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The Phonetic Inventory of

Southern Min

Alex Chan

University of California, Berkeley

Department of Linguistics

Linguistics 110 (Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology)

Course Project

Instructor: Professor Susan Lin

Graduate Student Instructor: Jevon Heath

Language Consultant: Jingxian Chen (Sarah)

2 December 2015

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1. Language Consultant: Jingxian Chen (Sarah)

Sarah was born in Quanzhou, the largest city of the Fujian Province, China. She is 21, and

studies Media Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, as an international student.

Sarah grew up in Quanzhou and moved to Hong Kong with her parents when she was 11 years

old. She learned Southern Min from her parents and from speaking with whoever knows the

language, in Hong Kong and mainly in Fujian. Both her father and mother speak Southern Min

fluently and have limited proficiencies in Mandarin and Cantonese. Her father additionally has

limited working proficiency in Tagalog. She, however, has native proficiencies in all Southern

Min, Mandarin, and Cantonese, and full professional proficiency in English. In addition, she also

has working proficiencies in Tagalog because she stayed in the Philippines with her family for

five years when she was small and in Japanese because she once took Japanese classes in

college, and elementary proficiency in Korean given that she is a big fan of Korean dramas. She

communicates with her parents and family in Southern Min.

I hereby would like to once again thank Sarah for her full effort and support in helping me

understand and appreciate the phonetic inventory of Southern Min, one of the most popular

languages that are still widely spoken in Southeast Asia.

2. Table of Content

Content Page Number

Language of Consultant 2

Table of Content 2

Language 3

Phonology 4 - 5

Consonants 6 - 7

Vowels 8 - 14

Tones 15 - 19

References 20

Appendix: Word List 21 - 25

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3. Language: Southern Min

Southern Min, or Min Nan, is a Sinitic language, which is a family of Sino-Tibetan languages,

spoken by 38,950,000 speakers, approximately 4% of the 1 billion speakers of Sinitic.

It is a branch of Min Chinese spoken in certain parts of China including southern Fujian,

northeastern Guangdong, Hainan, and southern Zhejiang, as well as in Taiwan, Thailand,

Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The Min Nan dialects are also spoken by

descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora.

Min Nan can trace its roots through the Tang Dynasty. Min Nan people call themselves “Tang

people,” which is synonymous to “Chinese people”. Because of the widespread influence of the

Tang culture during the great Tang dynasty, there are today still many Min Nan pronunciations

of words shared by the Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese languages.

There are three principal branches of Southern Min: Hokkien, Datian, and Teochew, also known

as Chaoshan. In common parlance, Southern Min usually refers to Hokkien. Amoy and

Taiwanese Hokkien are both combinations of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. The Southern

Min dialect group also includes Teochew, though Teochew has limited mutual intelligibility with

Hokkien. Southern Min is not mutually intelligible with Eastern Min, Cantonese, or Standard

Chinese.

Southern Min dialects lack a standardized written language. Souther Min speakers are taught

how to read Mandarin in school. As a result, there has not been an urgent need to develop a

writing system. In recent years, an increasing number of Southern Min speakers have become

interested in developing a standard writing system, either by using Chinese characters, or using

Romanized script.

Southern Min has one of the most diverse phonologies of Chinese varieties, with more

consonants than Mandarin or Cantonese, on the other hand, are more or less similar to those of

Mandarin. In general, Southern Min dialects have six tones, and tone sandhi is extensive.

This paper would be addressing the phonetic inventory of Southern Min, from its syllable

structures, consonants, and vowels, to suprasegmentals and tones.

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4. Phonology

4.1 Overview

The basic phonological unit in Southern Min is the syllable, not the word.

All morphemes are monosyllabic and have transparent meanings. Each syllable and thus each

morpheme bears a tone. Southern Min is an analytic and monosyllabic language.

For examples, we have, in Southern Min, [bɔ˦] for ‘wife,’ [kun˥˩] for ‘sleep,’ and [hia˩˥] for

‘ear’. Even if some Southern Min words seem to be having more syllables, these words actually

consist of a number of free morphemes, such that the number of free morphemes and the number

of syllable equal to each other. For instance, [de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥] for ‘earth’ actually comprises two

morphemes and thus two syllables, in which [de˨] means ‘ground’ and [ɡiʊ˩˥] means ‘ball’. [de˨]

and [ɡiʊ˩˥] combining together forms the meaning for ‘earth’. [dæ˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥] for ‘leftside’

actually comprises three morphemes and thus three syllables, in which [dæ˧] means ‘left,’ [tʃiu˧]

means ‘hand,’ and [bui˩˥] means ‘side’.

It is also worthy to note that in English, ‘earth’ is one word, as is ‘leftside’. In Southern Min,

however, [de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥] is actually two words, while [dæ˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥] is actually three words. In

conclusion, Southern Min is a monosyllabic language.

4.2 Syllable Structures

Syllables consist maximally of an onset consonant, a glide, a nucleus, a coda consonant, and

tone. Each syllable must carry a tone.

Onset consonants, however, are not compulsory. Some syllables do not carry an onset consonant,

as seen in [am˥˩] for ‘dark’ and [in˦] for ‘they’. Onset consonants, if present, are mostly stops.

Examples of such include [gag˩˥] for ‘hold’ and [gwa˦] for ‘I’. All kinds of stops, voiced,

voiceless, oral, and nasal, can be in the onset position of a syllable. In addition, there are three

fricatives, [s] (e.g. [sɛʔ˥˩] for ‘say’), [ʃ] (e.g. [ʃa˧] for ‘sand’), and [h] (e.g. [hun˧] for ‘smoke’),

and two lateral approximants, [l] (e.g. [lanŋ˧] for ‘we’) and [ʎ] (e.g. [ʎam˦˧˦] for ‘sand’) which

can also be in the onset position of a syllable.

Coda consonants are not compulsory either. If present, however, coda consonants are always

stops. These can be either oral ([b], [d], [k], [g], [p], [ʔ]), as seen in [dʒip˥˩ ʎʌ˩˥ ma˩˥] for ‘some’

and [lid˩˥] for ‘sun’; or nasal ([m], [n], [ŋ]), as seen [ʎam˦˧˦] for ‘salt’ and [hun˧] for ‘smoke’.

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As both onset and coda consonants are optional, both open and closed syllables exist in the language.

Also as both onset and coda consonants are optional, a syllable that comprises only the nucleus is

possible, as seen in [iu˦˧˦] for swim and [i˦] for ‘chair’.

Throughout the word list, only one syllable exhibits the absence of a nucleus. The first word in

[m ʃi] for ‘not’ consists of only a syllabic bilabial nasal stop.

It is also worthy to note that [ŋ] only exists as a coda consonant, as seen in, for examples, [dɔŋ˨

mud˩˥] for ‘animal’ and [hɛŋ˧] for ‘breast’.

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5. Consonants

5.1 Overview

This section addresses the places of articulations, manners of articulations, and consonant

clusters and affricates of these consonants. Consonant clusters are basically not allowed, but

there are presences of affricates and some exceptions.

5.2 Place of Articulation, Manner of Articulation, and Voicing of the Consonants

Figure 1. Consonants (pulmonic) Table.

19 consonants are present in Southern Min. Most are either stops and fricatives. Oral stops can

also be aspirated, as seen in [phun˩˥] for ‘cloud,’ [gud˧ thaʊ˥˩] for ‘bone,’and [khua˥˩] for ‘see’.

5.3 Consonant Clusters and Affricates

Southern Min basically does not allow for consonant clusters. Most, if not all, consonants, are

present either as word-initial, word-final, or intervocalically.

However, there exists three types of affricates.

Table 1: Table of Affricates.

IPA Transcription Gloss

[tɕ]

[tʃ]

[dʒ]

[tɕa˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥]

[tʃui˥˩]

[dʒai˧]

Rightside

Mouth

Know

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Throughout my word list, some words exceptionally allows for consonant clusters, due to the

presence of a glide followed by an onset consonant, in addition to the three types of affricates

described above. These words include but are not limited to [bjiŋ˧] for ‘ice’ and [gwa˦] for ‘I’.

There has been one more exception: [lanŋ˧] for ‘we’.

5.4 Consonant Contrasts

[b] and [pʰ] and [d] and [th] are seemingly in contrastive distributions. Many minimal pairs

relating the two pairs of speech sounds were found in the word list.

Table 2: Examples of Consonant Contrasts.

[Transcription] ‘Gloss’ [Transcription] ‘Gloss’

[b]

[bui˩˥] ‘fat’

[bun˩˥] ‘blow’

[bak˥˩] ‘hundred’

[bɔ˦] ‘wife’

[d]

[di˥˩] ‘second’

[daŋ˥˩] ‘freeze

[pʰ]

[pʰui˥˩] 'bark’

[phun˩˥] ‘cloud’

[phak˥˩] ‘hit’

[pʰɔ˥˩] ‘vomit’

[th]

[thi˥˩] ‘sew’

[thaŋ˦˧˦] ‘worm’

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6. Vowels

6.1 Overview

10 vowels are present in Southern Min. Both monophthongs and diphthongs are ordinary in the

language. Triphthongs are not common, but are possible. This section addresses the vowel

anteriority, height, and roundness, combination, formants, and suprasegmental features of these

vowels.

6.2 Vowel Anteriority, Height, and Roundness

Figure 2. Vowel Chart.

The language’s vowels are in themselves a balanced system: 5 front vowels and 5 back vowels

exist in the language, in which 4 are either close or close-mid and 6 are either open or open-mid.

6.3 Diphthongs and Triphthongs

Combinations of vowels, forming either diphthongs or triphthongs, can be classified into three

categories, one that begins with [i], one with [u], and one with [a].

There are five diphthongs and two triphthongs, which is also the only two triphthongs that exists

in my word list, that begin with [i], namely [ia], [iɛ], [iʊ], [iæ], [iu], and [iɑʊ] and [iɑɔ]; another

five diphthongs that beings with [u], namely [ua], [uɛ], [ui], [uæ], [ue]; and two diphthongs that

begins with [a].

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Table 3: Diphthongs and Triphthongs.

IPA Transcription Gloss

Starts with [i]

[ia]

[iɛ]

[iʊ]

[iæ]

[iu]

[iɑʊ]

[iɑɔ]

Starts with [u]

[ua]

[uɛ]

[ui]

[uæ]

[ue]

Starts with [a]

[ai]

[aʊ]

[ɑʊ˧ bia˦]

[ʃiɛ˥˩]

[de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥]

[tʃiæ˥˩]

[dæ˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥]

[tiɑʊ˦ bɔ˦]

[dʒiaɔ˦]

[tɕuan˧ bɔ˥˩]

[buɛ˦]

[bui˩˥]

[huæ˦]

[twue˦]

[tai˦]

[gud˧ thaʊ˥˩]

Back

Burn

Earth

Laugh

Leftside

Dance

Bird

All

Eight

Fat

Flower

Leg

Bad

Bone

Fig 3. In the second syllable (highlighted above) in [de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥] for ‘Earth,’ there is a significant

drop in F2, while F1 remains rather constant throughout, indicating that in this syllable, a high

front vowel is followed by a high back vowel.

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Fig 4. As highlighted above, which shows [buɛ˦] for ‘Eight,’ there is a slightly increase in F1 and

a sharp rise in F2, indicating that in the syllable, a high back vowel is followed by an open-mid

front vowel.

Fig 5. With both F1 and F2 decreasing in the second syllable (highlighted above) in [gud˧ thaʊ˥˩]

for ‘Bone,’ there is sufficient evidence to believe that a low front vowel is followed by a high

back vowel there.

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Fig 6. In the highlighted session above, which is the first syllable of [tiɑʊ˦ bɔ˦] for ‘Dance,’ F1

first increases and then decreases, marking the presence of a triphthong.

6.4 Formants and Language Consultant’s Acoustic Vowel Chart

Table 4: Formants of Vowels.

Transcription Gloss Vowel F1 (Hz) F2 (Hz)

[hid˥˩ ɛː˦] That [i] 426.150126 2713.435710

[id˨ iː˧˦˧] There [i] 423.288466 2535.194055

[dʒiaɔ˦] Bird [i] 423.609524 2289.578873

[dʌn˦ sæb˥˩] Throw [æ] 922.198210 1600.797872

[dæ˨ læ˦] Where [æ] 654.399643 1682.577367

[dæ˨ læ˦] Where [æ] 749.136817 1612.174867

[bɛ˨ bɛː˩˥] Younger Sister [ɛ] 639.498059 2231.577211

[buɛ˦˧˦] Pull [ɛ] 649.728008 2140.462641

[sɛʔ˥˩] Say [ɛ] 656.137533 2086.968363

[bʌg˩˥] Tie [ʌ] 963.505925 1490.879810

[dʌn˦ sæb˥˩] Throw [ʌ] 971.641885 1552.407992

[nʌŋ˧] Two [ʌ] 685.826450 1674.435578

[gun˦] We [u] 517.070400 881.529863

[dɔŋ˨ mud˩˥] Animal [u] 489.971770 970.346395

[gud˧ thaʊ˥˩] Bone [u] 405.411798 1048.115902

[pʰɔ˥˩] Vomit [ɔ] 666.824881 987.830088

[tɕa˧ bɔ˦] Woman [ɔ] 660.895469 950.540161

[bɔ˦] Wife [ɔ] 640.003187 962.368876

[de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥] Earth [e] 609.886547 2232.995078

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[he˦] Fire [e] 549.051589 2264.503642

[tʃaʊ˦] Grass [ʊ] 590.483577 965.488116

[taʊ˨ mæŋ˩˥] Hair [ʊ] 605.513920 953.393789

[dʒiɛ˥˩ taʊ˩˥] Stone [ʊ] 545.297906 968.381342

[ʃa˥˩ mi˩˥] What [a] 956.227953 2279.847355

[ɡʌ˩˥ na˩˥] Child [a] 749.665728 1710.827476

[sa˨ pa˥˩] Fight [a] 1026.625305 1641.746044

[sɑn˥˩] Thin [ɑ] 978.995060 1438.357096

[bwɑ˩˥] Cold [ɑ] 1096.628667 1393.935121

[thɑŋ˦˧˦] Worm [ɑ] 1033.358631 1461.962480

Fig 7. Sarah’s Acoustic Vowel Space.

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6.5 Vowel Length

Both short and long vowels do seem to exist in Southern Min, as Sarah has illustrated.

When comparing [phi˥˩] for ‘smell’ and [ni˧] for ‘squeeze,’ for instance, the high vowels from

the two words are different in length, with the one in the former word longer than the one in the

latter’s.

Fig 8. Spectrogram of [phi˥˩] for ‘smell’.

Fig 9. Spectrogram of [ni˧] for ‘squeeze’.

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As indicated above, the high vowel in [phi˥˩] for ‘smell’ is approximately 0.30289 seconds long,

while the high vowel in [ni˧] for ‘squeeze’ is approximately 0.19749 seconds long.

The two open-mid front unrounded vowels in [bɛ˨ bɛː˩˥] for ‘younger sister’ are the best

example out of all to demonstrate the presence of long vowels in Southern Min.

Fig 10. Spectrogram of [bɛ˨ bɛː˩˥] for ‘younger sister’.

As indicated above, it is obvious that the second vowel is much longer in length than the first

vowel. As a matter of fact, the first vowel is measured to be 0.276698 seconds long while the

second is measured to be 0.0388840 seconds long.

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7. Tones

7.1 Overview

Tones play a big role in Southern Min. All syllables in Southern Min must carry one of the six

(the seventh tone is very rare) tones, namely the high tone (˦), mid tone (˧), low tone (˨), falling

tone (˥˩), rising tone (˩˥), falling-rising tone (˦˧˦), and the very rare rising-falling tone (˧˦˧),

which appears in the word list twice only. Both tone sandhi and tone contrasts are extensive in

the language.

7.2 Tone Levels

Table 5: Illustrations of Tones.

Tone Level Transcription Gloss

High tone

Mid tone

Low tone

Falling tone

Rising tone

Falling-rising tone

Rising-falling tone

[twui˦]

[gwa˦]

[gwa˦]

[ʃwa˧]

[gun˧]

[dʒai˧]

[kia˨ di˨]

[m˨ ʃi˨]

[laʊ˨]

[a˥˩ mi˥˩]

[pʰuɛ:˥˩]

[tʃiʔ˥˩]

[guʔ˩˥]

[lid˩˥]

[bun˩˥]

[dam˦˧˦] [ʎam˦˧˦] [dʒua˦˧˦] [tɕid˥˩ ui˧˦˧]

[id˨ iː˧˦˧]

Leg

I

Liver

Mountain

Near

Know

Live

Not

Old

Night

Narrow

Seven

Smooth

Sun

Blow

Wet

Salt

Snake

Here

There

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Fig 11. Spectrogram of [a˥˩ mi˥˩] for ‘night,’ demonstrating a falling tone.

Fig 12. Spectrogram of [bun˩˥] for ‘blow,’ demonstrating a rising tone.

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Fig 13. Spectrogram of [dam˦˧˦] for ‘wet,’ demonstrating a falling-rising tone.

Fig 14. Spectrogram of [tɕid˥˩ ui˧˦˧] for ‘here,’ demonstrating a rising-falling tone.

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7.3 Tone Sandhi

Tone Sandhi is very extensive in Southern Min.

Fig 13. [dua˥˩] for ‘big’ and [ʃwɛ˥˩] for ‘small’. The first and second blue lines proves

respectively the falling tones of [dua˥˩] and [ʃwɛ˥˩]. When the two words are pronounced

together, as [dua ʃwɛ], however, the tone of [dua] becomes a falling-rising one, shown as the

third blue line.

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Fig 14. [hæ˦] for ‘good’ and [tai˦] for ‘bad’. The first and second blue lines proves respectively

the high tones of [hæ˦] and [tai˦]. When the two words are pronounced together, as [hæ tai],

however, the tone of [hæ] becomes a falling-rising one, shown as the third blue line.

7.4 Tone Contrasts

Tones also are important in contrasting meanings of words. Words that are contrasted by tones

are all pronounced differently and thus differ in meanings not in terms of the onset nor the rime,

but of the tones.

Table 6: Table of Examples Tone Contrasts

[Transcription] ‘Gloss’ [Transcription] ‘Gloss’ [Transcription] ‘Gloss’

[si˦] ‘die’

[daŋ˥˩] ‘freeze’

[buɛ˦˧˦] ‘pull’

[lid˩˥] ‘sun’

[si˥˩] ‘four’

[daŋ˧] ‘heavy’

[buɛ˦] ‘eight’

[lid˦˧˦] ‘day’

si˧] ‘yes’

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8. References

1. http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp025_taiwanese.html

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min

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Appendix: Word List

Filename Transcription

All-1 [tɕuan˧ bɔ˥˩]

And-1 [gab˧]

Animal-1 [dɔŋ˨ mud˩˥]

Back-1 [ɑʊ˧ bia˦]

Bad-1 [tai˦]

Bark-1 [pʰui˥˩]

Belly-1 [bak˧ dɔ˦]

Big-1 [dua˥˩]

Bird-1 [dʒiɑɔ˦]

Bite-1 [ga˧]

Black-1 [ɔ˧ ʃiɑɡ˥˩]

Blood-1 [hwæ˥˩]

Blow-1 [bun˩˥]

Bone-1 [gud˧ thaʊ˥˩]

Breast-1 [hɛŋ˧]

Breathe-1 [hɔ˨ kip˥˩]

Burn-1 [ʃiɛ˥˩]

Cap-1 [bæ˧]

Car-1 [tʃia˧]

Chair-1 [i˦]

Child-1 [ɡʌ˩˥ na˩˥]

Clothing-1 [sa˧ kɔ˥˩]

Cloud-1 [phun˩˥]

Cold-1 [bwa˩˥]

Come-1 [lai˦˧˦]

Cook-1 [tʃi˩˥ tɕia˥˩]

Count-1 [sʌŋ˥˩]

Cut-1 [ga˧]

Dance-1 [tiɑʊ˦ bɔ˦]

Dark-1 [am˥˩]

Day-1 [lid˦˧˦]

Die-1 [si˦]

Dirty-1 [am˧ tɕam˧]

Dog-1 [gaʊ˦]

Drink-2 [lim˨]

Dry-1 [da˨]

Ear-1 [hia˩˥]

Earth-2 [de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥]

Eat-1 [dʒia˥˩]

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Egg-1 [gwæ˧ nʌŋ˦˧˦]

Eight-1 [buɛ˦]

Elder brother-1 [a˩˥ hia˥˩]

Elder sister-1 [a˧ dʒi˦]

Eye-1 [bak˨ dʒiʊ˧]

Far-1 [hʌŋ˧]

Fast-1 [gin˦]

Fat-1 [bui˩˥]

Father-1 [bɑ˨ bɑ˩˥]

Fear-1 [giɑ˥˩]

Few-1 [dʒia˦]

Fight-1 [sa˨ pa˥˩]

Fire-1 [he˦]

First-1 [dʒit˩˥]

Fish-1 [hi˩˥]

Five-1 [gɔ˦]

Flower-1 [huæ˦]

Fog-1 [sui˩˥ gwæ˧]

Foot-1 [ka˧]

Four-1 [si˥˩]

Freeze-1 [daŋ˥˩]

Fruit-1 [gæ˦˧˦ tɕi˦]

Full-1 [ba˦]

Give-1 [dʌŋ˦˧˦]

Good-1 [hæ˦]

Grass-1 [tʃaʊ˦]

Green-1 [tʃi˧ ʃʌk˦]

Guts-1 [da˦]

Hair-1 [taʊ˨ mæŋ˩˥]

Hand-1 [tʃiu˦]

He-1 [i˦]

Head-1 [taʊ˧ kʌk˦]

Hear-1 [tia˧]

Heart-1 [ʃim˦]

Heavy-1 [daŋ˧]

Here-1 [tɕid˥˩ ui˧˦˧]

Hit-1 [phak˥˩]

Hold-1 [gag˩˥]

How-1 [dʒiʊ˧ wa˧]

Hundred-1 [bak˥˩]

Husband-1 [aŋ˧]

I-1 [gwa˦]

Ice-1 [bjiŋ˧]

In-1 [lai˩˥ daʊ˧]

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Kill-1 [tai˩˥]

Know-1 [dʒai˧]

Lake-1 [ɔ˩˥]

Laugh-1 [tʃiæ˥˩]

Leaf-1 [hiæ˦˧˦]

Leftside-1 [dæ˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥]

Leg-1 [twui˦]

Light-1 [gʌŋ˧]

Live-1 [kia˨ di˨]

Liver-1 [gwa˦]

Long-1 [dʌŋ˩˥]

Man-1 [da˧ bɔ˧]

Many-1 [a˩˥ tɕuɛ˥˩]

Meat-1 [hiæk˦˧˦]

Moon-1 [gæʔ˨ niʊ˩˥]

Mother-1 [ma˨ ma˩˥]

Mountain-1 [ʃwa˧]

Mouth-1 [tʃui˥˩]

Name-1 [miæ˦˧˦]

Narrow-1 [pʰuɛ:˥˩]

Near-1 [gun˧]

Neck-1 [a˧ mun˩˥]

New-1 [ʃiŋ˧]

Night-1 [a˥˩ mi˥˩]

Nose-1 [phi˥˩]

Not [m˨ ʃi˨]

Old (for people) [laʊ˨]

Old (for things) [gu˥˩]

One-1 [iʔ˦]

Other-1 [bʌʔ˥˩ ɛ˩˥]

Paper-1 [dʒua˦]

Pen-1 [bit˦]

Person-1 [laŋ˩˥]

Play-2 [tiʔ˥˩ tæ˩˥]

Pull-1 [buɛ˦˧˦]

Push-1 [thu˥˩]

Rain-1 [hɔ˧]

Red-1 [æŋ˥˩ ʃuk˥˩]

Right-1 [dia˩˥]

Rightside-1 [tɕa˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥]

Road-2 [sæ˥˩]

Root-1 [gun˧]

Rope-1 [dʒæ˥˩]

Rotten-1 [nua˥˩]

24

Salt-1 [ʎam˦˧˦]

Sand-1 [ʃa˧]

Say-1 [sɛʔ˥˩]

Sea-1 [hai˦]

Second-1 [di˥˩]

See-1 [khua˥˩]

Seven-1 [tʃiʔ˥˩]

Sew-1 [thi˥˩]

Sharp-1 [tɕiam˧]

Short-1 [dɛ˦]

Sing-2 [tʃiu˥˩]

Sit-1 [dʒɛ˦ dʒɛ˧]

Skin-1 [phɛ˧ hu˦]

Sky-1 [phi˧]

Sleep-1 [kun˥˩]

Slow-1 [ban˥˩]

Small-1 [ʃwɛ˥˩]

Smell-1 [phi˥˩]

Smoke-2 [hun˧]

Smooth-1 [guʔ˩˥]

Snake-1 [dʒua˦˧˦]

Snow-1 [sɛ˥˩]

Sofa-1 [sa˧ huæʔ˥˩]

Some-1 [dʒip˥˩ ʎʌ˩˥ ma˩˥]

Spit-1 [gui˥˩]

Split-1 [hun˥˩ kui˦˧˦]

Squeeze-1 [ni˧]

Stab-1 [tʃab˧]

Stand-1 [khia˥˩]

Star-1 [tʃi˥˩]

Stick-1 [liam˦˧˦]

Stone-1 [dʒiɛ˥˩ taʊ˩˥]

Straight-1 [did˩˥]

Suck-1 [giu˩˥]

Sun-1 [lid˩˥]

Swell-1 [dʒiaŋ˦]

Swim-1 [iu˦˧˦]

Table-1 [dæʔ˥˩]

Tail-1 [bɛ˦]

Ten-1 [dʒæb˦˧˦]

That-1 [hid˥˩ ɛː˦]

There-1 [id˨ iː˧˦˧]

They-1 [in˦]

Thick-1 [gaɔ˧]

25

Thin-2 (for things) [bæʔ˦˧˦]

Thin-3 (for people) [san˥˩]

Think-1 [ʃiʊ˧]

This-1 [dʒid˥˩ ɛ:˩˥]

Three-1 [saː˧]

Throw-1 [dʌn˦ sæb˥˩]

Tie-1 [bʌg˩˥]

Tooth-1 [tʃui˦ ki˦]

Tree-1 [tʃiʊ˥˩]

Turn-1 [dʒuan˦]

Twenty-1 [di˥˩ dʒæb˩˥]

Two-1 [nʌŋ˧]

Vomit-1 [pʰɔ˥˩]

Walk-1 [gia˦˧˦]

Wash-1 [suɛ˦]

Water-1 [dʒui˦]

We-1 (exclusive) [gun˦]

We-2 (inclusive) [lanŋ˧]

Wet-1 [dam˦˧˦]

What-1 [ʃa˥˩ mi˩˥]

When-1 [di˧ ʃi˩˥]

Where-1 [dæ˨ læ˦]

White-1 [bɛ˥˩ ʃiæg˥˩]

Who-1 [ʃuŋ˨ a˩˥]

Wide-1 [kwa˥˩]

Wife-1 [bɔ˦]

Wind-1 [hwaŋ˧]

Wipe-1 [tʃiʔ˥˩]

Woman-1 [tɕa˧ bɔ˦]

Woods-1 [tʃa˩˥]

Work-1 [ʃɔŋ˧ ban˦]

Worm-1 [thaŋ˦˧˦]

Year-1 [ni˩˥]

Yellow-1 [aŋ˨ ʃug˩˥]

Yes-1 [si˧]

Younger Brother-1 [ʃæ˩˥ di˨]

Younger Sister-1 [bɛ˨ bɛː˩˥]