chapter 1 1 welcome to the class tom anderson [email protected] aim screen name:...

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Welcome to the Class

Tom [email protected]

AIM screen name: [email protected] Hours- Sunday evenings,

7:00PM-9:00PM Eastern TimeSeminar time, Thursday nights at 9:00

PM Eastern Time

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Discussion Boards

For the highest scores answer the Main discussion question with solid substance and content (80-100 words) and then post several additional responses to other students.

I don’t expect a novel, by any means, but you need to post substantive or good quality answers.

Good activity, not waiting until the last night to post Boards will be locked at the end of the unit, so if you are

running late, let me know in advance!

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Cummuunicatshunz and class enteraxxien

In Discussion Boards and in emails use:

Spill chick, I mean Pell tek, no spail chaik……..

See what I mean!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Courtesy and Respect Be courteous in your posts, no offensive

language will be tolerated, after all, this is a group of professionals !!!

Be respectful, even if you disagree with another class member.

Any harmful, offensive, derogatory postings will be deleted and you will not receive credit for the board.

If you wait until the last night of the week to post a response, you will not receive full credit.

Course Expectations, Continued

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Papers Be sure to read the directions for the papers If you have questions, ask early and often Use spell check and grammar check Do not forget about the Kaplan Writing Center

They have a paper check system and will review a couple of papers per term for you

Give credit where credit is due, if you use the work of another, give them the credit for it!

APA is the required format See the APA sample paper in Doc Sharing

Course Expectations, Continued

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Projects Visit the Kaplan Writing Center located on your KU

Campus homepage under the My Studies tab.

Paper Review Service: When you submit a paper for review, a Kaplan

University professor will assess your writing and provide feedback within 48 hours. Tutors will provide suggestions for writing improvement, especially in terms of grammar, mechanics, and organization. Rather than editing or rewriting your paper, tutors will provide you with a better understanding of areas that need improvement or development.

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Announcements

You will see a list of announcements on the course home page, please be sure to read them all and check for new ones periodically

I will send out a lot of emails as we move through, some of which may be copied to the announcements page

Again, anytime there is a question, please ask me!

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Seminar Attendance Seminars are on Sunday nights at 9:00PM

Eastern Time Seminar attendance is required, however, if

you cannot make it, I need to know in advance.

If you are unable to attend a seminar: you are required to listen to the seminar in the

seminar archive, read the transcript, and write a 300 – 500 word paper on the seminar topic listed. (Suggestion: Review the seminar archive for additional information.) Submit your assignment using the Doc Sharing tab. SELECT THE OPTION TO SEND TO YOUR INSTRUCTOR ONLY.

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Seminar Attendance, Cont

Participation is required, you cannot just sign in and watch the show

Remember that there is a delay of 2-4 seconds on the audio. I will try to fill in the gaps typing, but that may not always be the case if things are really busy in the seminar

My seminars are structured a bit differently, as you will see as we move forward

The only silly question is the one that you do not ask!

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Late Work Submissions All written assignments must be submitted no later

than the date they are due. Late Policy: A maximum penalty of 5 percent per week will be

assessed to all late work, and no late work will be accepted more than 3 weeks after the original due date or after the conclusion of unit 9 without prior instructor approval.

These include:1. Seminar Make-ups2. Discussion Boards3. Quizzes‘4. Projects But Here is what we can work out…….

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You are required to have a backup system with which to access class. Computer crashes and lack of access while traveling will not be accepted as an excuse for not participating in class discussions or submitting your assignments on time. These classrooms are web-based and can be accessed from any Internet-enabled computer in the world. Some suggested backup systems are:

Local library Community colleges or local Universities Cyber Cafes Kinko’s Friends, neighbors, family Work I do realize there may be extenuating circumstances such as a bad storm

with power outage and I will consider these on a case by case basis. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to ask me.

Computer Problems

Computer Problems

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A maximum penalty of 5 percent per week will be assessed to all late work, and no late work will be accepted more than 3 weeks after the original due date or after the conclusion of unit 9 without prior instructor approval.

Unit assignments are due on Tuesday at Midnight ET. If you have extenuating circumstances and would like to turn work in late without penalty, you must contact me in writing prior to the due date.

Late Policy

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The grade comments are important. Please be sure to read them and adjust your work accordingly. The grade comments tell you what you need to correct. I have provided a link to the OWL at Purdue (Online Writing Lab) which is a great resource for APA formatting and other writing issues.

Again, don’t forget that Kaplan has an online writing center that can assist you.

I place a great deal of emphasis on quality writing because it is such an essential part of the criminal justice profession- police officers, detectives, crime scene personnel, probation/parole personnel to name a few all have to be able to write clear and detailed reports. Judges, lawyers, and other professionals read these reports.

Grade Comments

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Chapter 1

Crisis Management:

History and Overview

Crisis Negotiations4th Edition

Negotiation This week in seminar we will discuss the various types of incidents where negotiations are used. The dynamics of each type of incident will be discussed. The difference in using bargaining principles versus crisis intervention techniques will also be examined.

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Forming the Field: Incidences and ContributionsI. Munich (1972)

– The Defining Incident

II. The Williamsburg Incident (1973) – Trying it Out

III. FBI Hostage Negotiations Program (1973)– Bringing it to the National Level

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Munich (1972)The 1972 Olympic takeover of 11 Israeli athletes by Arab terrorists

resulting in 23 deaths. The concluding events led NYPD to adopt a soft approach to conflicts rather than a hard tactical method.

Acceptance of an Integrated Approach to Negotiations

1. Schlossberg (1979) & Boltz & Hershey (1979) Four Alternatives to Negotiations

Assault Selected Sniper Fire Chemical Agents Contain and Negotiate

2. Schlossberg (1979) Principles of Negotiating as a Crisis

Containment & Negotiating Understanding Motivation & Personality Slowing it Down – “Dynamic Inactivity”

Principle of Zero Acceptable Losses

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The Williamsburg Incident (1973)

The takeover of a New York City sporting goods store which resulted in the successful containment and negotiation of the hostage takers by law enforcement and specially skilled professionals.

Utilized and Emphasized the Importance of: Containment and Negotiation Understanding Motivation & Personalities (e.g.,

Muslim Heritage) Slowing Things Down

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FBI Hostage Negotiation Program (1973)

The creation of a federal negotiation training program which worked towards creating a working relationship between law enforcement officials and behavioral science experts.

70% of police negotiators have been trained w/this curriculum

Mental health professionals are the most widely used experts

Though heavily responsible for facilitating certain aspects of negotiations in the U.S. the FBI cannot be accredited as the first. (e.g., Barbary Coast & Santo Tomas)

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Development of Negotiations in Police Work: The Context

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Negotiation Incidences: Prior to 1973

Methods of Management

1. Relying on the verbal skills of individual officers

2. Walking away

3. Hard tactical approach

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1970’s: Defining the Field

Hostage – “a person held as a security for the fulfillment of certain terms”

Key Terms: person, held, for the fulfillment (utility), certain terms

Negotiate – “to arrange or settle by conferring or discussing” Key Points: contribution of attitudes, discussing/conferring,

settlement Practitioner Reminders: meet legitimate interests , fair resolutions,

account for community interests

Hostage Incident - an incident involving people being held against their will, usually through force or coercion, in which demands are being made by the hostage taker.

Practitioner Reminders: mental make-ups, motivations and goals, continuum of hostage takers

S.A.F.E. Model

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Legal Foundation: Downs v. United States (1971)Facts:

During a hostage incident at Jacksonville International Airport, an Assistant Special Agent in Charge with the FBI employed a hard tactical approach by refusing negotiations and utilizing debilitative fire. Two hostages were killed and a hostage taker mortally wounded.

Issue: Was the approach used by the ASCA negligent?

Ruling: Yes, because the use of a softer approach was within the capabilities of the

ASCA. Employing negotiations in a state of crisis and preserving human life should have been among the ASCA’s primary concerns, for these conditions are ones which he was “trained” for.

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Significant Incidences: Sveriges Kredit Bank, Stockholm - 1973

A lone gunman entangled law enforcement in a 131-hour long siege of a Stockholm, Swedish bank. This incident resulted in a phenomenon in where hostages identified with the goals of the hostage taker, an occurrence more commonly known as Stockholm Syndrome.

Importance of Understanding Stockholm Syndrome1. It is a phenomenon that can occur among hostages or

police in order to achieve the ultimate goal of preserving life.

2. Any and all emotional ties established between the hostages and their captors must be treated as a sensitive situation.

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Significant Incidences: The South Moluccan Incident – 1975

Seven members of the South Moluccan Independence Movement took over a Dutch train near the town of Belien.

Contributing Factors to the Field

1. Success after loss can be achieved

2. Hostage incidents are effective in bringing attention to otherwise unknown causes

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1970’s: Refining the Field

From Hostage Negotiation to Crisis Intervention

(the 2nd generation)

Extreme Incidences v. Personal Incidences Bargaining v. Intervention and Active Listening Definition of Crisis Stages of a Crisis

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Extreme v. Personal Incidences

Terrorism Hijackings Political Statements

Barricaded Subjects High-Risk Suicide Domestic Prison and Jail Riots Mental Health Warrants High-Risk Warrants Debriefing in Crisis

Incidence Stalking Violence in the Workplace School Violence

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Bargaining v. Intervention and Active Listening Use of time to:

Increase basic needs Collect intelligence Reduce expectation

Trade ONLY for basic needs The boss does NOT negotiate Start bidding high Quid pro quo Never draw attention to the

hostages Manipulate anxiety by cutting off:

Power Gas Etc.

Set disputants and sufferers at ease

Zero in on solvable problems

Utilize multiple resources to reach solutions

Trace development of maladaptive responses to crisis

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Defining Crisis

A situation that exceeds a person’s ability to cope.

Stages

1. Pre-Crisis

2. Crisis

3. Accommodation/Negotiation (Stabilization)

4. Resolution

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Stage Attitudes Goals Techniques

Pre-Crisis Practice Planning Prevention

Public Speaking Gathering IntelligenceAnalyze

Crisis/Defusing AcceptanceCaringPatience

Establishing Relationship Credibility Safety Encourage Ventilation Assess Problem Validate

Reassurance Active Listening Emotional Labeling Paraphrase Reflect Feelings Effective Pauses Mimic

Adaptation/Negotiations Acceptance Caring Patience

Facilitate Predict ConsequencesPlan Different Actions

Use of Questions: - Open ended - Problem oriented Persuasion Techniques Influence Techniques I-Messages

Resolution/Surrender Acceptance Caring Patience

Peaceful ResolutionsManage Increased Tensions

Goals, Issues, and Skills

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Dynamic Factors

Suicide by CopRochester, NY – 1981

38 year old man takes bank employees hostage and engaged law enforcement in 3 ½ hour standoff as a means to a fatal end

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The Anatomy of a Siege – 1981

a phenomenon which emerged among hostages of a 24 year old schizophrenic male, which resulted in various detrimental symptoms such as flashbacks, avoidance, and emotional numbing

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1980’s: Application to Corrections Oakdale and Atlanta Prison Sieges – 1987 1,527 rioting Cuban immigrants took 126

hostages at two correctional facilities located in Louisiana and Georgia.

Important Incident Principles 1. Allow time to pass 2. Negotiate with the identified leader 3. Negotiate in English rather than Spanish 4. Tape-record and review negotiations 5. Use mental health consultants 6. Provide a surrender ritual

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1990’s: Significant Incidences

Talladega – 1991

The hostage takeover of a federal correctional institute in Talladega, Alabama. Though the incident was ended by using a tactical approach, support was given for the process of negotiations.

Ruby Ridge – 1992

U.S. Marshalls became entangled in a 10-day siege with the son of a suspected terrorists. Through the use of third party intermediaries, law enforcement was able to bring the siege to an end.

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Waco – 1993After being tipped off, David Koresh and his followers engaged ATF in a 56 day siege, which was finally ended by utilizing a parallel & collaborative approach by swat and negotiations rather than a linear approach.

Lucasville – 1993450 inmates engaged correctional officers in an 11 day siege which resulted in the death of one officer and 9 inmates. This event was responsible for raising awareness in corrections.

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The Freemen Standoff - 1996The preplanned arrest of two leaders apart of a anti-government ranchers group. This event emphasized the importance of third party intermediaries and pre-incident planning.

Columbine – 1999 12 students and a teacher died at the hands of two mentally disturbed individuals, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Although school shootings are incidences which occur with little to no time for negotiations, this specific event led to the training of school administrators by crisis officers to identify “at-risk” youths.

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Contributions of the Freemen Standoff

Key Factors

Validation of:

- active listening

- passage of time

Support for:

- parallel processing

The dangers of holding a unreasonable position

The importance of surrender with dignity

Guidelines for TPI’s

1. TPI use should be carefully timed

2. Select TPI’s that will benefit your goals

3. Script TPI’s carefully

4. Use safe methods of contact

5. Use them to help guarantee surrender

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2000s: Significant Incidences

World Trade Center – 2001 As a result of, a doctrine began to develop that negotiations is an activity which CRT’s engaged in order to gain intelligence and to gain time for the tactical officers to prepare an assault.

Nord-Ost, The Moscow Theatre Siege – 2002An armed group took over 997 people in attendance at a performance of Nord-Ost at the House of Culture in Moscow . As a result of using a hard tactical approach 129 hostages and 33 rebels died. The majority of those deaths were attributed to the gas utilized at the start of the raid.

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Implications of Nord-Ost Incidence1. Negotiate with the decision maker

2. Assess the actors’ planning and discipline

3. Distinguish between positions and interests

4. Develop a nuanced threat assessment

5. Pay attention to indicators of de-escalation

6. Use effective communications

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Significant Incidences: Lewis State Prison – 2004

On January 18, 2004 two inmates, in an attempt to escape a correctional facility located just south of Phoenix, AZ engaged multiple law enforcement agencies in a 15 day siege where they took 2 tower guards hostage.

Lessons of Refining Issues in Corrections The chain of command must be educated Identify and educate on differences in negotiations of law enforcement and

corrections Care must be taken in establishing the Negotiation Operations Center Establish prior relationships with negotiators in their area Work schedules have to be established and adhered to Flexible structures are needed to adapt to the situation Use the power of the TEAM Negotiations do not occur in a vacuum

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Significant Incidences: Beslan School Siege - 2004

A group of armed terrorists took 1,200 people hostage at School Number One in the town of Beslan, North Ossetia-Alania. A hard tactical approach was used and resulted in mass casualties. 344 hostages, 186 of which were children, 4 emergency workers, and 11 special forces were killed. 700 hostages and 19 special forces were wounded.

Issues which Interfered with Effective Negotiations De-escalation Failure to focus on expressive issues and develop relationship with

terrorists Lack of communications Disorganized command

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2000’s: A False Dichotomy 1st Generation v. 2nd Generation Negotiations

Expressive Demands v. Substantive Demands Artificial Dichotomy of Pure v. Crisis Bargaining Limitations to Pure Bargaining in Negotiations Characteristics of Crisis Bargaining

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Types of Demands

Expressive Demands

Demands which involve the need to express intense emotion

Substantive Demands

Demands which involve the tangibles that can be traded

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Pure Bargaining in Negotiations

Limitations

1. Not a “business” negotiation

2. High level stress interferes with rational decision

3. Majority of incidents involve emotionally disturbed subjects

4. Saving face is almost frequently an issue

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Characteristics of Crisis Bargaining 1. The use of force

2. Bargaining for high stakes

3. Focusing on one alternative

4. A high-degree of emotional content

5. A preponderance of “saving face”

6. The feeling of urgency

7. A lack of complete information

8. The failure to work out a detailed implementation plan

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Refining the Field: The S.A.F.E Model – 2008

Triggers

Substantive Demands

Attunement

Face

Emotion

General Strategies Identify the predominant SAFE

frame of the subject Match communication to the

SAFE frame of the subject Shift to another SAFE frame

after achieving some “progress” in de-escalating the situation w/in the existing SAFE frame of the subject

Asks negotiators to be aware of four “triggers” that, if not dealt with effectively, will lead to an increase of tension and a reduction in problem-solving in negotiations.

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2000’s: Refining the Field

Best Practices

In order to improve the function of a team an assessment must be conducted using a set of “best practices” to achieve the goal of “zero defect”. (pgs. 50 & 51)

People Management Skills in Policing Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training, created by the Memphis Police Department has helped first responders in over 30 states deal with calls involving mentally ill people on the streets.

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2,000’s: Refining the Field

Tools of the Trade

1. Professional Organizations

National Council of Negotiations Association

2. Literature and Books

3. Computers and the Internet

Hostage Barricade Database System

Negotiator Central

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chapter 1 1 welcome to the class tom anderson [email protected] aim screen name:...

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