1.Fuel – a substance that provides energy such as heat, light, motion, or electricity

Energy Transformation2. A change in one form of energy to another is called energy transformation. Examples: rubbing your hands together mechanical to heat; Burning a fuel in a car (chemical to mechanical)

3. When fuels are burned, the chemical energy that is released can be used to generate another form of energy. Combustion is the release of chemical energy.

The chemical energy stored in fuels can be used to generate electricity. In a power plant, fuel is burned to create heat to make steam. The steam is used to spin a generator which makes electricity.The fuel can be coal, oil, natural gas, or even garbage.

4. Fossil fuels - energy-rich substance formed from the remains of once-living organisms.5. Fossil fuels are made of hydrocarbons, which are energy rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.Three major fossil fuels:

CoalOilNatural gas

6. Coal - a solid fossil fuel formed from plants and other organisms that lived hundreds of millions of years ago.Coal is minedCoal is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the U.S.

Disadvantages: increase erosion, runoff from mines can cause water pollution, burning the coal can cause air pollution and contribute to global warming.

7. Petroleum (Oil)- Thick , black, liquid formed from the remains of small animals, algae and protists that lived in oceans and seas hundreds of millions of years ago.Oil mostly found in tiny holes in sandstone and limestone.More then 1/3 of energy in the world is from oilU. S. consumes 1/3 of the world’s oil, but only 3% of the supply is located in the U.S.Where do we get the difference from?

Located deep below the surface so we must drill for it and pump it out of the ground.

Crude oil - when oil is first pumped out of the ground.

Refinery - a factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other products by heating

Petrochemicals - compounds that are made from oil. Used in plastics, paints medicines and cosmetics.

10. Natural gas - mixture of methane and other gasesForms from the same organisms as petroleumLess dense than oil so it rises above oil deposits and forms in the rock.Pipelines move the gas from its source to where it is used.

Advantages: The U.S. has a large supply Lower air pollution compared to other fossil

fuels Easy to transport

Disadvantage Highly flammable Still a fossil fuel so it will eventually run out Contributes to global warming

11. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take hundreds of millions or years to form.

Solar energy - energy from the sunThe sun constantly gives off energy in the form of light and heat. (Q 2 on study guide)

4. How do solar plants work? Rows of giant mirrors focus the suns energy on a tank of water. The water boils and makes steam to spin a generator.

5. Solar cells (Photovoltaic cells)- Converts light directly into electricity.

6. Passive solar heating- Uses the heat from the sun to heat a building. This system does not use any pumps or fans. Uses glass and concrete to heat a building.

7. Active solar heating- captures the heat from the sun and distributes it throughout the building using pumps and fans. Example: heating water in a solar collector on the roof and then pumping it to the bathroom for hot water.

8. How are solar and hydro power related? They both are renewable and don’t pollute.

Problems Only available when sun is shining Energy from the sun is spread out

Solar Technologies Solar plants – giant mirrors focus on a tank of

water Solar cells – can be converted directly into

electricity Solar heating Systems – passive and active

Solar Plant

Flowing water can turn a turbine and generate electricity. Most widely used renewable resource todayBenefit

No air pollution Flowing water provides a steady supply of

energy

Problems Must have a dam Dams have negative effects on the environment Need a steady flow of water

Wind can be used to turn a turbine and generate electricityFastest growing energy sourceNo pollutionProblems:Wind must be steadyNoisyDestroyed by very strong winds

Biomass fuels are made from living things. Biomass fuels include wood, leaves, food wastes

Geothermal energy-intense heat from Earth’s interior that warms the magmaUnlimited source of cheap energy

Problems?Only a few places you can find

magma that comes close to Earth’s surface

Or a very deep well is required to tap into the energy which is expensive

Hydrogen- an abundant clean burning gas that has a lot of energy. Can be used to power cars Can be used to generate electricityProblems:Expensive to produce right nowExplosive

Tides -the rise and fall of large bodies of water due to the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, as well as the rotation of the earth.Tidal power plants take advantage of the movement of water as it gets higher and lower.