Chapter 1

The Human Body:

An Orientation

Overview•Anatomy

–Topics of Anatomy

•Gross Anatomy

–Regional Anatomy

–Systemic Anatomy

Overview (continued)•Anatomy–Topics of Anatomy•Microscopic Anatomy–Cytology–Histology•Developmental Anatomy–Embryology

Overview (continued)•Anatomy (continued)

–Topics of Anatomy (cont)

•Pathological Anatomy

•Molecular Anatomy

•Radiographic Anatomy

Overview (continued)• Physiology

–Topics of Physiology

•Chemistry

•Physics

•Complimentarity of Structure and Function

Structural Organization•Chemical Level•Molecular Level•Cellular Level• Tissue Level•Organ Level•Organ System Level•Organism Level

Function:Function: Protection

Components: Components: Epidermis & DermisFinger nails/toe nailsHair; Sweat glands

Organ Systems

Integumentary Integumentary

SystemSystem

Function:Function: supports the body, protects internal organs & provides attachment sites for muscles.Components: Components: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

Skeletal Skeletal SystemSystem

Function:Function: provide support, movement, and maintain postureOrgans/Organs/Components: Components: skeletal, cardiac, & smooth muscle, tendons

Muscular Muscular SystemSystem

Function:Function: transport nutrients, gases, hormones and wastes through the body

Organ Systems Circulatory Circulatory SystemSystem

Organs: Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood

Function:Function: directs behavior & movement, and, with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes Organs: Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

Nervous Nervous SystemSystem

Function:Function: provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment for the organs.Organs: Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs. Bronchi, diaphragm

RespiratorRespiratory Systemy System

Function:Function: breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance

Organs: Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

Digestive Digestive SystemSystem

Function:Function: filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water

Organs: Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

Excretory Excretory SystemSystem

Function:Function: relay chemical messages through the body and in conjunction with the nervous system, these hormones help control physiological processes

Organs: Organs: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, ovaries/testes, and adrenal glands

Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem

Function:Function: manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the female, also houses the fetus as it develops.Organs: Organs: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glandstestes, seminal vesicles and penis

ReproductivReproductive Systeme System

Maintenance of Life• Functional Characteristics

–Maintenance of Boundaries

–Movement

–Responsiveness

–Digestion

Maintenance of Life• Functional Characteristics

–Metabolism

–Excretion

–Reproduction

–Growth

Maintenance of Life• Survival Needs–Nutrients–Water–Body Temperature–Atmospheric Pressure–Oxygen

Homeostasis•Control Mechanisms

–Control Center… set point

–Receptor… stimulus/afferent pathway

–Effector… feedback/efferent pathway

Homeostasis•Negative Feedback Mechanisms–Most common types–Causes change opposite stimulus … limits severe/sudden change–Body temp, blood levels, heart rate, blood pressure

Homeostasis• Positive Feedback

Mechanisms–Rare occurrences–Causes an increase to the initial stimulus–Blood clotting, labor contractions

Make a full-page diagram of the Elements of a Control System, Fig. 1.4, p. 13.

Make a full-page, enhanced diagram of the Regulation of blood glucose, Fig 1.5, p. 14.

Answer Review Questions 1-4, 10-14 & 20 on p. 23.

End of material for Test 1a

Language of Anatomy•Anatomical Position

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

Language of Anatomy•Anatomical Position

•Directional Terms

–Table 1.1, p. 16

InferiorInferior: below

DistalDistal:: toward the fingers

or toes

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsSuperiorSuperior: above

ProximalProximal: towards the attachment of a limb

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional Terms

MedialMedial: near to the midline

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsAnteriorAnterior: near to or at the front

PosterorPosteror: near to or at the back

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology•Directional TermsDirectional TermsSuperficialSuperficial: toward the surfaceDeepDeep: Away from the surface

Language of Anatomy•Anatomical Position

•Directional Terms

–Table 1.1, p. 16

•Regional Terms

–Figure 1.6

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyDirectional TermsDirectional TermsCranialCranial: towards the

headCaudalCaudal: towards the feet/buttocksMedialMedial: towards the mid-lineLateralLateral: towards or from the side

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyDirectional TermsDirectional Terms

PlantarPlantar: toward or on the soles of the feet

PalmarPalmar: toward or on the palm of the hand

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms

a. Abdominal

b. Axillary c. Brachial

d. Carpal e. Cervical

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms

f. Femoral

g. Orbital

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms

h. Dorsum

i. Lumbar

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyRegional TermsRegional Terms

j. Popiteal

l. Calcaneusk. Sural

Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes

divide the body

Language of Anatomy• Body Planes and Sections–Sagittal Plane•Midsagittal plane•Parasagittal plane

Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes

•Sagittal PlanesSagittal Planes

(Median Planes)(Median Planes)divide the body into a right and a left half

• mid sagittalmid sagittaldivides body

into equal right and left sides

Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes

•Sagittal PlanesSagittal Planesdivide the body into a right and a left half

• Parasagittal Parasagittal (Paramedian)(Paramedian)divides body into unequal right

and left sides

Language of Anatomy• Body Planes and Sections–Sagittal Plane•Midsagittal plane•Parasagittal plane–Frontal Plane (coronal)

Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes

•Frontal or Frontal or CoronalCoronal

divides the body into a front and a back

Language of Anatomy• Body Planes and Sections–Sagittal Plane•Midsagittal plane•Parasagittal plane–Frontal Plane (coronal)–Transverse Plane (cross sect)

Anatomical PlanesAnatomical Planes

divides the body into upper and lower portions

•Transverse Transverse (axial/horizonta(axial/horizontal)l)

Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and

Membranes

–Dorsal Body Cavity

•Cranial Cavity

•Vertebral Cavity

Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and Membranes–Ventral Body Cavity•Thoracic Cavity–Pleural Cavity (2)–Mediastinum•Abdominopelvic Cavity

CranialCranialCavityCavity

ThoracicThoracic

PericardiPericardialal

AbdominAbdominalal

PelviPelvicc

SpinalSpinal

BodyBodyCavitiesCavities

DorsaDorsall

VentralVentral

Abdomino-Abdomino-pelvicpelvic

Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and Membranes

–Serosa (serous membrane)

•Parietal Serosa

–Covers cavity walls

Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and Membranes•Visceral Serosa–Covers organs•Parietal/Visceral Pericardia•Parietal/Visceral Pleurae•Parietal/Visceral Peritoneums

Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and

Membranes

–Serosa (serous membrane)

•Serous Fluid

–Pleurisy

–Peritonitis

Language of Anatomy• Body Cavities and Membranes–Oral Cavity–Nasal Cavity–Orbital Cavity–Middle Ear Cavities–Synovial Cavities

Language of Anatomy•Abdominal Regions and

Quadrants

–Abdominal Regions

•Umbilical Region

•Epigastric Region

•Hypogastric Region

Language of Anatomy•Abdominal Regions and

Quadrants

–Abdominal Regions

•R/L Iliac (Inguinal)

•R/L Lumbar

•R/L Hypochondriac

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

Language of Anatomy•Abdominal Regions and

Quadrants–Abdominal Quadrants•RUQ--Right Upper Quad•LUQ--Left Upper Quad•RLQ--Right Lower Quad•LLQ--Left Lower Quad

ABDOMINOPELVICABDOMINOPELVIC

QUADRANTSQUADRANTS

Right Upper Right Upper QuadrantQuadrant(RUQ)(RUQ)

Right Lower Right Lower QuadrantQuadrant(RLQ)(RLQ)

Left Upper Left Upper QuadrantQuadrant(LUQ)(LUQ)

Left Lower Left Lower QuadrantQuadrant(LLQ)(LLQ)

Answer Review Questions

Page 23, #’s 5-9, 15-19 & 21

Make a full page, enhanced diagram of

Fig. 1.9, 1.10a, and 1.11