

drinking

• Water Pollution– US rivers and streams absorb hundreds of

millions of pounds of toxic waste a year

• Air Pollution– Air quality improved in 20th century


The Environment

• Rain forest– Region of dense forestation, most of which

circles the globe near the equator

• Global warming–– Rise in the earth’s average temperature

caused by an increasing concentration of • Carbon dioxide & other gasses in the atmosphere


The Environment

– Declining Biodiversity

• Environmental racism– Pattern by which environmental hazards are

greatest for poor people, especially minorities– Nobody wants a factory or dump nearby, but

the poor have little power to resist


Looking Ahead: Toward a Sustainable Society and World

• Urbanization is continuing, especially in poor countries

• Humanity is facing a serious environmental challenge

• The answer, in principle, is to create an ecologically sustainable culture


chapter 15 population, urbanization, and environment

Documents

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countrys population

population increase

population change

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estimating population

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