Earth Earth ScienceScience

Chapter 12 Chapter 12

Energy & Energy &

Material Material ResourcesResources

Energy & Fossil FuelsEnergy & Fossil Fuels A A fuelfuel is a substance that provides a form of energy—such as is a substance that provides a form of energy—such as heat, light, heat, light,

electricity, or motionelectricity, or motion energyenergy-rich substances formed from the remains of once-living organisms.-rich substances formed from the remains of once-living organisms. The three major fossil fuels are The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gascoal, oil, and natural gas. T. They are hey are

considered considered nonrenewablenonrenewable resources. resources. HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons - energy-rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and - energy-rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and

hydrogenhydrogen

Different Forms of Different Forms of EnergyEnergy 6 different types6 different types::

MechanicalMechanical Thermal EnergyThermal Energy Chemical EnergyChemical Energy Electrical EnergyElectrical Energy Electromagnetic EnergyElectromagnetic Energy Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

Energy Conversion and Energy Conversion and ConservationConservation

Most forms of Most forms of energy can be converted from one type to energy can be converted from one type to anotheranother..

Law of the Conservation of Energy - Law of the Conservation of Energy - states that energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It simply changes from one cannot be created or destroyed. It simply changes from one form into anotherform into another

Einstein’s theory of Relativity - Einstein’s theory of Relativity - E = mcE = mc22

a small amount of mass can be changed directly into a a small amount of mass can be changed directly into a tremendous amount of energytremendous amount of energy

E = E = the energy producedthe energy produced m = m = the mass being convertedthe mass being converted c = c = the speed of light (186,000 miles/second)the speed of light (186,000 miles/second)

Fossil Fuels - CoalFossil Fuels - Coal Solid fossil fuel formed from decaying plant Solid fossil fuel formed from decaying plant

matter.matter. Coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the United Coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the United

StatesStates

A Sedimentary Rockobtained through:Underground mining or open pit mining

Oil (Petroleum) is a thick, black liquid fossil fuel. Oil (Petroleum) is a thick, black liquid fossil fuel. Oil is formed from the remains of small ocean-living Oil is formed from the remains of small ocean-living

organisms.organisms. Crude oil is separated into fuels and other products Crude oil is separated into fuels and other products

by heating is called a refineryby heating is called a refinery Petrochemicals are compounds that are made from Petrochemicals are compounds that are made from

oil.oil.

Fossil Fuels - OilFossil Fuels - Oil

Natural gas is 95% Natural gas is 95% Methane, (CHMethane, (CH44) & other gases.) & other gases. Natural gas forms from the same organisms as oil.Natural gas forms from the same organisms as oil. Because it is less dense than oil, natural gas often rises Because it is less dense than oil, natural gas often rises

above an oil deposit, forming a pocket.above an oil deposit, forming a pocket. Natural gas produces lower levels of many air pollutants Natural gas produces lower levels of many air pollutants

than coal or oil and is fairly easy to transport.than coal or oil and is fairly easy to transport.

Fossil Fuels - Fossil Fuels - Natural GasNatural Gas

Gas is typically under great pressure, as water is pumped out, the pocket pressure is reduced & the gas comes out of solution, bubbles up & out to be recovered.

Renewable Sources of Renewable Sources of EnergyEnergy Include Include Solar, wind, biomass, geothermal & tidesSolar, wind, biomass, geothermal & tides

Hydroelectric Power Hydroelectric Power - Once the dam and power plant are - Once the dam and power plant are built, hydroelectric power is inexpensive and clean. Dams can built, hydroelectric power is inexpensive and clean. Dams can have negative effects on the environment.have negative effects on the environment.

Wind power Wind power - Large wind farms contain many wind turbines. - Large wind farms contain many wind turbines. The turbines turn to generate electricity. Wind power causes no The turbines turn to generate electricity. Wind power causes no pollution and is renewable. It is possibly the fastest-growing pollution and is renewable. It is possibly the fastest-growing energy resource. Drawbacks of using wind power include the energy resource. Drawbacks of using wind power include the need for steady strong winds and opposition to the building of need for steady strong winds and opposition to the building of wind farms in scenic areas.wind farms in scenic areas.

Renewable Sources of Renewable Sources of EnergyEnergy

Biomass Fuels Biomass Fuels -Fuels made from material that was once -Fuels made from material that was once part of a living thingpart of a living thing

Energy from Tides Energy from Tides harnesses the regular rise & fall of harnesses the regular rise & fall of the oceanic tides, Tidal power plants use this regular flow the oceanic tides, Tidal power plants use this regular flow to turn turbines and generate electricity.to turn turbines and generate electricity.

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy Nuclear fission Nuclear fission – the splitting of an atom's nucleus into two smaller nuclei– the splitting of an atom's nucleus into two smaller nuclei In a nuclear power plant, the heat energy released from fission is used to change water In a nuclear power plant, the heat energy released from fission is used to change water

into steam. The steam then turns the blades of a turbine to generate electricity.into steam. The steam then turns the blades of a turbine to generate electricity. The reactor contains rods of uranium, called The reactor contains rods of uranium, called fuel rodsfuel rods. The chain reaction is controlled . The chain reaction is controlled

by placing by placing control rods control rods made of the metal cadmium between the fuel rods. The heat that made of the metal cadmium between the fuel rods. The heat that is produced is used to boil water to produce steam, which runs the electrical generator.is produced is used to boil water to produce steam, which runs the electrical generator.

Major environmental disasters can occur when meltdowns occurMajor environmental disasters can occur when meltdowns occur Nuclear fusion Nuclear fusion is the combining of two atomic nuclei to produce a single larger nucleusis the combining of two atomic nuclei to produce a single larger nucleus In nuclear fusion, two In nuclear fusion, two hydrogenhydrogen nuclei combine to create a nuclei combine to create a heliumhelium nucleus, which has nucleus, which has

slightly less mass than the two hydrogen nuclei. The lost mass is converted to large slightly less mass than the two hydrogen nuclei. The lost mass is converted to large amounts of energy.amounts of energy.

Nuclear fusion is a promising future energy source.Nuclear fusion is a promising future energy source.

Nuclear Energy - FissionNuclear Energy - Fission

Nuclear Energy - FusionNuclear Energy - Fusion

Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation One way to preserve energy resources is to One way to preserve energy resources is to increase increase

the efficiency the efficiency of energy use. of energy use. Another way is to Another way is to conserve energy conserve energy whenever possible.whenever possible. Recycling Material Resources - Three methods of Recycling Material Resources - Three methods of

handling solid waste are handling solid waste are burningburning, , buryingburying, and , and recyclingrecycling. .

What can individuals do?What can individuals do? These are sometimes called the "three R's“These are sometimes called the "three R's“ reduce, reuse recyclereduce, reuse recycle

Reduce Reduce refers to creating less waste in the first place. refers to creating less waste in the first place. Reuse Reuse refers to finding another use for an object rather than discarding refers to finding another use for an object rather than discarding

it.it. Recycle Recycle refers to reclaiming raw materials refers to reclaiming raw materials to create new products.to create new products.