copyright 2003 by mosby, inc. all rights reserved. body organization

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

BODY ORGANIZATION


Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy- investigating human structure via dissections and other methods

• Physiology- the science that examines the functions of living organisms


Anatomy and Physiology

• Four basic properties of life– Reception is the ability of the organism to

control its actions and respond to changes in the environment

– Metabolism is the process of taking in and using nutrients to produce energy and growth

– Reproduction is the ability to reproduce offspring to continue the species

– Organization involves how the organism is divided into distinct parts to perform these functions


Anatomy & Physiology

• Homeostasis:– A state of relative constancy– A constant state maintained by living and

nonliving organisms


AnatomyAtoms-molecules-organelles:• Body structures are organized on five

levels– Cells are the smallest unit of life – Tissues are combinations of similar cells – Organs are collections of tissues working

together to perform a function – A body system consists of organs that work

together to provide a major body function – An organism is the being that results when the

body systems work together to maintain life


Figure 8-1 Cell Structure


Cells

• Hist/o= tissue

• Cyst/o=cell

• Histology= study of tissues

• Histologist= scientist who studies tissues

• Cystology= study of cells


Cells• Cell- building block; structural unit

*Carry on functions of life:

1. Take in food and oxygen; ingestion, respiration, digestion

2. Produce heat and energy: metabolism

3. Move and adapt to their environment: motility and transport

4. Eliminate waste; excretion

5. Perform special functions; secretion

6. Reproduce to create new identical cells; reproduction


Cell Membrane• Outer protective covering of cell• Composed of proteins and fats• Semipermeable: allows materials to pass into and

out of the cell• Phagcytosis “cell eating”; engulfs solids- proteins,

bacteria and dead cell debris• Pinocytosis “cell drinking” liquids (nutrients

absorbtion in sm intestines)• Exocytosis- removes particles from the cell

(hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus, waste


Cytoplasm

• 1. semi-fluid inside the membrane that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell

• 2. contains water, food, organelles, and other materials


Organelles- small structures that perform a specialized function in a cell

• Nucleus- brain of the cell; controls cell activity and DNA (including reproduction); however, RBC’s do not have a nucleus and are called enucleated

• Nucleolus- located in cell nucleus; important in reproduction (RNA)

• Chromatin Network- located in nucleus; forms chromosomes which contain genes that carry inherited traits; chromosomes contain DNA and genetic info of cell

• Genotype- configuration of genetic info for an individual trait; genetic make-up of an organism; located in a chromosome

• (Karyotype= chromosomal map)• Mitochondria- located throughout cytoplasm; powerhouse

of cell; helps produce energy (ATP & ADP); contain their own DNA


Organelles• Cytoskeleton- microtubules and microfilaments• Ribosomes- protein synthesis (produce protein)• Lysosomes- “stomach of the cell”sacks of digestive

enzymes; have enzymes that can break down almost every stubstance in the cell

• Golgi Apparatus- synthesizes carbohydrates and transports enzymes/hormones/proteins

• Vesicles- fluid filled sack• Vacuole- containers; storage sac-like structure• Endoplasmic reticulum- transport system of network

channels– Smooth ER- lipids– Rough ER- protein


Tissue Types• Epithelial tissue

– Covers the body, forms glands, and lines the surfaces of cavities and organs

– Has no blood vessels but depends on capillaries in underlying connective tissues

Functions:Protection- skinAbsorption- digestive tract and kidneysFiltration- kidneysExcretion- kidneysSecretion- glands and kidneysSensory reception- skin


Tissue types

• Epithelial cell classifications– Squamous: scale like, singular layer, flat (diffusion)

– Cuboidal: square, fat (secretion)

– Columnar: tall, narrow (absorption, secretion)

– Pseudostratified: single layer of differing heights (secretion)

– Stratified: multiple cell layers (protection)

– Glandular: make and secrete a product• Endocrine- no ducts (hormones)

• Exocrine- ducts, mucous, sweat, oil, salivary


Tissue Types• Connective tissue

- Functions: transports, supports, & defese– Formed by a protein, includes soft tissue

such as fat and blood cells and hard tissues such as bones, ligaments, and cartilage

– The most widespread and abundant tissue in the body

– Supporting framework of organs – Widely separated cells and abundant

intercellular matrix– **Blood is a connective tissue


Tissue Types• Connective

– Soft Connective Tissue• Areolar: support, collagen and elastin fibers, thin and glistens;

wraps and cushions organs and nerves

• Adipose (fat): signet ring shaped cells; stores fat as reserve food or energy source; insulation for body heat & protection of organs

• Reticular: soft internal skeleton (lymph nodes, spleen)

• Fibrous (dense regular CT) tensile strength when force is in one direction (tendons, ligaments, fasciae)

• Fibrous (dense irregular CT) tensile strength when force is in many directions (dermis of skin)

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.medscape.com/content/2003/00/45/91/459190/art-smj459190.fig1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.medscape.com/content/2003/00/45/91/459190/459190_fig.html&h=413&w=400&sz=55&hl=en&start=8&um=1&usg=__h3iKyBAg8mhGKg0ycmHfHrmowu4=&tbnid=hELMdmAKTfBkzM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsoft%2Bconnective%2Btissue%2Bpictures%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26sa%3DN


Tissue Types• Connective

– Hard Connective• Cartilage- tough, elastic material found between

vertebrae and end of long bones (shock absorption); also found in nose, ears, larynx; no nerves, poor blood supply- heals poorly

• Tendons- connects muscle to bone

• Ligaments- connects bone to bone

• Osseus (bone)- similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, blood vessels, body structure, and calcium storage

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/bone.aspx


Adipose (Fat) Tissue Type of connective tissue

• Insulates to conserve body heat

• Supports & protects kidneys

• Stores excess foods

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

Types of cells.

Fig. 2-5.


Tissue Types (continued)

• Nervous tissue– Composed largely of specialized cells

called neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)

– Transmits impulses throughout the body

– Reacts to stimuli– Makes up brain, spinal cord, nerves


Tissue Types• Muscle tissue

– Made of protein fibers, has the unique property of shortening to produce movement (muscle contraction)

– Highly cellular, well vascularized3 types:-Skeletal: attaches bones to provide movement

(striated & voluntary); high contractility-Cardiac: causes heart to beat (striated &

involuntary)-Smooth: in walls of hollow organs (GI) & blood

vessels; no striations and is involuntary


Muscle Tissues

Cardiac Smooth- longitudinal

Smooth- Transverse

Striated Myotendon jt


Body Systems

• Integumentary system covers the body and protects other body systems

• Cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to all body parts and removes waste products

• Circulatory system includes the blood and lymph that move throughout the body

• Respiratory system exchanges gases between the air and blood


Body Systems (continued)

• Muscular system allows the body to move and controls movements within the body

• Skeletal system provides body support and protection

• Digestive system processes food and eliminates food waste

• Urinary system filters the blood and removes liquid wastes


Body Systems (continued)

• Endocrine system coordinates body cavities through hormones

• Nervous system regulates the environment and directs the activities of other body systems

• Sensory system perceives the environment and sends messages to and from the brain

• Reproductive system provides for human reproduction


Clinical Observations

• Palpation- to touch or feel• Auscultation- listen with stethoscope• Percussion- is a method of "tapping" body parts

during a physical exam with fingers, hands, or small instruments. The purpose is to evaluate the size, consistency, borders, and presence or absence of fluid in body organs.

• Autopsy- examination of a dead body for cause of death


Figure 8-4 Body Planes

Frontal plane Transverse Plane Sagital Plane


Figure 8-5 Body Cavities


Organs in Body Cavitites• Cranial- Brain and pituitary gland• Spinal- spinal cord, vertebrae and nerves• Thoracic- lungs, heart and mediastinum• Diaphragm- muscle dividing thoracic &

abdominal• Abdominal- stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder,

pancreas, large and small intestines, appendix• Pelvic- reproductive organs and bladder


Anatomical division of the back.

Fig. 2-13.


Figure 8-6 Body Regions


Abdominopelvic regions.

Fig. 2-11.


Anatomical Directions

• Anterior• Posterior• Medial • Lateral• Superior• Inferior• Supine• Prone• Deep • Superficial


Cell Function• Cell reproduction

– Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to reproduce, creating an identical replica with the same chromosomes; replaces dead/injured cells

– Meiosis is the process of the cell dividing into two parts each with only one half of the chromosomes. This is the process that results in formation of sex cells (gametes). Two gametes with chromosomes from different parents is fertilization.

– Gamete- a fertilized egg• Heredity

– Heredity is the passing on of genetic information that determines the characteristics of an individual person; genotype is the genetic info in a chromosome; the trait or appearance that results from the genotype is the phenotype


Cell Formation Diseases

• Genetic disorders– Abnormal genes or chromosomes

cause many disorders

• Cancer– The uncontrolled growth of abnormal

cells that tend to spread (metastasize) and invade the tissue around them

copyright 2003 by mosby, inc. all rights reserved. body organization

Documents

cell parts

cell controls cell activity

cell hormones

cellphagcytosis cell

cell structurecopyright

cell nucleus important

functions of life

body structures