chapter 12 respiratory system copyright 2003 by mosby, inc. all rights reserved
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 12
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Structure and FunctionStructure and Function
External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs
Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells
Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mechanics of BreathingMechanics of Breathing
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Following the Inhalation Following the Inhalation ProcessProcess
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth
Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through the throat and into the trachea
The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi
Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles
The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli
Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Assessment TechniquesAssessment Techniques
Rate The normal rate of respiration varies
with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors
Character Respirations should have a regular
rhythm, occurring at regular intervals
Sounds Breath sounds can be heard by using
a stethoscope
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Assessment Techniques Assessment Techniques
(continued)(continued)
Lung volume The amount of air that can be
brought into the lungs is called respiratory capacity
Blood gases Studies measure how much
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Respiratory CapacityRespiratory Capacity
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Disorders of the Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
Anthrax Caused by spores of the bacterium
Asthma attack May result from exposure to an
allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion
Atelectasis A collapse of part or all of a lung,
caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory Disorders of the Respiratory
System System (continued)(continued)
Bronchitis An infection of the bronchi
Carbon monoxide poisoning Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory Disorders of the Respiratory
System System (continued)(continued)
Cold A respiratory infection
Cystic fibrosis A genetic disorder of the exocrine
glands
Emphysema The alveoli lose elasticity and
become dilated and do not exchange gases well
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory Disorders of the Respiratory
System System (continued)(continued)
Hay fever A respiratory inflammation caused
by allergens such as plants, dust, and food
Lung cancer Directly linked to smoking and
smoke products
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory Disorders of the Respiratory
System System (continued)(continued)
Pleural effusion A condition in which air or fluid enters
the pleural cavity
Pleurisy An inflammation of the membranes
that line the lungs
Pneumonia An inflammation of the lungs, in which
a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory Disorders of the Respiratory
System System (continued)(continued)
Respiratory distress syndrome A condition that occurs when the
alveoli do not inflate properly
Sinusitis An inflammation of one or more of the
paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) A respiratory disorder of newborns
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of the Respiratory Disorders of the Respiratory
System System (continued)(continued)
Tuberculosis
Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air
Upper respiratory infection Caused by a virus or bacteria in
the nose, pharynx, or larynx
Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.