changhong nf-s series nickel-iron batteries for solar pv
TRANSCRIPT
In North America, Please Ccontact:
QUALMEGA, INC.2 North Lake Circle,South Salem, NY 10590, USATEL: 914-763-3768FAX: 845-853-7809E-MAIL: [email protected]: www.qualmega.com
SICHUAN CHANGHONG BATTERY CO., LTD.
CHANGHONG NF-S Series Nickel-Iron batteries for solar PV application
In North America, Please Ccontact:
QUALMEGA, INC.2 North Lake Circle,South Salem, NY 10590, USATEL: 914-763-3768FAX: 845-853-7809E-MAIL: [email protected]: www.qualmega.com
Nowadays, more and more The NF-S series Solar NiFe
people have realized the batteries manufactured by
importance of environmental Sichuan Changhong Battery
protection and are actively Co., Ltd are specially designed
advocate green energy. for solar PV and renewable
Because of its long service life, energy applications. It has long
high reliability, lower cost, cycling life, low operation cost,
environmental friendliness environmental friendliness (no
and other characteristics, lead, cadmium, or acid and is
Nickel-Iron (Ni-Fe) batteries highly recyclable), high safety
are gradually replacing the with almost no possibility of
lead-acid batteries in a wide burning or thermal runaway,
ra n g e o f a p p l i c at i o n s , etc. It can withstand deep
especially for solar PV and discharge, wide temperature
renewable energy power variations, mechanical &
systems. electrical abuses, and still show
This manual details the e x c e l l e n t a n d r e l i a b l e
technical characteristics of performance over a long
Changhong Solar Nickel-Iron period of time.
NF-S series battery.
1.1 Introduction
NF-S series solar NiFe batteries are
suitable for all solar photovoltaic power
systems. They are widely used as
storage power supply for solar
photovoltaic systems,
offshore oil
platforms, railway transportation,
crossing guards lighting, signaling,
i so lated BTS stat ion, cathodic
protection for pipelines and radio
navigation systems. NF-S series solar
Ni-Fe batteries can last longer than 20
years if they are operated with the
commercial and
residential buildings,
1
The Power Of Energy
The power generated by solar photovoltaic systems is load on cloudy days and at nights. The solar photovoltaic
widely used for different applications: from commecial system is ideal for field & unmanned applications due to
and residential power supply to railroad signaling to easy installation, minimal maintenance requirement,
telecommunication and microwave transmission tower. and high reliability.
The battery system is used to supply the power for the
1.2 Photovoltaic System
recommended practice. Special features
include a steel frame with welded plates,
shock-resistant polypropylene or MBS
casing material and special flame
arresting flip-top vent. In addition, the
generous electrolyte reserve prolongs the
topping-up interval period. With the aid of
advanced manufacturing methods and
excellent design, the NF-S series Ni-Fe
batteries are especially suitable for
remote and isolated locations requiring
minimal maintenance.
2
1.2.2 Components of the Photovoltaic SystemA photovoltaic system consists of three main parts:
1. Photovoltaic array
2. Electronic components, e.g. blocking diodes, logic
circuits in power conditioners & controllers.
3. Batteries
Thus, the ideal photovoltaic power system is a reliable
installation which requires infrequent maintenance. The
batteries play a crucial role, as premature failure of the
battery could result in the failure of whole system.
1.2.3 Suitability for photovoltaic applications
· Able to withstand abuse and wide temperature variation
·
· Resistant to withstand failure of electronic control systems
· Environmental friendliness (no lead, cadmium, or acid and is highly recyclable)
· Long cycling life
High safety, high reliability, low maintenance
· Higher charge ratio and utilization ratio
· Easy to transport and install in remote and harsh areas
3
1.2.1 Photovoltaic Applications
Navigation Aids
· Remote lighthouses
· Beacons
· Offshore
Telecommunication Systems
· Base Stations
· Radio Repeater Stations
· Emergency Telephone Posts
Railway and Light Trains
· Crossing Gates
· Lighting and Signaling
Oil and Gas Fields
· Emergency Lighting on Offshore Platforms
· Cathodic Protection for Pipelines
Utilities
· Electric Power Supply for Remote Areas/Islands
Commercial and Residential Buildings
1.3.3 Terminal Poles 1.3.5 Cell Container
Nickel plated terminal poles made of The cell container is made of
threaded steel bars are welded onto translucent or
the current carrying bar to assemble transparent polypropylene or MBS
plate groups. The cell cover and engineering plastic material.
terminal pole are sealed by
compression rubber washers, which
are designed to provide satisfactory
sealing throughout the whole life of
the battery.
1.3.4 Vents
Changhong NF-S series NiFe
batteries are fitted with special
flame arresting flip-top vents to
ensure the battery works safely and
reliably while providing good
ventilation during chargin.
corrosion-free,
· Long cycle life (maximum service life can reach 20
years or more, if operated correctly)
·
· Low maintenance
With its generous electrolyte reserve, the topping-up
frequency is reduced so the Changhong NF-S series NiFe
battery can be left in remote sites without maintenance for
long periods of time.
· High resistance to mechanical and electrical abuse
· Low transportation and installation cost
Because of its high mechanical strength, NF-S series NiFe
battery is able to withstand harsh treatment during
transportation and installation.
Environmental friendliness (no lead, cadmium, or acid.
Highly recyclable)
· High safety with little possibility of burning or thermal
runaway
· Wide operating temperature range
1.4 Benefits of the Changhong NF-S series NiFe Battery
5
1.3.2 Electrolyte etc), allowing it to reach the optimum level. The different
The electrolyte used in NF-S series NiFe battery is standard concentrations of electrolyte allow NF-S series
a combined solution of potassium hydroxide and NiFe battery to be operated within a temperature range of 0 0lithium hydroxide, which can improve the -20 C~60 C, which makes the battery able to withstand
battery's performance (e.g. cycling life, energy very high temperature fluctuation that exists in some
efficiency, wide operational temperature range, remote regions.
1.3.1 Plate Construction of steel, the plates cannot be
Changhong NF-S series NiFe gradually weakened by repeated
cell consists of two groups of cycling, which gives Changhong
plates, the positive plates NF-S series NiFe batteries an
containing nickel hydroxide and exceptionally good cycle life.
the negative plates containing Besides, the alkaline electrolyte
iron oxide. These active inside does not react with steel,
materials are retained in which means that the supporting
pockets formed from nickel structure of the NF-S series NiFe
plated steel strips which are b atte r i e s s tay i nta c t a n d
d o u b l e - p e r fo rate d b y a unchanged during their whole life.
mechanical rolling process. Since there is no corrosion, there
These pockets are mechanically is no risk of “sudden death”,
linked together, cut to the size therefore, NF-S series NiFe
corresponding to the plate batteries can meet the special
length and compressed to the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f s o l a r
final plate dimension. Then, photovoltaic applications. In
these plates are welded to a contrast, the structure and the
current carrying bar which active material of the lead plates
f u r t h e r e n s u r e s h i g h bring about shedding of the
mechanical strength and positive plate material and
electrical stability. eventual structural collapse of
B e c a u s e t h e s t r u c t u r a l lead acid batteries.
component of the plate is made
4
1.3 Construction features
Life-cycle Cost Comparison After Ten Years
1.5.2 Cost Comparison Between VRLA and NiFe Cell
VRLA batteries:
In the case of lead acid batteries, this can also include frequent replacement and all the costs associated with an
unexpected battery failure.
NiFe batteries:
NiFe batteries may cost more than lead-acid cells on the basis of initial investment alone. As for stand-by, like
solar photovoltaic applications with large capital investment installed in remote locations, maintenance and
replacement cost factors can greatly outweigh the initial cost of the battery.
7
Operation Characteristics
Downtime
Replacement
Preventive maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Initial cost
Lead-Acid
Nickel-Iron
Item Name
Norminal Voltage
Floating Charge Voltage
Temperature factor during floating charge
Operating voltage
Standard charge and discharge current
High rate discharge performance
Overcharge performance
Over discharge performance
Effect from floating charge voltage
Operation life
Storage life
High temperature performance
Low temperature performance
Thermal danger if shorted
Premature capacity loss
Environmentally friendly
NF-S Battery
1.2V
1.45V/cell~1.50V/cell
-3mV/ cell0C per
Good
0.25C A5
Good
Good
Good
Not affected
20 years
4 years
Not affected
No
No
Yes
Lead Acid Battery
2V
2.23V/cell~2.3V/cell
-3mV/ cell0C per
Average
0.1C A10
Poor
Poor
Extremely Poor
3 years
2 years
Yes
Yes
No
When the charge voltage exceeds
2.35V/cell, the service life of VRLA
cell will be reduced by 1/2 for every
0.1V/cell increase.
When the ambient temperature ex-0ceeds 50 C, there is capacity decrease
risen from the reduction of the charge
acceptance performance, which greatly
effect the service life of the VRLA cell.
Little effect on the
service life of NF-S
series NiFe cell
6
1.5 Comparison Between VRLA and NF-S Series NiFe Cell
1.5.1 Table1 Characteristic comparison Sheet
Great effect on the service life of
VRLA cell
Cost effectiveness
There are three distinct parts contribute to the
cost of a battery system:
· Initial investment: including the cost of
purchase, spares, tools, and installation.
· Maintenance cost: including unexpected and
expensive downtime costs,
· Replacement cost: including dismantling,
shipping, disposal and administrative costs.
The performance of NiFe cells is similar to Ni-Cd cells. In addition, NiFe cells are environmentally friendly. The true
maintenance requirements and the life cycle costs should be the main factors to be considered to make a cost
effectiveness calculation. Adding the extra costs caused by the sudden or premature failure of lead acid batteries,
Ni-Cd and Ni-Fe batteries are cheaper in the long-term.
1.6.1 Rated Capacity charged.
The capacity of the Changhong NF-S series NiFe battery
is rated in ampere hours (Ah), which is the quantity of
electricity discharged by 5-hour discharge rate (C ) 5
0current to 1.0V end voltage at 20 C after being fully
1.6.2 Nominal Voltage
The nominal voltage of the Changhong NF-S series
NiFe battery is 1.2V/cell.
The Changhong NF-S series NiFe cell
is adaptable to a wide range of depth
of discharge (DOD). The number of
cycles varies with DOD required. The
lower the DOD is, the higher the cycle
number. The numbers of cycles reach
thousands in shallow discharge
applications, while it can only reach
hundreds of cycles during deep
discharge. The figure at right shows
the effect of DOD on the available
cycle life. .
9
1.6.7 Effect of Temperature
on Lifetime
Changhong NF-S series NiFe cell is
designed for 20- year service life, but
the increase in the temperature of
electrolyte will reduce the expected 0life. In general, every 9 C increase in
temperature over the normal 0ambient temperature of 25 C
r e d u c e s t h e s e r v i c e l i f e o f
Changhong NF-S series NiFe cell by
20%. For lead-acid batteries, it will
be 50%. The following figure shows
the compar ison graph of l i fe
expected at high temperature for
both Ni-Fe and lead-acid batteries.
0Typical cycle life versus DOD(20 C)
2000
1000
2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
0
Depth of discharge(%)
Nu
mb
er
of
cycl
es
Typical battery life expected at high temperature
Temperature( )0C
2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5
8
6
4
2
0
High Performance Lead Battery
Solar Nickel Iron Battery
Ra
ted
lif
e i
n y
ea
rs
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
1.6.4 Short Circuit Current
T h e s h o r t c i rc u i t C u r re nt o f
Changhong NF-S series NiFe cell is
approximately 10 times of the
ampere-hour capacity.
1.6.5 Open Circuit Loss
Because of self-discharge, the state
of charge in the open circuit state
will decrease slowly with time. The
open circuit loss value at different
te m p e rat u re s , w h i c h m ay b e
e x p e r i e n c e d i n p h o t o v o l t a i c
application, is shown in the figure at
right. 0 0Open circuit loss at 20 C and 40 C
Init
ial c
ap
aci
ty i
n %
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Open circuit period in days
1.6.3 Effect of temperature on performance
Variations in ambient temperature affect the performance of a battery. The capacity de-rating factors, which
are required in sizing cell to compensate for temperature variations, are given in the following figure.
60
40- 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0
100
80
120
Ava
ila
ble
ca
pa
city
End voltage 1.16V
End voltage 1.14V
End voltage 1.10V
End voltage 1.05V
End voltage 1.0V
Operating temperature( )0C
Typical Capacity De-rating Factors Versus Temperature
020 C
040 C
1.6.6. Cycling
overcharge current is consumed by the self-discharge of the electrodes. The 1.6.8 Water Consumption and Gas Evolution following graph gives typical water consumption values over different ranges of
voltages and various temperatures. Overcharging a NF-S battery will
break down the water of the
electrolyte into oxygen and
hydrogen, so pure distilled water
should be added to compensate for
water loss. In theory, the quantity
of water consumed can be
calculated according to the Faradic
e q u at i o n t h at e a c h A h o f
overcharge breaks down 0.366cc of
water. The electrolysis of 1cc water
generates 2000cc of mixture gas in
the proportion of 2/3 hydrogen and
1/3 oxygen. In reality the water loss
is less due to the fact that some
10
1.7 Charging
lower level voltage, so as to reduce voltage is 1.65V/cell~1.75V/cell. In 1.7.1 Charge Method
the water consumption. In the first the second state, it should be First charge method -- The charge
state, the recommended charge c o n t r o l l e d a t t h e r a n g e o f current depends on the capacity of
1.42V/cell~1.45V/cell.solar panels. When charge voltage of
If deep discharge cycling is frequently battery reaches the limited values
carried out, it is recommended that set, the charge current will diminish
you turn up the charge voltage. When gradually. The upper charge voltage
the battery is operated outdoors or limit of Changhong NF-S series NiFe
beyond the temperature range of cell battery is usually controlled at 0 010 C ~ 30 C, the charge voltage the range of 1.65V/cell~1.75V/cell.
0compensation coefficient of -3mV/ C Second charge method -- Firstly,
should be taken into account. charge the battery up to a high
voltage fixed and then drop it to a
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
1.60V/cell
1.55V/cell
1.50V/cell
1.45V/cell
0Temperature( C)
Wa
ter
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n g
ram
s/m
on
ths,
Ah
Typical Water Consumption
1.8 Battery Sizing Principle
11
1.7.2 Charge Efficiency
Charge efficiency depends on the
state of charge and ambient
temperature. The graph below
shows the charge efficiency to
reach 50%, 70%, and 90% state of
charge under various ranges of
temperature.
The "Autonomy sizing principle” is compensation factor =1.875A
the most popular battery sizing KA=Aging compensation factor Temperature compensation factor
method for photovoltaic system All parameters can be found from KT =1/0.98=1.02
application. This type of sizing this manual according to its The Max. DOD allowable calculated
method takes the number of respective working conditions. from the 20-year life requirement
autonomy working days (based on Let's take an example to understand (52times/year)=1040
the maximum number of low this better. Assuming battery is so, the DOD allowable =85%
insolation days expected) into required for autonomy work for 7 The Max. compensation factor of
consideration. On assumption that Days (168 hours), will be discharged DOD allowable
the cell is fully charged every day, to end voltage of 1.14V/cell at KDOD =1/0.85=1.1760 0the battery can be sized according to ambient temperature of 40 C and Ageing compensation factor at 40 C
the following formula. the average daily load is 90W/48V, KA =20/14.2=1.408
Capacity required = R x A x KT x KDOD that is Thus, the capacity required =168 x
x KA A u t o n o m y w o r k i n g t i m e 1 . 8 7 5 x 1 . 0 2 x 1 . 1 7 6 x
R=Autonomy work ing hours R=168hours 1.408=532.01Ah
required Average daily load =90W/48V, A The numbers of cells required
A = Average daily Load (Amps) =48V/1.2V (nominal voltage) =40
KT =Temperature compensation Conclusion: We chose 40 cells of
factor N F 6 0 0 - S b a t t e r i e s fo r t h i s
K D O D = A l l o wa b l e M ax . D O D application.
Charging Efficiency As A Function Of Temperature
60
50
- 2 0 - 1 0 0 2 01 0 3 0 4 0
80
70
90
Ch
arg
ing
Eff
icie
ncy
(%)
70% Charged
90% Charged
50% Charged
0Temperature( C)
110
100
13
Selection Table
NF10-S
NF20-S
NF30-S
NF40-S
NF50-S
NF60-S
NF80-S
NF100-S
NF120-S
NF150-S
NF200-S
NF250-S
NF300-S
NF400-S
NF500-S
NF600-S
NF700-S
NF800-S
NF900-S
NF1000-S
ModelRated
Voltage
V
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
Rated
Capacity
I Aht
10
20
30
40
50
60
80
100
120
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Max. External Dimension
mm
Length Width Height
Max.
Weight
kg
Volume of
Electrolyte
L
Terminal
Thread
Container
Material
38
32
68
68
68
70
80
80
80
106
106
138
138
138
138
176
176
186
186
186
138
220
245
245
245
285
365
365
365
345
345
425
450
490
490
510
510
570
570
570
84
113
134
134
134
134
141
141
141
164
164
276
276
276
276
291
291
398
398
398
0.80
1.2
2.8
3.0
3
4.2
5.8
6.2
6.4
9
10
18.5
21
17
27
38
39
59
60
61
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.9
1.7
1.6
1.4
2.5
1.8
4.6
5.9
5.9
6.1
9.2
8.4
17.2
15.6
15.0
M6
M6
M1x1
M10x1
M10x1
M16
M10¡1
M10¡1
M10¡1
M20
M20
2xM16
2xM16
2xM16
2xM16
2xM20
2xM20
3xM20
3xM20
3xM20
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
MBS or PP
PP
MBS or PP
PP
PP
MBS
MBS
MBS
MBS
MBS
Remarks: 1) We can manufacture other models according to the clients’ requirements. 2) We can supply battery crates according to the clients’ requirements.
W L
H
12
Drop in the
cell capacity
Voltage is
abnormal
The cell
container
swells
Bubbles appear in
the inside of the cell
Alkaline corrosion
caused by
electrolyte leakage
The electrolyte has been used for a
long time and the carbonate content
inside is too high.
The electrolyte is exhausted.
No enough electrolyte, and the level
of electrolyte is below the minimum
level line.
The charge/discharge parameters
are not correct.
Short-circuit or slight short-circuit
inside the cell.
Short-circuit or slight short-circuit
occurs from outside the cell.
The instruments are out of calibration.
Short or open circuit in a cell or no
electrolyte inside cell.
Short or open circuit outside the
battery.
Poor wire connection or disconnection.
The positive plate swells.
The vent is blocked up.
There is a short-circuit inside the cell,
or there are too many impurities in
the electrolyte.
The electrolyte contains organic
impurities.
The level of electrolyte is too high.
The vent of terminal is unsealed.
Electrolyte overflows.
Replace the electrolyte.
Replace the electrolyte.
Add distilled water, adjust the electrolyte
density then overcharge the cell
Replace the electrolyte after cleaning.
Overcharge the cell. For other causes, repair
the cell accordingly.
Charge or discharge the cell in strict
accordance with the supplier's requirements.
Replace the electrolyte or repair the cell after
cleaning.
Keep the cells in a clean and dry
environment and check wiring.
Check and rectify the galvanometer
and voltmeter.
Clean the cell, or change the electrolyte.
Keep the cells dry, and check for wiring
errors.
Check and repair.
If necessary, change the cell.
Clean with hot water or replace the vent.
Check and replace the electrolyte.
Replace the electrolyte.
Drain out the superfluous electrolyte.
Replace the sealing parts and screw tightly.
Clean the area of corrosive electrolyte fluid.
Trouble Cause Solution
Trouble Shooting
Harmful impurities in electrolyte
15
Final voltage =1.14V/C
Discharge currents and duration when battery is fully charged at 20 0 0C ± 5 C
Cell Type 18h 20h1d
24h
2d
48h
3d
72h
4d
96h
5d
120h
6d
144h
7d
168h
8d
192h
9d
216h
10d
240h
NF10-S
NF20-S
NF30-S
NF40-S
NF50-S
NF60-S
NF70-S
NF80-S
NF90-S
NF100-S
NF120-S
NF150-S
NF200-S
NF250-S
NF300-S
NF350-S
NF400-S
NF500-S
NF600-S
NF700-S
NF800-S
NF900-S
NF1000-S
0.52
1.04
1.57
2.09
2.61
3.13
3.66
4.18
4.70
5.22
6.27
7.83
10.4
13.1
15.7
18.3
20.9
26.1
31.3
36.6
41.8
47.0
52.2
0.48
0.96
1.44
1.92
2.40
2.88
3.36
3.84
4.32
4.80
5.76
7.20
9.60
12.0
14.4
16.8
19.2
24.0
28.8
33.6
38.4
43.2
48.0
0.40
0.81
1.21
1.62
2.02
2.43
2.83
3.23
3.64
4.04
4.85
6.06
8.08
10.1
12.1
14.1
16.2
20.2
24.3
28.3
32.3
36.4
40.4
0.21
0.42
0.63
0.84
1.05
1.26
1.47
1.68
1.89
2.10
2.53
3.16
4.21
5.26
6.31
7.36
8.42
10.5
12.6
14.7
16.8
18.9
21.0
0.14
0.28
0.43
0.57
0.71
0.85
0.99
1.13
1.28
1.42
1.70
2.13
2.83
3.54
4.25
4.96
5.67
7.08
8.50
9.92
11.3
12.8
14.2
0.11
0.21
0.32
0.43
0.54
0.64
0.75
0.86
0.97
1.07
1.29
1.61
2.15
2.68
3.22
3.76
4.29
5.36
6.44
7.51
8.58
9.66
10.7
0.09
0.17
0.26
0.35
0.43
0.52
0.61
0.69
0.78
0.87
1.04
1.30
1.73
2.17
2.60
3.03
3.47
4.33
5.20
6.07
6.93
7.80
8.67
0.07
0.15
0.22
0.29
0.37
0.44
0.52
0.59
0.66
0.74
0.88
1.10
1.47
1.84
2.21
2.58
2.94
3.68
4.42
5.15
5.89
6.63
7.36
0.06
0.13
0.19
0.26
0.32
0.39
0.45
0.51
0.58
0.64
0.77
0.96
1.29
1.61
1.93
2.25
2.57
3.21
3.86
4.50
5.14
5.79
6.43
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.23
0.29
0.34
0.40
0.46
0.52
0.57
0.69
0.86
1.15
1.43
1.72
2.01
2.29
2.86
3.44
4.01
4.58
5.16
5.73
0.05
0.10
0.16
0.21
0.26
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.47
0.52
0.62
0.78
1.04
1.30
1.56
1.81
2.07
2.59
3.11
3.63
4.15
4.67
5.19
0.05
0.10
0.14
0.19
0.24
0.29
0.33
0.38
0.43
0.48
0.57
0.71
0.95
1.19
1.43
1.66
1.90
2.38
2.85
3.33
3.80
4.28
4.75
14
Discharge Data Table
Final voltage =1.16V/C
Discharge currents and duration when battery is fully charged at 20 0 0C ± 5 C
Cell Type 18h 20h1d
24h
2d
48h
3d
72h
4d
96h
5d
120h
6d
144h
7d
168h
8d
192h
9d
216h
10d
240h
NF10-S
NF20-S
NF30-S
NF40-S
NF50-S
NF60-S
NF70-S
NF80-S
NF90-S
NF100-S
NF120-S
NF150-S
NF200-S
NF250-S
NF300-S
NF350-S
NF400-S
NF500-S
NF600-S
NF700-S
NF800-S
NF900-S
NF1000-S
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
7.50
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0.46
0.92
1.38
1.84
2.30
2.76
3.22
3.68
4.14
4.60
5.52
6.90
9.20
11.5
13.8
16.1
18.4
23.0
27.6
32.2
36.8
41.4
46.0
0.39
0.78
1.16
1.55
1.94
2.33
2.71
3.10
3.49
3.88
4.65
5.81
7.75
9.7
11.6
13.6
15.5
19.4
23.3
27.1
31.0
34.9
38.8
0.20
0.40
0.61
0.81
1.01
1.21
1.41
1.62
1.82
2.02
2.43
3.03
4.04
5.05
6.06
7.07
8.08
10.1
12.1
14.1
16.2
18.2
20.2
0.14
0.27
0.41
0.54
0.68
0.82
0.95
1.09
1.23
1.36
1.63
2.04
2.72
3.40
4.08
4.76
5.44
6.81
8.17
9.53
10.9
12.3
13.6
0.10
0.21
0.31
0.41
0.52
0.62
0.72
0.83
0.93
1.03
1.24
1.55
2.06
2.58
3.09
3.61
4.13
5.16
6.19
7.22
8.25
9.28
10.3
0.08
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.50
0.58
0.67
0.75
0.83
1.00
1.25
1.67
2.08
2.50
2.92
3.33
4.17
5.00
5.83
6.67
7.50
8.33
0.07
0.14
0.21
0.28
0.35
0.43
0.50
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.85
1.06
1.42
1.77
2.13
2.48
2.83
3.54
4.25
4.96
5.67
6.38
7.08
0.06
0.12
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.43
0.50
0.56
0.62
0.74
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
3.10
3.71
4.33
4.95
5.57
6.19
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.22
0.28
0.33
0.39
0.44
0.50
0.55
0.66
0.83
1.10
1.38
1.66
1.93
2.21
2.76
3.31
3.86
4.42
4.97
5.52
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
0.05
0.09
0.14
0.18
0.23
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.41
0.46
0.55
0.69
0.92
1.15
1.38
1.60
1.83
2.29
2.75
3.21
3.67
4.13
4.58
17
Discharge currents and duration when battery is fully charged at 20 0 0C ± 5 C
Final voltage =1.05V/C
Cell Type 18h 20h1d
24h
2d
48h
3d
72h
4d
96h
5d
120h
6d
144h
7d
168h
8d
192h
9d
216h
10d
240h
NF10-S
NF20-S
NF30-S
NF40-S
NF50-S
NF60-S
NF70-S
NF80-S
NF90-S
NF100-S
NF120-S
NF150-S
NF200-S
NF250-S
NF300-S
NF350-S
NF400-S
NF500-S
NF600-S
NF700-S
NF800-S
NF900-S
NF1000-S
0.54
1.09
1.63
2.18
2.72
3.27
3.81
4.36
4.90
5.44
6.53
8.17
10.9
13.6
16.3
19.1
21.8
27.2
32.7
38.1
43.6
49.0
54.4
0.51
1.01
1.52
2.02
2.53
3.03
3.54
4.04
4.55
5.05
6.06
7.58
10.1
12.6
15.2
17.7
20.2
25.3
30.3
35.4
40.4
45.5
50.5
0.43
0.86
1.29
1.72
2.15
2.58
3.00
3.43
3.86
4.29
5.15
6.44
8.58
10.7
12.9
15.0
17.2
21.5
25.8
30.0
34.3
38.6
42.9
0.22
0.43
0.65
0.87
1.08
1.30
1.52
1.73
1.95
2.17
2.60
3.25
4.33
5.42
6.50
7.58
8.67
10.8
13.0
15.2
17.3
19.5
21.7
0.15
0.29
0.44
0.58
0.73
0.88
1.02
1.17
1.31
1.46
1.75
2.19
2.92
3.65
4.38
5.10
5.83
7.29
8.75
10.2
11.7
13.1
14.6
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
1.33
1.66
2.21
2.76
3.31
3.86
4.42
5.52
6.63
7.73
8.83
9.9
11.0
0.09
0.18
0.27
0.36
0.45
0.54
0.63
0.72
0.81
0.90
1.08
1.35
1.80
2.25
2.70
3.15
3.60
4.50
5.40
6.30
7.20
8.10
9.00
0.08
0.15
0.23
0.31
0.38
0.46
0.53
0.61
0.69
0.76
0.92
1.15
1.53
1.91
2.29
2.67
3.06
3.82
4.58
5.35
6.11
6.88
7.64
0.07
0.13
0.20
0.27
0.33
0.40
0.47
0.53
0.60
0.67
0.80
1.00
1.33
1.67
2.00
2.33
2.67
3.33
4.00
4.67
5.33
6.00
6.67
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.48
0.53
0.59
0.71
0.89
1.19
1.48
1.78
2.08
2.38
2.97
3.56
4.16
4.75
5.34
5.94
0.05
0.11
0.16
0.21
0.27
0.32
0.38
0.43
0.48
0.54
0.64
0.81
1.07
1.34
1.61
1.88
2.15
2.69
3.22
3.76
4.30
4.83
5.37
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.34
0.39
0.44
0.49
0.59
0.74
0.98
1.23
1.48
1.72
1.97
2.46
2.95
3.44
3.93
4.43
4.92
The Power Of Energy
16
Discharge currents and duration when battery is fully charged at 20 0 0C ± 5 C
Final voltage =1.10V/C
Cell Type 18h 20h1d
24h
2d
48h
3d
72h
4d
96h
5d
120h
6d
144h
7d
168h
8d
192h
9d
216h
10d
240h
NF10-S
NF20-S
NF30-S
NF40-S
NF50-S
NF60-S
NF70-S
NF80-S
NF90-S
NF100-S
NF120-S
NF150-S
NF200-S
NF250-S
NF300-S
NF350-S
NF400-S
NF500-S
NF600-S
NF700-S
NF800-S
NF900-S
NF1000-S
0.53
1.07
1.60
2.13
2.67
3.20
3.73
4.27
4.80
5.33
6.40
8.00
10.7
13.3
16.0
18.7
21.3
26.7
32.0
37.3
42.7
48.0
53.3
0.50
0.99
1.49
1.98
2.48
2.97
3.47
3.96
4.46
4.95
5.94
7.43
9.90
12.4
14.9
17.3
19.8
24.8
29.7
34.7
39.6
44.6
49.5
0.43
0.85
1.28
1.70
2.13
2.55
2.98
3.40
3.83
4.25
5.10
6.38
8.50
10.6
12.8
14.9
17.0
21.3
25.5
29.8
34.0
38.3
42.5
0.21
0.43
0.64
0.86
1.07
1.29
1.50
1.72
1.93
2.15
2.58
3.22
4.29
5.36
6.44
7.51
8.58
10.7
12.9
15.0
17.2
19.3
21.5
0.14
0.29
0.43
0.58
0.72
0.87
1.01
1.16
1.30
1.44
1.73
2.17
2.89
3.61
4.33
5.06
5.78
7.22
8.67
10.1
11.6
13.0
14.4
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.98
1.09
1.31
1.64
2.19
2.73
3.28
3.83
4.38
5.47
6.56
7.66
8.75
9.84
10.9
0.09
0.18
0.27
0.35
0.44
0.53
0.62
0.71
0.80
0.88
1.06
1.33
1.77
2.21
2.65
3.09
3.53
4.42
5.30
6.18
7.07
7.95
8.83
0.08
0.15
0.23
0.30
0.38
0.45
0.53
0.60
0.68
0.75
0.90
1.13
1.50
1.88
2.25
2.63
3.00
3.75
4.50
5.25
6.00
6.75
7.50
0.07
0.13
0.20
0.26
0.33
0.39
0.46
0.52
0.59
0.65
0.79
0.98
1.31
1.64
1.96
2.29
2.62
3.27
3.93
4.58
5.24
5.89
6.55
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.41
0.47
0.53
0.58
0.70
0.88
1.17
1.46
1.75
2.04
2.33
2.92
3.50
4.08
4.67
5.25
5.83
0.05
0.11
0.16
0.21
0.26
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.48
0.53
0.63
0.79
1.06
1.32
1.58
1.85
2.11
2.64
3.17
3.69
4.22
4.75
5.28
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.19
0.24
0.29
0.34
0.39
0.44
0.48
0.58
0.73
0.97
1.21
1.45
1.69
1.93
2.42
2.90
3.38
3.87
4.35
4.83
18
Discharge currents and duration when battery is fully charged at 20 0 0C ± 5 C
Final voltage=1.00V/C
Cell Type 18h 20h1d
24h
2d
48h
3d
72h
4d
96h
5d
120h
6d
144h
7d
168h
8d
192h
9d
216h
10d
240h
NF10-S
NF20-S
NF30-S
NF40-S
NF50-S
NF60-S
NF70-S
NF80-S
NF90-S
NF100-S
NF120-S
NF150-S
NF200-S
NF250-S
NF300-S
NF350-S
NF400-S
NF500-S
NF600-S
NF700-S
NF800-S
NF900-S
NF1000-S
0.56
1.13
1.69
2.26
2.82
3.38
3.95
4.51
5.08
5.64
6.77
8.46
11.3
14.1
16.9
19.7
22.6
28.2
33.8
39.5
45.1
50.8
56.4
0.52
1.03
1.55
2.06
2.58
3.09
3.61
4.12
4.64
5.15
6.18
7.73
10.3
12.9
15.5
18.0
20.6
25.8
30.9
36.1
41.2
46.4
51.5
0.43
0.87
1.30
1.73
2.17
2.60
3.03
3.47
3.90
4.33
5.20
6.50
8.67
10.8
13.0
15.2
17.3
21.7
26.0
30.3
34.7
39.0
43.3
0.22
0.44
0.66
0.88
1.09
1.31
1.53
1.75
1.97
2.19
2.63
3.28
4.38
5.47
6.56
7.66
8.75
10.9
13.1
15.3
17.5
19.7
21.9
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.59
0.74
0.89
1.04
1.19
1.34
1.49
1.78
2.23
2.97
3.72
4.46
5.20
5.94
7.43
8.92
10.4
11.9
13.4
14.9
0.11
0.23
0.34
0.45
0.56
0.68
0.79
0.90
101
1.13
1.35
1.69
2.25
2.81
3.38
3.94
4.50
5.63
6.75
7.88
9.00
10.1
11.3
0.09
0.18
0.28
0.37
0.46
0.55
0.64
0.73
0.83
0.92
1.10
1.38
1.83
2.29
2.75
3.21
3.67
4.58
5.50
6.42
7.33
8.25
9.17
0.08
0.16
0.23
0.31
0.39
0.47
0.54
0.62
0.70
0.78
0.93
1.17
1.56
1.94
2.33
2.72
3.11
3.89
4.67
5.44
6.22
7.00
7.78
0.07
0.14
0.20
0.27
0.34
0.41
0.48
0.54
0.61
0.68
0.81
1.02
1.36
1.70
2.04
2.38
2.71
3.39
4.07
4.75
5.43
6.11
6.79
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.48
0.54
0.60
0.73
0.91
1.21
1.51
1.81
2.11
2.42
3.02
3.63
4.23
4.83
5.44
6.04
0.05
0.11
0.16
0.22
0.27
0.33
0.38
0.44
0.49
0.55
0.66
0.82
1.09
1.37
1.64
1.91
2.19
2.73
3.28
3.82
4.37
4.92
5.46
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
QUALMEGA, INC.2 North Lake Circle,South Salem, NY 10590, USATEL: 914-763-3768FAX: 845-853-7809E-MAIL: [email protected]: www.qualmega.com